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Experimental and Theoretical Researches on Hazardous Chemicals: Detection, Protection, and Decontamination

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Green Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 June 2022) | Viewed by 17328

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Keunhong Jeong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Nowon-Gu, P.O.Box 77-2, Seoul, Korea
Interests: quantum calculation on organic/organometallic materials including chemical agents, actinides, and explosives; simulation/design on the new explosives and chelating agents; parahydrogen based hyperpolarization: PHIP and SABRE
Dr. Gregory W. Peterson

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
CBR Filtration Branch, R&T Directorate, Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, U.S. Army Futures Command, MI, USA
Interests: Toxic chemical filtration; advanced reactive adsorbent materials; MOF-polymer composites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hazardous materials of toxic organic and inorganic materials such as chemical agents, explosives, radioactive materials, and biological agents have been threatened the current and future generations. Its impact has not been limited to the specific region or age group. Boundless efforts by researchers to lessen the threat have been demanded. Experimental and theoretical studies to cope with the hazardous influence by hazardous materials can be exploited in the near future. Your valuable novel and insightful research results would contribute to deal with this recent and future issue. We are open to any sorts of research topics on the hazardous materials, which will be more widely exposed to many other scientists while searching for the related papers. We look forward to accepting your great and beautiful works.

Dr. Keunhong Jeong
Dr. Gregory W. Peterson
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Chemical agent
  • Explosive
  • Biological agent
  • Radioactive materials
  • Actinide
  • Detection
  • Endocrine distruptor
  • Safety and health
  • Toxic industrial chemical
  • Protection
  • Decontamination

