Research

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20 pages, 4565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oleuropein-Rich Gellan Gum/Alginate Films as Innovative Treatments against Photo-Induced Skin Aging

by Francesco Busto, Caterina Licini, Alessia Luccarini, Elisabetta Damiani, Monica Mattioli-Belmonte, Stefania Cometa and Elvira De Giglio

Molecules 2023, 28(11), 4352; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114352 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1493

Abstract

Olea europaea L. leaf extracts (OLEs) represent highly value-added agro-industrial byproducts, being promising sources of significant antioxidant compounds, such as their main component, oleuropein. In this work, hydrogel films based on low-acyl gellan gum (GG) blended with sodium alginate (NaALG) were loaded with [...] Read more.

Olea europaea L. leaf extracts (OLEs) represent highly value-added agro-industrial byproducts, being promising sources of significant antioxidant compounds, such as their main component, oleuropein. In this work, hydrogel films based on low-acyl gellan gum (GG) blended with sodium alginate (NaALG) were loaded with OLE and crosslinked with tartaric acid (TA). The films’ ability to act as an antioxidant and photoprotectant against UVA-induced photoaging, thanks to their capability to convey oleuropein to the skin, were examined with the aim of a potential application as facial masks. Biological in vitro performances of the proposed materials were tested on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NhDFs), both under normal conditions and after aging-induced UVA treatment. Overall, our results clearly show the intriguing properties of the proposed hydrogels as effective and fully naturally formulated anti-photoaging smart materials for potential use as facial masks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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16 pages, 3317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Formulations Based on Olea europaea L. Fruit Extract for the Topical Treatment of HSV-1 Infections

by Stefania Cometa, Carla Zannella, Francesco Busto, Anna De Filippis, Gianluigi Franci, Massimiliano Galdiero and Elvira De Giglio

Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4273; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134273 - 02 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1785

Abstract

In the present study, a hydroxytyrosol-rich Olea europaea L. fruit extract (OFE) was added to three thoroughly green formulations—hydrogel, oleogel, and cream—in order to evaluate their antiviral activity against HSV-1. The extract was characterized by different analytical techniques, i.e., FT-IR, XPS, and TGA. [...] Read more.

In the present study, a hydroxytyrosol-rich Olea europaea L. fruit extract (OFE) was added to three thoroughly green formulations—hydrogel, oleogel, and cream—in order to evaluate their antiviral activity against HSV-1. The extract was characterized by different analytical techniques, i.e., FT-IR, XPS, and TGA. HPLC analyses were carried out to monitor the content and release of hydroxytyrosol in the prepared formulations. The total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were investigated through Folin–Ciocâlteu’s reagent, DPPH, and ABTS assays. The ability of the three formulations to convey active principles to the skin was evaluated using a Franz cell, showing that the number of permeated polyphenols in the hydrogel (272.1 ± 1.8 GAE/g) was significantly higher than those in the oleogel and cream (174 ± 10 and 179.6 ± 2 GAE/g, respectively), even if a negligible amount of hydroxytyrosol crossed the membrane for all the formulations. The cell viability assay indicated that the OFE and the three formulations were not toxic to cultured Vero cells. The antiviral activity tests highlighted that the OFE had a strong inhibitory effect against HSV-1 with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 25 µg/mL, interfering directly with the viral particles. Among the three formulations, the hydrogel exhibited the highest antiviral activity also against the acyclovir-resistant strain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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17 pages, 1400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction, Encapsulation into Lipid Vesicular Systems, and Biological Activity of Rosa canina L. Bioactive Compounds for Dermocosmetic Use

by Valentina Sallustio, Ilaria Chiocchio, Manuela Mandrone, Marco Cirrincione, Michele Protti, Giovanna Farruggia, Angela Abruzzo, Barbara Luppi, Federica Bigucci, Laura Mercolini, Ferruccio Poli and Teresa Cerchiara

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 3025; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27093025 - 08 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2601

Abstract

Valorization of wild plants to obtain botanical ingredients could be a strategy for sustainable production of cosmetics. This study aimed to select the rosehip extract containing the greatest amounts of bioactive compounds and to encapsulate it in vesicular systems capable of protecting their [...] Read more.

