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Processing of Materials by Supercritical Fluids—Part II
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Processing of Materials by Supercritical Fluids—Part II

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Green Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 6734

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Stefano Cardea

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
Interests: supercritical-fluids-assisted processes; membranes; aerogels; scaffolds; foams; micro- and nanoparticles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Supercritical fluids are characterized by unique peculiarities such as solvent power comparable to those of liquid organic solvents, diffusivity comparable to those of gaseous substances, quasi-zero surface tension, and low pollution. As a consequence, several unit operations have been modified and improved through the use of supercritical fluids, with the aim of overcoming their limitations.

Among them, processes concerning the interaction between materials (inorganic and/or organic) and supercritical fluids are becoming more attractive. Indeed, numerous fields of application are related to these processes, ranging from the chemical industry to the pharmaceutical industry, from the food industry to tissue engineering, and from mechanical engineering to computer engineering. For example, numerous micronization processes, processes for generating porous structures (i.e., aerogels, membranes, scaffolds, and foams), fiber- and film-production processes, impregnation processes, etc. have been developed using supercritical fluids.

The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the processing of materials by supercritical fluids. In particular, we welcome the submission of research works about the interaction between supercritical fluids and organic and/or inorganic materials and the study and development of processes concerning the generation of micro- and nanoparticles, fibers, foams, scaffolds, membranes, and aerogels.

Prof. Dr. Stefano Cardea
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • supercritical fluids
  • materials
  • aerogels
  • particles
  • membranes
  • fibers
  • scaffolds