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1265 KiB  
Article
Is Glyceryl Trinitrate, a Nitric Oxide Donor Responsible for Ameliorating the Chemical-Induced Tissue Injury In Vivo?
by Ayesha Rahman Ahmed, Mahiba Ahmed, Senty Vun-Sang and Mohammad Iqbal
Molecules 2022, 27(14), 4362; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144362 - 07 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1567
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by well-known toxins including ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide (TAA) has been attributed to causing tissue injury in the liver and kidney. In this study, the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a donor of nitric [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress induced by well-known toxins including ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide (TAA) has been attributed to causing tissue injury in the liver and kidney. In this study, the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a donor of nitric oxide and NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide inhibitor on TAA-induced hepatic oxidative stress, GSH and GSH-dependent enzymes, serum transaminases and tumor promotion markers such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rats were examined. The animals were divided into seven groups consisting of six healthy rats per group. The six rats were injected intraperitoneally with TAA to evaluate its toxic effect, improvement in its toxic effect if any, or worsening in its toxic effect if any, when given in combination with GTN or l-NAME. The single necrogenic dose of TAA administration caused a significant change in the levels of both hepatic and serum enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), alanine aminotransferase (AST) and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, treatment with TAA also augmented malondialdehyde (MDA), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rats liver. Concomitantly, TAA treatment depleted the levels of GSH. However, most of these changes were alleviated by the treatment of animals with GTN dose-dependently. The protective effect of GTN against TAA was also confirmed histopathologically. The present data confirmed our earlier findings with other oxidants including Fe-NTA and CCl4. The GTN showed no change whatsoever when administered alone, however when it was given along with TAA then it showed protection thereby contributing towards defending the role against oxidants-induced organ toxicity. Overall, GTN may contribute to protection against TAA-induced oxidative stress, toxicity, and proliferative response in the liver, according to our findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Researches on Hazardous Chemicals: Detection, Protection, and Decontamination)
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22 pages, 4505 KiB  
Article
Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Cytokines Is a Potential Therapeutic Action of Ficus lepicarpa B. (Moraceae) against Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
by Senty Vun-Sang, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, Urban J. A. Dsouza and Mohammad Iqbal
Molecules 2022, 27(8), 2593; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082593 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1958
Abstract
Local tribes use the leaves of Ficus lepicarpa B. (Moraceae), a traditional Malaysian medicine, as a vegetable dish, a tonic, and to treat ailments including fever, jaundice and ringworm. The purpose of this study was to look into the possible therapeutic effects of [...] Read more.
Local tribes use the leaves of Ficus lepicarpa B. (Moraceae), a traditional Malaysian medicine, as a vegetable dish, a tonic, and to treat ailments including fever, jaundice and ringworm. The purpose of this study was to look into the possible therapeutic effects of F. lepicarpa leaf extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. The DPPH test was used to measure the antioxidant activity of plants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the phytochemical analysis (GCMS). Six groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the following treatment regimens: control group, CCl4 alone, F. lepicarpa 400 mg/kg alone, CCl4 + F. lepicarpa 100 mg/kg, CCl4 + F. lepicarpa 200 mg/kg and CCl4 + F. lepicarpa 400 mg/kg. The rats were euthanized after two weeks, and biomarkers of liver function and antioxidant enzyme status were assessed. To assess the extent of liver damage and fibrosis, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of liver tissue were undertaken. The total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content in methanol extract of F. lepicarpa leaves were 58.86 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g and 44.31 ± 0.10 mg CAE/g, respectively. F. lepicarpa’s inhibitory concentration (IC50) for free radical scavenging activity was reported to be 3.73 mg/mL. In a dose-related manner, F. lepicarpa was effective in preventing an increase in serum ALT, serum AST and liver MDA. Histopathological alterations revealed that F. lepicarpa protects against the oxidative stress caused by CCl4. The immunohistochemistry results showed that proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2) were suppressed. The antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and free-radical scavenging activities of F. lepicarpa can be related to its hepatoprotective benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Researches on Hazardous Chemicals: Detection, Protection, and Decontamination)
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8 pages, 854 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Various Density Functional Theory Methods for Finding Accurate Structures of Actinide Complexes
by Youngjin Kwon, Hee-Kyung Kim and Keunhong Jeong
Molecules 2022, 27(5), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051500 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1706
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is a widely used computational method for predicting the physical and chemical properties of metals and organometals. As the number of electrons and orbitals in an atom increases, DFT calculations for actinide complexes become more demanding due to increased [...] Read more.