Valorization of wild plants to obtain botanical ingredients could be a strategy for sustainable production of cosmetics. This study aimed to select the rosehip extract containing the greatest amounts of bioactive compounds and to encapsulate it in vesicular systems capable of protecting their own antioxidant activity. Chemical analysis of Rosa canina L. extracts was performed by LC-DAD-MS/MS and ¹H-NMR and vitamins, phenolic compounds, sugars, and organic acids were detected as the main compounds of the extracts. Liposomes, prepared by the film hydration method, together with hyalurosomes and ethosomes, obtained by the ethanol injection method, were characterized in terms of vesicle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in vitro release and biocompatibility on WS1 fibroblasts. Among all types of vesicular systems, ethosomes proved to be the most promising nanocarriers showing nanometric size (196 ± 1 nm), narrow polydispersity (0.20 ± 0.02), good entrapment efficiency (92.30 ± 0.02%), and negative zeta potential (−37.36 ± 0.55 mV). Moreover, ethosomes showed good stability over time, a slow release of polyphenols compared with free extract, and they were not cytotoxic. In conclusion, ethosomes could be innovative carriers for the encapsulation of rosehip extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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16 pages, 2060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability in Skin Care: Incorporation of Avocado Peel Extracts in Topical Formulations

by Sara M. Ferreira, Zizina Falé and Lúcia Santos

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061782 - 09 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5392

Abstract

The avocado peel is an agro-industrial by-product that has exhibited a massive increase in its production in the last few years. The reuse and valorisation of this by-product are essential since its disposal raises environmental concerns. In the present study, ethanolic extracts of [...] Read more.

The avocado peel is an agro-industrial by-product that has exhibited a massive increase in its production in the last few years. The reuse and valorisation of this by-product are essential since its disposal raises environmental concerns. In the present study, ethanolic extracts of avocado peels of the Hass variety were obtained, for three extraction times (1.5 h, 3 h and 4 h) and analysed for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Antioxidant evaluations of the extracts revealed that the extraction time of 1.5 h exhibited the best results amongst the three, with a DPPH inhibition percentage of 93.92 ± 1.29 and an IC₅₀ percentage, the necessary concentration of the extract to inhibit 50% of DPPH, of 37.30 ± 1.00. The antibacterial capacity of the extracts was evaluated and it was revealed that they were able to inhibit the growth and development of bacteria of the Staphylococcus family. The obtained extract was incorporated in two types of cosmetic formulations (oil-in-water and water-in-oil) and their stability was evaluated and compared with formulations containing synthetic preservatives (BHT and phenoxyethanol). The results of the stability evaluation suggest that the avocado peel extract has the potential to be incorporated in both types of emulsions, acting as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent, proving it to be a viable option to reduce/replace the use of synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, the avocado peel extract proved to be more effective and stable in oil-in-water emulsions. These results highlight the possibility of obtaining sustainable cosmetics, significantly reducing the negative impacts on the environment by the incorporation of extracts sourced from the avocado peel, an interesting source of phenolic compounds, an abundant and low-cost by-product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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18 pages, 3631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biophysical and Biological Tools to Better Characterize the Stability, Safety and Efficacy of a Cosmeceutical for Acne-Prone Skin

by Sabrina Sommatis, Maria Chiara Capillo, Cristina Maccario, Elsa Liga, Giulia Grimaldi, Raffaele Rauso, Pier Luca Bencini, Stefania Guida, Nicola Zerbinati and Roberto Mocchi

Molecules 2022, 27(4), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041255 - 13 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2705

Abstract

(1) Background: Acne is a widespread skin disease, especially among adolescents. Following the COVID-19 pandemic and the use of masks, the problem has been affecting a greater number of people, and the attention of the skin care beauty routine cosmetics has been focused [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Acne is a widespread skin disease, especially among adolescents. Following the COVID-19 pandemic and the use of masks, the problem has been affecting a greater number of people, and the attention of the skin care beauty routine cosmetics has been focused on the “Maskne”, caused by the sebum excretion rate (SER) that stimulates microbial proliferation. (2) Methods: the present study was focused on the rheological characterization and quality assurance of the preservative system of an anti-acne serum. The biological effectiveness (cytotoxicity—skin and eye irritation—antimicrobial, biofilm eradication and anti-inflammatory activity) was evaluated in a monolayer cell line of keratinocytes (HaCaT) and on 3D models (reconstructed human epidermis, RHE and human reconstructed corneal epithelium, HCE). The Cutibacterium acnes, as the most relevant acne-inducing bacterium, is chosen as a pro-inflammatory stimulus and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the serum. (3) Results and Conclusions: Rheology allows to simulate serum behavior at rest, extrusion and application, so the serum could be defined as having a solid-like behavior and being pseudoplastic. The preservative system is in compliance with the criteria of the reference standard. Biological effectiveness evaluation shows non-cytotoxic and irritant behavior with a good antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of the formulation, supporting the effectiveness of the serum for acne-prone skin treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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12 pages, 1631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Practical Approach for the In Vitro Safety and Efficacy Assessment of an Anti-Ageing Cosmetic Cream Enriched with Functional Compounds