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1486 KiB  
Article
Maackia amurensis Rupr. et Maxim.: Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Chemical Constituents
by Mayya P. Razgonova, Elena I. Cherevach, Lyudmila A. Tekutyeva, Sergey A. Fedoreyev, Natalia P. Mishchenko, Darya V. Tarbeeva, Ekaterina N. Demidova, Nikita S. Kirilenko and Kirill Golokhvast
Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052026 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1302
Abstract
Three types of extraction were used to obtain biologically active substances from the heartwood of M. amurensis: supercritical CO2 extraction, maceration with EtOH, and maceration with MeOH. The supercritical extraction method proved to be the most effective type of extraction, giving [...] Read more.
Three types of extraction were used to obtain biologically active substances from the heartwood of M. amurensis: supercritical CO2 extraction, maceration with EtOH, and maceration with MeOH. The supercritical extraction method proved to be the most effective type of extraction, giving the highest yield of biologically active substances. Several experimental conditions were investigated in the pressure range of 50–400 bar, with 2% of ethanol as co-solvent in the liquid phase at a temperature in the range of 31–70 °C. The most effective extraction conditions are: pressure of 100 bar and a temperature of 55 °C for M. amurensis heartwood. The heartwood of M. amurensis contains various polyphenolic compounds and compounds of other chemical groups with valuable biological activity. Tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI—ion trap) was applied to detect target analytes. High-accuracy mass spectrometric data were recorded on an ion trap equipped with an ESI source in the modes of negative and positive ions. The four-stage ion separation mode was implemented. Sixty-six different biologically active components have been identified in M. amurensis extracts. Twenty-two polyphenols were identified for the first time in the genus Maackia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing of Materials by Supercritical Fluids—Part II)
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16 pages, 4739 KiB  
Article
Valorization of Wild-Type Cannabis indica by Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Insights into the Utilization of Raffinate Biomass
by Falguni Pattnaik, Nidhi Hans, Biswa R. Patra, Sonil Nanda, Vivek Kumar, Satya Narayan Naik and Ajay K. Dalai
Molecules 2023, 28(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010207 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1554
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 extraction (SCCO2) extraction of cannabis oil from Indian cannabis (Cannabis indica) leaves was optimized through a central composite design using CO2 pressure (150–250 bar), temperature (30–50 °C) and time (1–2 h). From the regression model, [...] Read more.
Supercritical CO2 extraction (SCCO2) extraction of cannabis oil from Indian cannabis (Cannabis indica) leaves was optimized through a central composite design using CO2 pressure (150–250 bar), temperature (30–50 °C) and time (1–2 h). From the regression model, the optimal CO2 pressure, extraction temperature and time were 250 bar, 43 °C and 1.7 h, respectively resulting in the experimental yield of 4.9 wt% of cannabis oil via SCCO2 extraction. The extract contained cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol as well as two terpenoids such as cis-caryophyllene and α-humulene. Besides SCCO2 extraction of cannabis oil, the raffinate biomass was utilized to extract polyphenols using water as the extraction medium. Cannabis oil and water extractive were investigated for their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, which were found to be 1.3 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively. This is comparable to the commercially available antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene with an IC50 value of 0.5 mg/mL. This work on SCCO2 extraction of cannabinoids and other valuable bioactive compounds provides an environmentally sustainable technique to valorize cannabis leaves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing of Materials by Supercritical Fluids—Part II)
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9 pages, 1854 KiB  
Article
P-x,y Equilibrium Data of the Binary Systems of 2-Propanol, 1-Butanol and 2-Butanol with Carbon Dioxide at 313.15 K and 333.15 K
by Dragana Borjan, Maša Knez Marevci and Željko Knez
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8352; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238352 - 30 Nov 2022
Viewed by 963
Abstract
The ability to predict the behaviour of high-pressure mixtures of carbon dioxide and alcohol is important for industrial purposes. The equilibrium composition of three binary carbon dioxide-alcohol systems was measured at temperatures of 313.15 K and 333.15 K and at pressures of up [...] Read more.
The ability to predict the behaviour of high-pressure mixtures of carbon dioxide and alcohol is important for industrial purposes. The equilibrium composition of three binary carbon dioxide-alcohol systems was measured at temperatures of 313.15 K and 333.15 K and at pressures of up to 100 bar for carbon dioxide-2-propanol, up to 160 bar for carbon dioxide-1-butanol and up to 150 bar for carbon dioxide-2-butanol. Different equilibrium compositions of carbon dioxide in alcohols were observed despite their similar molecular weight (M2-propanol = 60.100 g mol−1, M1-butanol = 74.121 g mol−1 and M2-butanol = 74.122 g mol−1) and place in the functional hydroxyl group (first or second carbon molecule). It is assumed that the differences in the phase equilibria are due to different vapor pressures, polarities and solute-solute interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing of Materials by Supercritical Fluids—Part II)
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19 pages, 4361 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Useful Compounds Extracted from Lophanthus anisatus by Green Extraction
by Daniela-Simina Stefan, Mariana Popescu, Cristina-Mihaela Luntraru, Alexandru Suciu, Mihai Belcu, Lucia-Elena Ionescu, Mihaela Popescu, Petrica Iancu and Mircea Stefan
Molecules 2022, 27(22), 7737; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227737 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1580
Abstract
Essential oils were obtained from different parts of Agastache foeniculum (Lophanthus anisatus) plants by means of extraction: green extraction using hydro-distillation (HD) and bio-solvent distillation, BiAD, discontinuous distillation, and supercritical fluid extraction, in two stages: (1) with CO2, and [...] Read more.
Essential oils were obtained from different parts of Agastache foeniculum (Lophanthus anisatus) plants by means of extraction: green extraction using hydro-distillation (HD) and bio-solvent distillation, BiAD, discontinuous distillation, and supercritical fluid extraction, in two stages: (1) with CO2, and (2) with CO2 and ethanol co-solvent. The extraction yields were determined. The yield values varied for different parts of the plant, as well as the method of extraction. Thus, they had the values of 0.62 ± 0.020 and 0.92 ± 0.015 g/100 g for the samples from the whole aerial plant, 0.75 ± 0.008 and 1.06 ± 0.005 g/100 g for the samples of leaves, and 1.22 ± 0.011 and 1.60 ± 0.049 g/100 g for the samples of flowers for HD and BiAD, respectively. The yield values for supercritical fluid extraction were of 0.94 ± 0.010 and 0.32 ± 0.007 g/100 g for the samples of whole aerial plant, 0.9 ± 0.010 and 1.14 ± 0.008 g/100 g for the samples of leaves, and 1.94 ± 0.030 and 0.57 ± 0.003 g/100 g for the samples of flowers, in the first and second stages, respectively. The main components of Lophanthus anisatus were identified as: estragon, limonene, eugenol, chavicol, benzaldehyde, and pentanol. The essential oil from Agatache foeniculum has antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, the Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acclimatization of Lophantus anisatus in Romania gives it special qualities by concentrating components such as: estragole over 93%, limonene over 8%, especially in flowers; and chavicol over 14%, estragole over 30%, eugenol and derivatives (methoxy eugenol, methyl eugenol, etc.) over 30% and phenyl ether alcohol over 20% in leaves. As a result of the research carried out, it was proven that Lophanthus anisatus can be used as a medicinal plant for many diseases, it can be used as a spice and preservative for various foods, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing of Materials by Supercritical Fluids—Part II)
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Review

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14 pages, 665 KiB  
Review
Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology
by Ana I. Furtado, Vasco D. B. Bonifácio, Raquel Viveiros and Teresa Casimiro
Molecules 2024, 29(5), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29050926 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 729
Abstract
The design and development of affinity polymeric materials through the use of green technology, such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), is a rapidly evolving field of research with vast applications across diverse areas, including analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, energy, food, and [...] Read more.
The design and development of affinity polymeric materials through the use of green technology, such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), is a rapidly evolving field of research with vast applications across diverse areas, including analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, energy, food, and environmental remediation. These affinity polymeric materials are specifically engineered to interact with target molecules, demonstrating high affinity and selectivity. The unique properties of scCO2, which present both liquid– and gas–like properties and an accessible critical point, offer an environmentally–friendly and highly efficient technology for the synthesis and processing of polymers. The design and the synthesis of affinity polymeric materials in scCO2 involve several strategies. Commonly, the incorporation of functional groups or ligands into the polymer matrix allows for selective interactions with target compounds. The choice of monomer type, ligands, and synthesis conditions are key parameters of material performance in terms of both affinity and selectivity. In addition, molecular imprinting allied with co–polymerization and surface modification are commonly used in these strategies, enhancing the materials’ performance and versatility. This review aims to provide an overview of the key strategies and recent advancements in the design of affinity polymeric materials using scCO2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing of Materials by Supercritical Fluids—Part II)
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