Molecules

Research

Jump to: Review

21 pages, 6386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Fluorophore and Its Applications in Visualizing Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Bean Sprouts and HeLa Cells

by Guo-Wen Xing, Jerry Gao, Heng Wang and Yi-Chen Liu

Molecules 2023, 28(20), 7102; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207102 - 15 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1787

Abstract

In the domain of environmental science, pollutants of nanoscale plastic dimensions are acknowledged as subjects of intricate significance. Such entities, though minuscule, present formidable challenges to ecological systems and human health. The diminutive dimensions of these contaminants render their detection arduous, thus demanding [...] Read more.

In the domain of environmental science, pollutants of nanoscale plastic dimensions are acknowledged as subjects of intricate significance. Such entities, though minuscule, present formidable challenges to ecological systems and human health. The diminutive dimensions of these contaminants render their detection arduous, thus demanding the inception of avant-garde methodologies. The present manuscript postulates the employment of the tetraphenylethylene functional group with a fused xanthene (TPEF), a distinguished fluorophore, as an exemplary system for the discernment of nanoplastic particulates. The synthesis and characterization of TPEF have been exhaustively elucidated, revealing its paramount fluorescence attributes and inherent affinity for interaction with nanoplastics. When subjected to comparison with TPEF, nanoplastics are observed to manifest a more pronounced fluorescent luminescence than when associated with the conventional Nile Red (NR). Particularly, the TPEF has shown exceptional affinity for polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics. Further, the resilience of nanoplastics within the hypocotyl epidermis of soybeans, as well as their persistence in mung bean sprouts subsequent to rigorous rinsing protocols, has been meticulously examined. Additionally, this investigation furnishes empirical data signifying the existence of nano-dimensional plastic contaminants within HeLa cellular structures. The urgency of addressing the environmental ramifications engendered by these diminutive yet potent plastic constituents is emphatically highlighted in this manuscript. TPEF paves the way for prospective explorations, with the aspiration of devising efficacious mitigation strategies. Such strategies might encompass delineating the trajectories undertaken by nanoplastics within trophic networks or their ingress into human cellular architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 4457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multifunctional Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen with pH-Response Detachable Connector for Lipid Droplet-Specific Imaging and Tracing

by Yanjie Li, Rui Fan, Pengfei Gao and Chang-Hua Hu

Molecules 2023, 28(20), 7029; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207029 - 11 Oct 2023

Viewed by 890

Abstract

Lipid droplets (LDs) targeting probes are important for investigating the biological functions of LDs. The interplay between LDs and some other organelles can help to further understand the biological functions of these organelles. However, it is still a challenge to design functional probes [...] Read more.

Lipid droplets (LDs) targeting probes are important for investigating the biological functions of LDs. The interplay between LDs and some other organelles can help to further understand the biological functions of these organelles. However, it is still a challenge to design functional probes that can specifically target LDs and are responsive to some other organelles. Herein, a multifunctional aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen), namely the TPA-CN, was prepared by the simple aldimine condensation reaction for lipid droplet-specific imaging and tracing. TPA-CN can be sensitively responsive to the acid environment of lysosomes due to the pH-response detachable connector in TPA-CN. With the assistance of this characteristic, it can be concluded from the fluorescence imaging and co-localization analysis results that the internalization of TPA-CN and the targeting of LDs does not involve the lysosome and the lysosomal escape process. At last, the TPA-CN was successfully used for the high-sensitivity imaging of dynamic information of LDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Polarity-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes Based on Curcumin Analogs for Visualizing Polarity Changes in Lipid Droplets

by Lin Shan, Xuewei Li, Xiuli Zheng, Jiasheng Wu, Haohui Ren, Weimin Liu and Pengfei Wang

Molecules 2023, 28(18), 6626; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186626 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 914

Abstract

As a class of highly dynamic organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) are involved in numerous physiological functions, and the changes in polarity of LDs are closely related to a variety of diseases. In this work, we developed two polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes (CC-CH and CC-Cl) [...] Read more.