by Nicola Zerbinati, Sabrina Sommatis, Cristina Maccario, Serena Di Francesco, Maria Chiara Capillo, Giulia Grimaldi, Raffaele Rauso, Martha Herrera, Pier Luca Bencini and Roberto Mocchi

Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7592; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247592 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3453

Abstract

(1) Background: Cosmeceuticals are topical products applied to human skin to prevent skin ageing and maintain a healthy skin appearance. Their effectiveness is closely linked to the compounds present in a final formulation. In this article, we propose a panel of in vitro [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Cosmeceuticals are topical products applied to human skin to prevent skin ageing and maintain a healthy skin appearance. Their effectiveness is closely linked to the compounds present in a final formulation. In this article, we propose a panel of in vitro tests to support the efficacy assessment of an anti-ageing cream enriched with functional compounds. (2) Methods: biocompatibility and the irritant effect were evaluated on reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) and corneal epithelium (HCE) 3D models. After a preliminary MTT assay, normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) were used to evaluate the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production. (3) Results: data collected showed good biocompatibility and demonstrated the absence of the irritant effect in both 3D models. Therefore, we demonstrated a statistical increase in collagen and elastin productions in NHDF cells. In HaCaT cells, we highlighted an anti-inflammatory effect through a reduction in IL-6 levels in inflammatory stimulated conditions. Moreover, the reduction of MMP-1 production after UV-B radiation was demonstrated, showing significant photo-protection. (4) Conclusion: a multiple in vitro assays approach is proposed for the valid and practical assessment of the anti-ageing protection, anti-inflammatory and biocompatible claims that can be assigned to a cosmetic product containing functional compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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14 pages, 3044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Black Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Polyphenolic Extract Exerts Antioxidant and Antiaging Potential

by David Fonseca-Hernández, Eugenia Del Carmen Lugo-Cervantes, Antonio Escobedo-Reyes and Luis Mojica

Molecules 2021, 26(21), 6716; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216716 - 06 Nov 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3645

Abstract

Phenolic compounds present in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been reported to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protective properties. UVR from sunlight, which consists of UV-B and UV-A radiations, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical formation, consequently [...] Read more.

Phenolic compounds present in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been reported to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protective properties. UVR from sunlight, which consists of UV-B and UV-A radiations, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical formation, consequently activating proteinases and enzymes such as elastase and tyrosinase, leading to premature skin aging. The objective of this work was to extract, characterize and evaluate the antioxidant and antiaging potential of polyphenols from a black bean endemic variety. The polyphenolic extract was obtained from black beans by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO₂ with a mixture of water–ethanol as a cosolvent and conventional leaching with a mixture of water–ethanol as solvent. The polyphenolic extracts were purified and characterized, and antioxidant potential, tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory potentials were measured. The extract obtained using the SFE method using CO₂ and H₂O–Ethanol (50:50 v/v) as a cosolvent showed the highest total phenolic compounds yield, with 66.60 ± 7.41 mg GAE/g coat (p > 0.05) and 7.30 ± 0.64 mg C3GE/g coat (p < 0.05) of anthocyanins compared to conventional leaching. Nineteen tentative phenolic compounds were identified in leaching crude extract using ESI-QTOF. Quercetin-3-D-galactoside was identified in crude and purified extracts. The purified SFC extract showed IC₅₀ 0.05 ± 0.002 and IC₅₀ 0.21 ± 0.008 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The lowest IC₅₀ value of tyrosinase inhibition was 0.143 ± 0.02 mg/mL and 0.005 ± 0.003 mg/mL of elastase inhibition for leaching purified extract. Phenolic compounds presented theoretical free energy values ranging from −5.3 to −7.8 kcal/mol for tyrosinase and −2.5 to −6.8 kcal/mol for elastase in molecular docking (in silico) studies. The results suggest that the purified extracts obtained by SFE or conventional leaching extraction could act as antioxidant and antiaging ingredients for cosmeceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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13 pages, 1482 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Innovative Eco-Friendly Hydrogel Film for Berberine Delivery in Skin Applications

