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Minerals
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Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Evaporites, Volume II
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Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Evaporites, Volume II

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 May 2023) | Viewed by 5846

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Bukowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: salt deposits; sedimentology of evaporites; stable isotopes and geochemistry of evaporites; radiometric dating; study of fluid inclusion in halite
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce the Special Issue "Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Evaporites", focusing on the origin and recognition of evaporites, such as rock salts, potassium–magnesium salts, gypsum, anhydrite, and borates.

Evaporites are chemical sediments that often retain the geochemical record of parent brines, including their chemical composition, proportions of particular ions, and content of stable isotopes. Thus, mineralogical and geochemical studies of marine evaporites, in particular those based on isotope analyses and fluid inclusion investigations, allow us to detail the evolution and transformations of the global ocean, from the beginning of Earth's history to modern times. In evaporites, environmental changes of the hydrosphere and atmosphere, occurring in the crucial moments of Earth's history, are recorded. The first sulfates (gypsum and anhydrite) appeared on Earth together with the transition to a more oxygenated atmosphere about 1.8–2.2 billion years ago. The formation of an extensive salt series at the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition coincided with the rapid development of life on Earth. The appearance of large evaporitic formations was usually accompanied by global climate changes and intensification of orogenic processes, for example in the Permian or Miocene.

Mineralogical and geochemical determinations related to evaporite basins (including modern environments) are used for the practical recognition and management of valuable deposits of potassium salts, borates, and lithium brines. Evaporite studies play a significant role in determining the spatial and temporal distribution of sedimentary (or reservoir) facies, as well as the generation, migration, and entrapment of hydrocarbons.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to collect original research studies and data that can throw new light on the characteristics of evaporitic formations. This Special Issue will highlight the latest advancements in both fundamental and applied studies in a wide range of fields related to the application of mineralogical and geochemical methods in the exploration and recognition of deposits.

Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Bukowski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • evaporites
  • mineralogy
  • geochemistry
  • stable isotopes
  • fluid inclusions
  • salt deposits