Density functional theory (DFT) is a widely used computational method for predicting the physical and chemical properties of metals and organometals. As the number of electrons and orbitals in an atom increases, DFT calculations for actinide complexes become more demanding due to increased complexity. Moreover, reasonable levels of theory for calculating the structures of actinide complexes are not extensively studied. In this study, 38 calculations, based on various combinations, were performed on molecules containing two representative actinides to determine the optimal combination for predicting the geometries of actinide complexes. Among the 38 calculations, four optimal combinations were identified and compared with experimental data. The optimal combinations were applied to a more complicated and practical actinide compound, the uranyl complex (UO2(2,2′-(1E,1′E)-(2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-dyl)bis(azanylylidene)(CH3OH)), for further confirmation. The corresponding optimal calculation combination provides a reasonable level of theory for accurately optimizing the structure of actinide complexes using DFT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Researches on Hazardous Chemicals: Detection, Protection, and Decontamination)
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13 pages, 5499 KiB  
Article
UiO-66-NH2 and Zeolite-Templated Carbon Composites for the Degradation and Adsorption of Nerve Agents
by Jaeheon Lee, Dongwon Ka, Heesoo Jung, Kyeongmin Cho, Youngho Jin and Minkun Kim
Molecules 2021, 26(13), 3837; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133837 - 23 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3603
Abstract
Composites of metal-organic frameworks and carbon materials have been suggested to be effective materials for the decomposition of chemical warfare agents. In this study, we synthesized UiO-66-NH2/zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) composites for the adsorption and decomposition of the nerve agents sarin and [...] Read more.
Composites of metal-organic frameworks and carbon materials have been suggested to be effective materials for the decomposition of chemical warfare agents. In this study, we synthesized UiO-66-NH2/zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) composites for the adsorption and decomposition of the nerve agents sarin and soman. UiO-66-NH2/ZTC composites with good dispersion were prepared via a solvothermal method. Characterization studies showed that the composites had higher specific surface areas than pristine UiO-66-NH2, with broad pore size distributions centered at 1–2 nm. Owing to their porous nature, the UiO-66-NH2/ZTC composites could adsorb more water at 80% relative humidity. Among the UiO-66-NH2/ZTC composites, U0.8Z0.2 showed the best degradation performance. Characterization and gas adsorption studies revealed that beta-ZTC in U0.8Z0.2 provided additional adsorption and degradation sites for nerve agents. Among the investigated materials, including the pristine materials, U0.8Z0.2 also exhibited the best protection performance against the nerve agents. These results demonstrate that U0.8Z0.2 has the optimal composition for exploiting the degradation performance of pristine UiO-66-NH2 and the adsorption performance of pristine beta-ZTC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Researches on Hazardous Chemicals: Detection, Protection, and Decontamination)
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8 pages, 2478 KiB  
Article
Identification and Study of Biomarkers from Novichok-Inhibited Butyrylcholinesterase in Human Plasma
by Woo-Hyeon Jeong, Jin-Young Lee, Kyoung-Chan Lim and Hyun-Suk Kim
Molecules 2021, 26(13), 3810; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133810 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2719
Abstract
To identify biomarkers of ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A234)- or methyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A232)-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), we investigated nonapeptide adducts containing the active site serine, which plays a key role in enzyme activity, using LC-MS/HRMS. Biomarkers were acquired as expected, and they exhibited a significant amount [...] Read more.
To identify biomarkers of ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A234)- or methyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A232)-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), we investigated nonapeptide adducts containing the active site serine, which plays a key role in enzyme activity, using LC-MS/HRMS. Biomarkers were acquired as expected, and they exhibited a significant amount of fragment ions from the inhibiting agent itself, in contrast to the MS2 spectra of conventional nerve agents. These biomarkers had a higher abundance of [M+2H]2+ ions than [M+H]+ ions, making doubly charged ions more suitable for trace analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Researches on Hazardous Chemicals: Detection, Protection, and Decontamination)
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9 pages, 4151 KiB  
Communication
Characterization and Study on Fragmentation Pathways of a Novel Nerve Agent, ‘Novichok (A234)’, in Aqueous Solution by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
by Jin Young Lee, Kyoung Chan Lim and Hyun Suk Kim
Molecules 2021, 26(4), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041059 - 18 Feb 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4002
Abstract
As a first step toward studying the properties of Novichok (ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A234)), we investigated its degradation products and fragmentation pathways in aqueous solution at different pH levels by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A234 was synthesized in our laboratory and characterized by nuclear [...] Read more.
As a first step toward studying the properties of Novichok (ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A234)), we investigated its degradation products and fragmentation pathways in aqueous solution at different pH levels by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A234 was synthesized in our laboratory and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Three sets of aqueous samples were prepared at different pH levels. A stock solution of A234 was prepared in acetonitrile at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and stored at −20 °C until use. Aqueous samples (0.1 mg/mL) were prepared by diluting the stock solution with deionized water. The acidic aqueous sample (pH = 3.5) and basic aqueous sample (pH = 9.4) were prepared using 0.01 M acetic acid and 0.01 M potassium carbonate, respectively. The analysis of the fragmentation patterns and degradation pathways of A234 showed that the same degradation products were formed at all pH levels. However, the hydrolysis rate of A234 was fastest under acidic conditions. In all three conditions, the fragmentation pattern and the major degradation product of A234 were determined. This information will be applicable to studies regarding the decontamination of Novichok and the trace analysis of its degradation products in various environmental matrices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Researches on Hazardous Chemicals: Detection, Protection, and Decontamination)
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