by Stefania Cometa, Maria Addolorata Bonifacio, Caterina Licini, Annalisa Bellissimo, Loris Pinto, Federico Baruzzi, Monica Mattioli-Belmonte and Elvira De Giglio

Molecules 2021, 26(16), 4901; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164901 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3446

Abstract

Hydrogel formulations (masks or patches, without tissue support) represent the new frontier for customizable skin beauty and health. The employment of these materials is becoming popular in wound dressing, to speed up the healing process while protecting the affected area, as well as [...] Read more.

Hydrogel formulations (masks or patches, without tissue support) represent the new frontier for customizable skin beauty and health. The employment of these materials is becoming popular in wound dressing, to speed up the healing process while protecting the affected area, as well as to provide a moisturizing reservoir, control the inflammatory process and the onset of bacterial development. Most of these hydrogels are acrylic-based at present, not biodegradable and potentially toxic, due to acrylic monomers residues. In this work, we selected a new class of cellulose-derived and biodegradable hydrogel films to incorporate and convey an active compound for dermatological issues. Films were obtained from a combination of different polysaccharides and clays, and berberine hydrochloride, a polyphenolic molecule showing anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, was chosen and then embedded in the hydrogel films. These innovative hydrogel-based systems were characterized in terms of water uptake profile, in vitro cytocompatibility and skin permeation kinetics by Franz diffusion cell. Berberine permeation fitted well to Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model and achieved a release higher than 100 µg/cm² within 24 h. The latter study, exploiting a reliable skin model membrane, together with the biological assessment, gained insights into the most promising formulation for future investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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15 pages, 4163 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Electrosprayed Shrimp and Mushroom Nanochitins on Cellulose Tissue for Skin Contact Application

by Bahareh Azimi, Claudio Ricci, Alessandra Fusco, Lorenzo Zavagna, Stefano Linari, Giovanna Donnarumma, Ahdi Hadrich, Patrizia Cinelli, Maria-Beatrice Coltelli, Serena Danti and Andrea Lazzeri

Molecules 2021, 26(14), 4374; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144374 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3638

Abstract

Cosmetics has recently focused on biobased skin-compatible materials. Materials from natural sources can be used to produce more sustainable skin contact products with enhanced bioactivity. Surface functionalization using natural-based nano/microparticles is thus a subject of study, aimed at better understanding the skin compatibility [...] Read more.

Cosmetics has recently focused on biobased skin-compatible materials. Materials from natural sources can be used to produce more sustainable skin contact products with enhanced bioactivity. Surface functionalization using natural-based nano/microparticles is thus a subject of study, aimed at better understanding the skin compatibility of many biopolymers also deriving from biowaste. This research investigated electrospray as a method for surface modification of cellulose tissues with chitin nanofibrils (CNs) using two different sources—namely, vegetable (i.e., from fungi), and animal (from crustaceans)—and different solvent systems to obtain a biobased and skin-compatible product. The surface of cellulose tissues was uniformly decorated with electrosprayed CNs. Biological analysis revealed that all treated samples were suitable for skin applications since human dermal keratinocytes (i.e., HaCaT cells) successfully adhered to the processed tissues and were viable after being in contact with released substances in culture media. These results indicate that the use of solvents did not affect the final cytocompatibility due to their effective evaporation during the electrospray process. Such treatments did not also affect the characteristics of cellulose; in addition, they showed promising anti-inflammatory and indirect antimicrobial activity toward dermal keratinocytes in vitro. Specifically, cellulosic substrates decorated with nanochitins from shrimp showed strong immunomodulatory activity by first upregulating then downregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas nanochitins from mushrooms displayed an overall anti-inflammatory activity via a slight decrement of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and increment of the anti-inflammatory marker. Electrospray could represent a green method for surface modification of sustainable and biofunctional skincare products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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Review

