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Advances in the Structure and Functions of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
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Advances in the Structure and Functions of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 6169

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Kyung-Hyun Cho

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Korea Research Institute of Lipoproteins, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
2. LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
Interests: high-density lipoprotein (HDL); apoA-I; atherosclerosis; Alzheimer’s disease and dementia; hypertension
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The structure and functions of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are critical for determining HDL quality.

The quality of HDLs is dependent on the morphologies of HDL, such as particle size, shape, and number. The HDL quality also depends on the composition of HDL, such as apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-III, serum amyloid A, and a-synuclein), cholesterol, and triglyceride. HDL quality is also associated with the extent of HDL modification, such as glycation and oxidation, resulting in the multimerization of apoA-I and the aggregation of amyloidogenesis. HDL quality frequently determines HDL functionality, which depends on the enzyme activity of the corresponding antioxidant, such as the paraoxonase and cholesterol efflux activity. Conventional HDL functionality involves the regression and removal of cholesterol from the atherosclerotic lesions, and the removal of oxidized species from low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Recently, HDL functionality was reported to expand the removal of b-amyloid plaques and inhibit a-synuclein aggregation in the brain to attenuate Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. HDL functionality is associated with the susceptibility to and recovery from COVID-19 infection by inhibiting the activity of SARS-CoV-2. The appearance of dysfunctional HDL is frequently associated with many acute infectious diseases and chronic aging-related diseases. This Special Issue aims to highlight the recent advances in HDL quantity, quality, and functionality depending on the state of health and disease.

Prof. Dr. Kyung-Hyun Cho
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
  • low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
  • HDL quantity
  • HDL quality
  • HDL functionality
  • structure–function correlation
  • apolipoprotein A-I