As a class of highly dynamic organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) are involved in numerous physiological functions, and the changes in polarity of LDs are closely related to a variety of diseases. In this work, we developed two polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes (CC-CH and CC-Cl) based on curcumin analogs. CC-CH and CC-Cl with a donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) structure exhibited the property of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT); thus, their fluorescence emissions were significantly attenuated with increasing ambient polarity. Cell experiments indicated that CC-CH and CC-Cl showed excellent photostability, a low cytotoxicity, and a superior targeting ability regarding LDs. After treatment with oleic acid (OA) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD), the polarity changes of LDs in living cells could be visualized by using CC-CH and CC-Cl. In addition, CC-CH and CC-Cl could monitor polarity changes of LDs in different pathological processes, including inflammatory responses, nutrient deprivation, and H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, CC-CH and CC-Cl are promising potential fluorescent probes for tracking intracellular LD polarity changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitive Detection of Various Forms of Hydrogen Sulfide via Highly Selective Naphthalimide-Based Fluorescent Probe

by Daniel Słowiński, Małgorzata Świerczyńska, Jarosław Romański and Radosław Podsiadły

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6299; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176299 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1141

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an important gasotransmitter, but only a few methods are available for real-time detection. Fluorescent probes are attractive tools for biological applications because of their high sensitivity, convenience, rapid implementation, noninvasive monitoring capability, and simplicity in fluorescent imaging [...] Read more.

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an important gasotransmitter, but only a few methods are available for real-time detection. Fluorescent probes are attractive tools for biological applications because of their high sensitivity, convenience, rapid implementation, noninvasive monitoring capability, and simplicity in fluorescent imaging of living cells and tissues. Herein, we report on a pro-fluorescent probe, NAP-Py-N₃ based on naphthalimide derivative, which was found to show high selectivity toward H₂S over various other analytes, including biothiols, making it feasible to detect H₂S. After reaction with H₂S, this probe showed rapid and significant turn-on green fluorescent enhancement at 553 nm (about 54-fold, k₂ = 9.62 M⁻¹s⁻¹), high sensitivity (LOD: 15.5 nM), significant Stokes shift (118 nm), and it was found that the fluorescence quantum yield of fluorescence product can reach 0.36. Moreover, the probe has also been successfully applied to detect the gaseous H₂S and to confirm the presence of H₂S released from modern organic donors, which in recent years have been commonly used to investigate the role of H₂S in biological systems. All the results indicate that this probe is excellent and highly valuable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Lysosome-Targeted NIR Fluorescent Probe for Specific Detection of Cysteine over Homocysteine and Glutathione

by Qiuchen Liu, Chang Liu, Song He, Xianshun Zeng, Jian Zhang and Jin Gong

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6189; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176189 - 22 Aug 2023

Viewed by 872

Abstract

In this paper, by modifying the thioxanthene-benzothiozolium fluorophore, BCy-Cys, a lysosome-targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe was synthesized for the detection of cysteine (Cys) from homocysteine (Hcy)/glutathione (GSH). As expected, BCy-Cys exhibited high selectivity and high sensitivity for detection of Cys over Hcy/GSH, with [...] Read more.

In this paper, by modifying the thioxanthene-benzothiozolium fluorophore, BCy-Cys, a lysosome-targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe was synthesized for the detection of cysteine (Cys) from homocysteine (Hcy)/glutathione (GSH). As expected, BCy-Cys exhibited high selectivity and high sensitivity for detection of Cys over Hcy/GSH, with an extremely low limit of detection at 0.31 μM, marked by obvious color changes. HRMS was conducted to confirm that the fluorescence intensity at 795 nm was significantly enhanced by the enhancement of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Importantly, BCy-Cys could be used to visualize both exogenous and endogenous lysosomal Cys, signifying its potential application in complex organismal systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 4941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New and Fast-Response Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring Hypochlorous Acid Derived from Myeloperoxidase

by Małgorzata Świerczyńska, Daniel Słowiński, Radosław Michalski, Jarosław Romański and Radosław Podsiadły