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2789 KiB  
Article
The Sulfur Isotopic Characteristics of Evaporites in the Yarkand Basin of Xinjiang Province in the Paleocene and Its Paleoenvironmental Evolution
by Yidong Liu, Aihua Zeng, Wenjun Chen and Yangtong Cao
Minerals 2023, 13(6), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13060816 - 15 Jun 2023
Viewed by 955
Abstract
The Yarkand Basin, located in the southwest of the Tarim Basin, is a northeastern part of the eastern Paratethys ocean in the Paleocene, and a significant amount of evaporites, with gypsum, anhydrite, and halite as the main types, were developed in this area. [...] Read more.
The Yarkand Basin, located in the southwest of the Tarim Basin, is a northeastern part of the eastern Paratethys ocean in the Paleocene, and a significant amount of evaporites, with gypsum, anhydrite, and halite as the main types, were developed in this area. These evaporites record the sedimentary environment at that time. A study was conducted on the sulfur isotopic composition of gypsum in the Paleocene of the Yarkand Basin to explore the origin of the evaporites and interpret the sedimentary environment. The experimentally measured sulfur isotope δ34SCDT values of 187 gypsum samples ranged from 6.69‰ to 25.92‰ with an average value of 18.64‰. The overall trend of the Paleocene gypsum sulfur isotopic curve is consistent with the global seawater sulfur isotopic curve, which shows a decreasing trend. In the early and middle Paleocene, the curve shows four stages of sulfur isotope increase, indicating that the sedimentary environment during that time was mainly influenced by bacterial reduction and a relatively open sedimentary environment, while the late period shows a decreasing trend, suggesting that the late period may be primarily influenced by terrigenous freshwater. In addition, the sulfur isotope value has the characteristics of decreasing from northwest to southeast of the basin, which may indicate that the sedimentary environment of Paleocene evaporites in the Yarkand Basin may also be related to paleotopography and distance from the estuary, resulting in differences in sedimentary environments. The mainly original sulfur isotope values of the Paleocene evaporites in the Yarkand Basin should be in the range of 18‰–20‰, which is a supplement to the Paleocene global paleoseawater and is of great significance for the reconstruction of the marine transgressive–regressive cycle and sulfur isotopic composition of the eastern Paratethys ocean during this period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Evaporites, Volume II)
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22 pages, 12472 KiB  
Article
Geochemistry of Brine and Paleoclimate Reconstruction during Sedimentation of Messinian Salt in the Tuz Gölü Basin (Türkiye): Insights from the Study of Fluid Inclusions
by Anatoliy R. Galamay, Muazzez Çelik Karakaya, Krzysztof Bukowski, Necati Karakaya and Yaroslava Yaremchuk
Minerals 2023, 13(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020171 - 25 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1542
Abstract
The halogenesis of the Messinian Tuz Gölü Basin corresponds to the sulfate type and the magnesium sulfate subtype. Compared to the Messinian Sea brines, they have a slightly higher [Na+] concentration, which is 96.6–116.4 g/L, and a much lower [K+ [...] Read more.
The halogenesis of the Messinian Tuz Gölü Basin corresponds to the sulfate type and the magnesium sulfate subtype. Compared to the Messinian Sea brines, they have a slightly higher [Na+] concentration, which is 96.6–116.4 g/L, and a much lower [K+] concentration, ranging from 0.1 to 2.35 g/L. During salt sedimentation, the [Mg2+] concentration ranged from 6.1 to 14.0 g/L, and the [SO42−] concentration from 18.2 to 4.5 g/L. Physical–chemical reactions in the basin’s near-surface and bottom waters during the suspension of halite deposition had a decisive influence on the significant reduction of [SO42−] sedimentation brines. During these periods, there was an intensive influx of Ca(HCO3)2 into the sedimentation basin and the formation of glauberite layers. The formation of the glauberite resulted from the slow dissolution of pre-deposited finely dispersed metastable minerals—gypsum, sodium syngenite, or mirabilite. In fluid inclusions in the halite, the sulfate minerals being allogenic crystals of calcium sulfate, are represented by gypsum, bassanite, and anhydrite. Additionally, as the other sulfate minerals, glauberite, anhydrite, and thenardite are found within halite crystals. Sharp fluctuations in daytime air temperatures characterized climatic indicators of the summer period in the Tuz Gölü region: 15.6–49.1 °C. In the spring or cool summer–autumn period, the daytime air temperature in the region ranged from 15.7–22.1 °C, and in late spring and early summer, it ranged from 20.6 °C to 35.0 °C. During some periods, the Tuz Gölü halite crystallized at 61.8–73.5 °C. The extreme high-temperature crystallization regime at the bottom of the salt-bearing basin was achieved due to the emergence of a vertical thermohaline structure. The “greenhouse effect” in the Tuz Gölü was established only briefly but was periodically renewed due to the influx of “fresh” waters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Evaporites, Volume II)
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17 pages, 5052 KiB  
Article
S and Sr Isotope Compositions and Trace Element Compositions of the Middle Jurassic Evaporites in Eastern Tibet: Provenance and Palaeogeographic Implications
by Jinna Fei, Lijian Shen, Xin Guan and Zhicheng Sun
Minerals 2022, 12(8), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12081039 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1421
Abstract
The origin of Middle Jurassic evaporites in the Qamdo Basin is still controversial because palaeontological studies have reported that they have both marine and continental characteristics. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the gypsum in the Middle Jurassic Dongdaqiao Formation in the [...] Read more.
The origin of Middle Jurassic evaporites in the Qamdo Basin is still controversial because palaeontological studies have reported that they have both marine and continental characteristics. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the gypsum in the Middle Jurassic Dongdaqiao Formation in the Qamdo Basin range from 0.707602 to 0.708163, which are higher than that of contemporaneous seawater. Model calculations suggest that continental water prevailed over seawater during the precipitation of these evaporites. However, the majority of the gypsum samples have δ34S values of 15.3‰ to 16.3‰, which are consistent with that of contemporaneous seawater. This range of values (15.3‰ vs. 16.3‰) was likely caused by S isotope fractionation during evaporation because the δ34S values and Sr contents are negatively correlated. The δ34S values of the other three gypsum samples are 20.0‰, 20.5‰, and 20.8‰, which are significantly higher than that of Middle Jurassic seawater. The trace element compositions and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations indicate that these elevated δ34S values were caused by bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR). The Sr and S isotope systematics of the gypsums from the Dongdaqiao Formation demonstrate that the parent brines from which the evaporites precipitated were marine based with a large quantity of continental input. A comparison of the lithologies and Sr isotope compositions of the Middle Jurassic sequences in the Qamdo and Qiangtang Basins revealed that the Qiangtang Basin was mainly recharged by Jurassic seawater, while the Qamdo Basin was primarily recharged by continental water with some seawater-derived overflow from the Qiangtang Basin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Evaporites, Volume II)
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13 pages, 11927 KiB  
Article
Sulfur Isotopic Composition of Gypsum from Paleocene, Northwest China: Implications for the Evolution of Eastern Paratethys Seawater
by Jun Wang and Yangtong Cao
Minerals 2022, 12(8), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12081031 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1290
Abstract
The sulfate isotope record of marine sedimentary sulfate through time has been used successfully to determine global variations in the composition of seawater sulfate. The variations in the sulfur isotope composition of marine sulfate reflect changes in the global sulfur cycle and are [...] Read more.
The sulfate isotope record of marine sedimentary sulfate through time has been used successfully to determine global variations in the composition of seawater sulfate. The variations in the sulfur isotope composition of marine sulfate reflect changes in the global sulfur cycle and are also closely related to changes in the atmospheric oxygen cycles. However, data for the Paleocene are very sparse and the stratigraphic evolution of the sulfur isotope composition of seawater is poorly constrained due to the small number of samples analyzed. The Yarkand Basin, as a northeastern part of the eastern Paratethys ocean with the trumpet-shaped bay, in which a suite of evaporitic sequences named the Aertashen Formation was continuously developed in the Paleocene and was principally composed of massive gypsum interbedded fragmental rocks. The values of sulfur isotopic composition are from 12.2‰ to 20.6‰ (δ34 SCDT or δ34 SVCDT) and the mean is 17.7‰ in 97 gypsum samples in the basin. Three gradually increasing trends of sulfur isotopic curves reflect that enrichment of δ34 S occurred in seawater sulfate, and indicate oxidation of seawater sulfide. These may hint to at least three oxidation events or the bacterial reduction of seawater sulfide that occurred in the Paleocene, and that three oxygen-enriched events or the biological sulfur cycle might exist in this epoch. The sulfur isotopic composition (δ34 SCDT or δ34 SVCDT) in the seawater of the northeastern part of the eastern Paratethys ocean was about 15.0‰ to 20.6‰, and averaged 17.9‰ in the Paleocene. Combined with the previous global sulfur isotopic composition of seawater, the final range of global sulfur isotopic composition of seawater might be from 15.0‰ to 21.0‰, with 17.9‰–18.3‰ the average in the Paleocene, so the variations in the sulfur isotope composition of Paleocene seawater sulfate are reconstructed and supplemented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Evaporites, Volume II)
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