Jump to: Research

17 pages, 1828 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photolyase Production and Current Applications: A Review

by Diana Ramírez-Gamboa, Ana Laura Díaz-Zamorano, Edgar Ricardo Meléndez-Sánchez, Humberto Reyes-Pardo, Karen Rocio Villaseñor-Zepeda, Miguel E. López-Arellanes, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Karina G. Coronado-Apodaca, Ana Gámez-Méndez, Samson Afewerki, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Roberto Parra-Saldivar and Manuel Martínez-Ruiz

Molecules 2022, 27(18), 5998; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185998 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4745

Abstract

The photolyase family consists of flavoproteins with enzyme activity able to repair ultraviolet light radiation damage by photoreactivation. DNA damage by the formation of a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and a pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct can lead to multiple affections such as cellular apoptosis [...] Read more.

The photolyase family consists of flavoproteins with enzyme activity able to repair ultraviolet light radiation damage by photoreactivation. DNA damage by the formation of a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and a pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct can lead to multiple affections such as cellular apoptosis and mutagenesis that can evolve into skin cancer. The development of integrated applications to prevent the negative effects of prolonged sunlight exposure, usually during outdoor activities, is imperative. This study presents the functions, characteristics, and types of photolyases, their therapeutic and cosmetic applications, and additionally explores some photolyase-producing microorganisms and drug delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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16 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of UV and UV-vis Irradiation on the Production of Microalgae and Macroalgae: New Alternatives to Produce Photobioprotectors and Biomedical Compounds

by Rafael G. Araújo, Brian Alcantar-Rivera, Edgar Ricardo Meléndez-Sánchez, María Adriana Martínez-Prado, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Roberto Parra-Saldivar and Manuel Martínez-Ruiz

Molecules 2022, 27(16), 5334; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165334 - 22 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4259

Abstract

In the last decade, algae applications have generated considerable interest among research organizations and industrial sectors. Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, and Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) derived from microalgae may play a vital role in the bio and non-bio sectors. Currently, commercial sunscreens [...] Read more.

In the last decade, algae applications have generated considerable interest among research organizations and industrial sectors. Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, and Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) derived from microalgae may play a vital role in the bio and non-bio sectors. Currently, commercial sunscreens contain chemicals such as oxybenzone and octinoxate, which have harmful effects on the environment and human health; while microalgae-based sunscreens emerge as an eco-friendly alternative to provide photo protector agents against solar radiation. Algae-based exploration ranges from staple foods to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. This review aims to identify the effects of UV and UV-vis irradiation on the production of microalgae bioactive compounds through the assistance of different techniques and extraction methods for biomass characterization. The efficiency and results focus on the production of a blocking agent that does not damage the aquifer, being beneficial for health and possible biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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22 pages, 1256 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microalgae Bioactive Compounds to Topical Applications Products—A Review

by Manuel Martínez-Ruiz, Carlos Alberto Martínez-González, Dong-Hyun Kim, Berenice Santiesteban-Romero, Humberto Reyes-Pardo, Karen Rocio Villaseñor-Zepeda, Edgar Ricardo Meléndez-Sánchez, Diana Ramírez-Gamboa, Ana Laura Díaz-Zamorano, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Karina G. Coronado-Apodaca, Ana María Gámez-Méndez, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal and Roberto Parra-Saldivar

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3512; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113512 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5376

Abstract

Microalgae are complex photosynthetic organisms found in marine and freshwater environments that produce valuable metabolites. Microalgae-derived metabolites have gained remarkable attention in different industrial biotechnological processes and pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to their multiple properties, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cancer, phycoimmunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and [...] Read more.

Microalgae are complex photosynthetic organisms found in marine and freshwater environments that produce valuable metabolites. Microalgae-derived metabolites have gained remarkable attention in different industrial biotechnological processes and pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to their multiple properties, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cancer, phycoimmunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These properties are recognized as promising components for state-of-the-art cosmetics and cosmeceutical formulations. Efforts are being made to develop natural, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly products that replace synthetic products. This review summarizes some potential cosmeceutical applications of microalgae-derived biomolecules, their mechanisms of action, and extraction methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Skin Care: Topical Delivery of Cosmeceutical Molecules)

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