Molecules 2023, 28(16), 6055; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166055 - 14 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1098

Abstract

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been implicated in numerous pathologies associated with an inflammatory component, but its selective and sensitive detection in biological settings remains a challenge. In this report, imaging of HOCl was realized with a thiomorpholine-based probe as derivative of nitrobenzothiadiazole (NBD-S-TM). [...] Read more.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been implicated in numerous pathologies associated with an inflammatory component, but its selective and sensitive detection in biological settings remains a challenge. In this report, imaging of HOCl was realized with a thiomorpholine-based probe as derivative of nitrobenzothiadiazole (NBD-S-TM). The fluorescence is based on photoinduced electron transfer by using nitrobenzothiadiazole core as a donor and thiomorpholine substituent as an acceptor. NBD-S-TM showed high sensitivity and a fast response to HOCl k = (2.6 ± 0.2) × 10⁷ M⁻¹s⁻¹ with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The detection limit for HOCl was determined to be 60 nM. Furthermore, the desirable features of NBD-S-TM for the detection of HOCl in aqueous solutions, such as its reliability at physiological pH, rapid fluorescence response, and biocompatibility, enabled its application in the detection of HOCl in myeloperoxidase enzymatic system. Moreover, NBD-S-TM exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity for HOCl over other biologically relevant species, such as hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. The fluorescent S-oxidized product (NBD-S-TSO) is only formed in the presence of HOCl. Probing with NBD-S-TM may be helpful to further the development of high throughput screening assays to monitor the activity of myeloperoxidase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 6746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An AIE-Active NIR Fluorescent Probe with Good Water Solubility for the Detection of Aβ_1–42 Aggregates in Alzheimer’s Disease

by Yan-Ming Ji, Min Hou, Wei Zhou, Zhang-Wei Ning, Yuan Zhang and Guo-Wen Xing

Molecules 2023, 28(13), 5110; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135110 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1210

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an amyloid-related disease, seriously endangers the health of elderly individuals. According to current research, its main pathogenic factor is the amyloid protein, which is a kind of fibrillar aggregate formed by noncovalent self-assembly of proteins. Based on the characteristics of [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an amyloid-related disease, seriously endangers the health of elderly individuals. According to current research, its main pathogenic factor is the amyloid protein, which is a kind of fibrillar aggregate formed by noncovalent self-assembly of proteins. Based on the characteristics of aggregation-induced emission (AIE), a bislactosyl-decorated tetraphenylethylene (TPE) molecule TMNL (TPE + malononitrile + lactose), bearing two malononitrile substituents, was designed and synthesized in this work. The amphiphilic TMNL could self-assemble into fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence emission in physiological PBS (phosphate buffered saline), achieving excellent fluorescent enhancement (47-fold) upon its combination with Aβ_1–42 fibrils. TMNL was successfully applied to image Aβ_1–42 plaques in the brain tissue of AD transgenic mice, and due to the AIE properties of TMNL, no additional rinsing process was necessary. It is believed that the probe reported in this work should be useful for the sensitive detection and accurate localization mapping of Aβ_1–42 aggregates related to Alzheimer’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Near-Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Probe for Visualizing Biothiols Dynamics in Tumor and Liver

by Weizhong Ding, Shankun Yao, Yuncong Chen, Yanping Wu, Yaheng Li, Weijiang He and Zijian Guo

Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2229; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052229 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

Biothiols, including glutathione (GSH), homocysteine (Hcy) and cysteine (Cys), play crucial roles in various physiological processes. Though an array of fluorescent probes have been designed to visualize biothiols in living organisms, few one-for-all imaging agents for sensing biothiols with fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging [...] Read more.