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 7515 KiB  
Article
Cuban Policosanol (Raydel®) Potently Protects the Liver, Ovary, and Testis with an Improvement in Dyslipidemia in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish: A Comparative Study with Three Chinese Policosanols
by Kyung-Hyun Cho, Ji-Eun Kim and Seung Hee Baek
Molecules 2023, 28(18), 6609; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186609 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2661
Abstract
Many policosanols from different sources, such as sugar cane and rice bran, have been marketed worldwide to improve blood lipid profiles. But so far, no comparative study has commenced elucidating the effect of different policosanols to improve the blood lipid profile and other [...] Read more.
Many policosanols from different sources, such as sugar cane and rice bran, have been marketed worldwide to improve blood lipid profiles. But so far, no comparative study has commenced elucidating the effect of different policosanols to improve the blood lipid profile and other beneficial effects. This study compared the efficacy of four different policosanols, including one sugar cane wax alcohol from Cuba (Raydel®) and three policosanols from China (Xi’an Natural sugar cane, Xi’an Realin sugar cane, and Shaanxi rice bran), to treat dyslipidemia in hyperlipidemic zebrafish. After 12 weeks of consumption of each policosanol (final 0.1% in diet, wt/wt) and a high-cholesterol diet (HCD, final 4%, wt/wt), the Raydel policosanol group and the Xi’an Natural policosanol group showed the highest survivability, of approximately 81%. In contrast, the Xi’an Realin policosanol and the Shaanxi policosanol groups showed 57% and 67% survivability, respectively. Among the five HCD groups, the Raydel policosanol group showed the lowest serum total cholesterol (TC, p < 0.001 versus HCD control) and triglyceride (p < 0.001 versus HCD control), with the highest percentage of high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol in TC. The Raydel policosanol group also showed the lowest serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, with the least infiltration of inflammatory cells and interleukin-6 production in hepatocytes with a marked reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and fatty liver changes. In the ovary, the Raydel policosanol group also showed the highest content of mature vitellogenic oocytes with the lowest production of reactive oxygen species and cellular apoptosis in ovarian cells. In the testes, the Raydel policosanol group also showed the healthiest morphology for spermatogenesis, with the lowest interstitial area and reactive oxygen species production in testicular cells. Conclusively, among the tested policosanols, Cuba (Raydel®) policosanol exhibited a comparatively better effect in maintaining zebrafish body weight, survivability, blood lipid profile, hepatic function biomarkers, fatty liver changes, ROS generation, inflammation, and restoration of the cell morphology in ovaries and testes affected by the HCD consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Structure and Functions of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL))
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11 pages, 287 KiB  
Article
Lipoprotein Subclasses Independently Contribute to Subclinical Variance of Microvascular and Macrovascular Health
by Lukas Streese, Hansjörg Habisch, Arne Deiseroth, Justin Carrard, Denis Infanger, Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss, Tobias Madl and Henner Hanssen
Molecules 2022, 27(15), 4760; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154760 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1326
Abstract
Lipoproteins are important cardiovascular (CV) risk biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the associations of lipoprotein subclasses with micro- and macrovascular biomarkers to better understand how these subclasses relate to atherosclerotic CV diseases. One hundred and fifty-eight serum samples from the EXAMIN AGE [...] Read more.
Lipoproteins are important cardiovascular (CV) risk biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the associations of lipoprotein subclasses with micro- and macrovascular biomarkers to better understand how these subclasses relate to atherosclerotic CV diseases. One hundred and fifty-eight serum samples from the EXAMIN AGE study, consisting of healthy individuals and CV risk patients, were analysed with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to quantify lipoprotein subclasses. Microvascular health was quantified by measuring retinal arteriolar and venular diameters. Macrovascular health was quantified by measuring carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Nineteen lipoprotein subclasses showed statistically significant associations with retinal vessel diameters and nine with PWV. These lipoprotein subclasses together explained up to 26% of variation (R2 = 0.26, F(29,121) = 2.80, p < 0.001) in micro- and 12% (R2 = 0.12, F(29,124) = 1.70, p = 0.025) of variation in macrovascular health. High-density (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as well as triglycerides together explained up to 13% (R2 = 0.13, F(3143) = 8.42, p < 0.001) of micro- and 8% (R2 = 0.08, F(3145) = 5.46, p = 0.001) of macrovascular variation. Lipoprotein subclasses seem to reflect micro- and macrovascular end organ damage more precisely as compared to only measuring HDL-C, LDL-C and triglycerides. Further studies are needed to analyse how the additional quantification of lipoprotein subclasses can improve CV risk stratification and CV disease prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Structure and Functions of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL))
16 pages, 1904 KiB  
Article
Human Serum Amyloid a Impaired Structural Stability of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and Exacerbated Glycation Susceptibility of ApoA-I and HDL
by Kyung-Hyun Cho
Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4255; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134255 - 01 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1755
Abstract
Human serum amyloid A (SAA) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein (apo) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that influences HDL quality and functionality, particularly in the acute phase of inflammation. On the other hand, the structural and functional correlations of HDL containing SAA and apoA-I have [...] Read more.
Human serum amyloid A (SAA) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein (apo) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that influences HDL quality and functionality, particularly in the acute phase of inflammation. On the other hand, the structural and functional correlations of HDL containing SAA and apoA-I have not been reported. The current study was designed to compare the change in HDL quality with increasing SAA content in the lipid-free and lipid-bound states in reconstituted HDL (rHDL). The expressed recombinant human SAA1 (13 kDa) was purified to at least 98% and characterized in the lipid-free and lipid-bound states with apoA-I. The dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) binding ability of apoA-I was impaired severely by the addition of SAA, while SAA alone could not bind with DMPC. The recombinant human SAA1 was incorporated into the rHDL (molar ratio 95:5:1, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC): cholesterol: apoA-I) with various apoA-I:SAA molar ratios from 1:0 to 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2. With increasing SAA1 content, the rHDL particle size was reduced from 98 Å to 93 Å, and the α-helicity of apoA-I:SAA was decreased from 73% to 40% for (1:0) and (1:2), respectively. The wavelength maximum fluorescence (WMF) of tryptophan in rHDL was red-shifted from 339 nm to 345 nm for (1:0) and (1:2) of apoA-I:SAA, respectively, indicating that the addition of SAA to rHDL destabilized the secondary structure of apoA-I. Upon denaturation by urea treatment from 0 M to 8 M, SAA showed only a 3 nm red-shift in WMF, while apoA-I showed a 16 nm red-shift in WMF, indicating that SAA is resistant to denaturation and apoA-I had higher conformational flexibility than SAA. The glycation reaction of apoA-I in the presence of fructose was accelerated up to 1.8-fold by adding SAA in a dose-dependent manner than that of apoA-I alone. In conclusion, the incorporation of SAA in rHDL impaired the structural stability of apoA-I and exacerbated glycation of HDL and apoA-I. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Structure and Functions of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL))
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