Biothiols, including glutathione (GSH), homocysteine (Hcy) and cysteine (Cys), play crucial roles in various physiological processes. Though an array of fluorescent probes have been designed to visualize biothiols in living organisms, few one-for-all imaging agents for sensing biothiols with fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging capabilities have been reported, since instructions for synchronously enabling and balancing every optical imaging efficacy are deficient. Herein, a new near-infrared thioxanthene-hemicyanine dye (Cy-DNBS) has been constructed for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of biothiols in vitro and in vivo. Upon treatment with biothiols, the absorption peak of Cy-DNBS shifted from 592 nm to 726 nm, resulting in a strong NIR absorption as well as a subsequent turn-on PA signal. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity increased instantaneously at 762 nm. Then, Cy-DNBS was successfully utilized for imaging endogenous and exogenous biothiols in HepG2 cells and mice. In particular, Cy-DNBS was employed for tracking biothiols upregulation in the liver of mice triggered by S-adenosyl methionine by means of fluorescent and photoacoustic imaging methods. We expect that Cy-DNBS serves as an appealing candidate for deciphering biothiols-related physiological and pathological processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrarapid Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Fluorescent Silver Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles and Its Application in Detecting Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

by Kanglin Pei, Di Li, Wenjing Qi and Di Wu

Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041892 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1654

Abstract

Fluorescent silver coordination polymer nanoparticles (Ag-TPA CPNs) were synthesized using a combination of terephthalic acid (TPA) and silver nitrate via an ultrarapid microwave-assisted strategy within 15 min. The Ag-TPA CPNs displayed a high fluorescent quantum yield (QY = 20.19%) and large Stokes shift [...] Read more.

Fluorescent silver coordination polymer nanoparticles (Ag-TPA CPNs) were synthesized using a combination of terephthalic acid (TPA) and silver nitrate via an ultrarapid microwave-assisted strategy within 15 min. The Ag-TPA CPNs displayed a high fluorescent quantum yield (QY = 20.19%) and large Stokes shift (~200 nm), with two emission peaks at 490 nm and 520 nm under an excitation wavelength of 320 nm. A fluorescent “turn-off” method using fluorescent Ag-TPA CPNs was applied to detect the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on the basis of the ALP-catalyzed hydrolysis of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA2P) to ascorbic acid (AA), and the AA product triggered the reduction of Ag⁺ ions into silver nanoparticles. The fluorescent lifetime of Ag-TPA CPNs decreased from 3.93 ms to 3.80 ms after the addition of ALP, which suggests that this fluorescent “turn-off” detection of ALP activity is a dynamic quenching process. The fluorescent intensity had a linear relationship with the concentration of ALP in the range of 0.2–12 mU/mL (r = 0.991) and with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.07 mU/mL. It showed high selectivity in ALP detection towards metal ions and amino acids, as well as other enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, tyrosinase, trypsin, lysozyme, and superoxides. When it was applied for the fluorescent “turn-off” detection of ALP activity in serum samples, mean recovery levels ranging from 99.5% to 101.2% were obtained, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 4% accuracy. Therefore, it is an efficient and accurate tool for analyzing ALP levels in biosamples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Highly Efficient Fluorescent Sensor Based on AIEgen for Detection of Nitrophenolic Explosives

by Dongmi Li, Panpan Lv, Xiao-Wen Han, Zhilei Jia, Min Zheng and Hai-Tao Feng

Molecules 2023, 28(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010181 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1670

Abstract

The detection of nitrophenolic explosives is important in counterterrorism and environmental protection, but it is still a challenge to identify the nitroaromatic compounds among those with a similar structure. Herein, a simple tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivative with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics was synthesized and [...] Read more.

The detection of nitrophenolic explosives is important in counterterrorism and environmental protection, but it is still a challenge to identify the nitroaromatic compounds among those with a similar structure. Herein, a simple tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivative with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics was synthesized and used as a fluorescent sensor for the detection of nitrophenolic explosives (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol, TNP and 2, 4-dinitrophenol, DNP) in water solution and in a solid state with a high selectivity. Meanwhile, it was found that only hydroxyl containing nitrophenolic explosives caused obvious fluorescence quenching. The sensing mechanism was investigated by using fluorescence titration and ¹H NMR spectra. This simple AIE-active probe can potentially be applied to the construction of portable detection devices for explosives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

29 pages, 12364 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Visualization of Phototherapy Evolution by Optical Imaging

by Zhiheng Li, Zheng Li and Jie Wang

Molecules 2023, 28(10), 3992; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28103992 - 09 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2065

Abstract

Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is a non-invasive and effective approach used for cancer treatment, in which phototherapeutic agents are irradiated with an appropriate light source to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) or heat to ablate cancer cells. [...] Read more.

Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is a non-invasive and effective approach used for cancer treatment, in which phototherapeutic agents are irradiated with an appropriate light source to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) or heat to ablate cancer cells. Unfortunately, traditional phototherapy lacks a facile imaging method to monitor the therapeutic process and efficiency in real time, usually leading to severe side effects due to high levels of ROS and hyperthermia. To realize precise cancer treatment methods, it is highly desired to develop phototherapeutic agents possessing an imaging ability to evaluate the therapeutic process and efficacy in real time during cancer phototherapy. Recently, a series of self-reporting phototherapeutic agents were reported to monitor PDT and PTT processes by combining optical imaging technologies with phototherapy. Due to the real-time feedback provided by optical imaging technology, therapeutic responses or dynamic changes in the tumor microenvironment could be evaluated in a timely manner, thereby achieving personalized precision treatment and minimizing toxic side effects. In this review, we focus on the advances in the development of self-reporting phototherapeutic agents for a cancer phototherapy evaluation based on optical imaging technology to realize precision cancer treatments. Additionally, we propose the current challenges and future directions of self-reporting agents for precision medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 8706 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Engineering of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Cell Membrane Imaging

by Shuai Xu, Wenjing Pan, Zhi-Ling Song and Lin Yuan

Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041906 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2356

Abstract

Cell membrane (CM) is a phospholipid bilayer that maintains integrity of a whole cell and relates to many physiological and pathological processes. Developing CM imaging tools is a feasible method for visualizing membrane-related events. In recent decades, small-molecular fluorescent probes in the near-infrared [...] Read more.

Cell membrane (CM) is a phospholipid bilayer that maintains integrity of a whole cell and relates to many physiological and pathological processes. Developing CM imaging tools is a feasible method for visualizing membrane-related events. In recent decades, small-molecular fluorescent probes in the near-infrared (NIR) region have been pursued extensively for CM staining to investigate its functions and related events. In this review, we summarize development of such probes from the aspect of design principles, CM-targeting mechanisms and biological applications. Moreover, at the end of this review, the challenges and future research directions in designing NIR CM-targeting probes are discussed. This review indicates that more efforts are required to design activatable NIR CM-targeting probes, easily prepared and biocompatible probes with long retention time regarding CM, super-resolution imaging probes for monitoring CM nanoscale organization and multifunctional probes with imaging and phototherapy effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 6953 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Identifying Bacteria with Fluorescent Probes

by Yuefeng Ji, Guanhao Li, Juan Wang, Chunxiang Piao and Xin Zhou

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6440; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196440 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3373

Abstract

The development of new techniques to rapidly and accurately detect bacteria has drawn continuous attention due to the potential threats posed by bacteria to human health and safety. Recently, a novel strategy based on fluorescent probes has drawn considerable interest for the detection [...] Read more.

The development of new techniques to rapidly and accurately detect bacteria has drawn continuous attention due to the potential threats posed by bacteria to human health and safety. Recently, a novel strategy based on fluorescent probes has drawn considerable interest for the detection of bacteria due to its high selectivity, fast response, and simple operation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on fluorescent probes for the specific recognition and discrimination of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In particular, we outline current design strategies, such as targeting of the differences in surface components, cell wall components, endogenous enzymes, surface charge, and hydrophobicity of various kinds of bacteria to develop various fluorescent sensors (organic small-molecule fluorescent probes, nanoprobes, and metal ion probes). We also emphasize the application of organic molecules in probe recognition elements. We hope that this review can stimulate this research area in bacterial detection and imaging in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Fluorescent Probes: From Structure Design to Property Tuning and Versatile Application

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (13 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI