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Minerals
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Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Reservoirs
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Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Reservoirs

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 2839

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tivadar M. Tóth

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology, University of Szeged, 6702 Szeged, Hungary
Interests: petrology; structural geology; numerical simulation of fractured fluid reservoirs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yubin Bai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065 China
Interests: petroleum geology; organic geochemistry, shale oil mobility evaluation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Most rock bodies with applied geological importance can be evaluated from the point of fluid storage and conduit capacities. Some of these rock masses are real fluid reservoirs that store hydrocarbons, geothermal energy, and drinking water or contain ores available for in situ leaching technology. Concerning productivity, the most significant parameters of these rock bodies are sufficient porosity and permeability. In other cases, like radioactive waste depositories, the rock body is hoped to be of low porosity and permeability and so free of significant fluid migration. Nevertheless, these bodies also store water that interacts with the host rock, modifying its mineral composition and mechanical features and so affecting the depository's safety.

Although, in all the above examples, the hydrodynamic behaviour of the rock body is essential, it is usually determined by the petrological characteristics of the rock mass in question. In most sedimentary sequences, primary (intergranular) porosity and permeability are the function of the combined effect of numerous syn- and post-sedimentary processes, like all steps of the diagenesis (dissolution of the detrital grains, physical and chemical compaction, cementation, etc.) that may significantly modify the primary hydrodynamic features. Igneous and metamorphic rock bodies usually have negligible matrix porosity and therefore act as fractured reservoirs. Such fracture networks may occur as mutually interconnected or even may define isolated clusters of unconnected fracture sets, depending on the petrological (including mineralogy, fabric, structure, etc.) circumstances in the same stress field. Consequently, blocks with significantly different reservoir qualities usually occur close to each other in a heterogeneous rock body, making the reservoir's hydrodynamics highly complicated. Double porosity systems, in which primary and secondary cavities interact (e.g., karstified and fractured limestone bodies), may be even more complex.

In this Special Issue, we kindly invite manuscripts that focus on case studies or methodological approaches in the following or similar topics:

  • How do petrological circumstances determine the hydrodynamic behaviour of fluid reservoirs in different rock bodies?
  • How do petrological features determine the rock mechanical behaviour of rock bodies while natural and artificial fractures develop?
  • What is the role of mineralogical composition in fluid–rock interaction processes that modify reservoir qualities through dissolution and cementation (including vein cementation)?
  • What is the role of rock chemistry in scale formation?

Prof. Dr. Tivadar M. Tóth
Dr. Yubin Bai
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • buried hill reservoir
  • igneous and metamorphic reservoirs
  • water–rock interaction
  • petrological heterogeneity
  • in situ leaching mining
  • scale formation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 10704 KiB  
Article
A Genetic Mechanism for Chemical Compaction in Mudstones: Case Study from the Xihu Depression, East China Sea Shelf Basin
by Zilong Zhao, Jingzhou Zhao, Hong Zhao, Jun Wang, Chuang Er, Zhe Li and Shixiong Wang
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040413 - 17 Apr 2024
Viewed by 296
Abstract
Mudstone compaction is widely used in the estimation of subsidence caused by sediment load, basin modeling, and overpressure genesis. The boundary for the depth at which chemical compaction in mudstones begins in the Xihu Depression is across two wells; in Well A, the [...] Read more.
Mudstone compaction is widely used in the estimation of subsidence caused by sediment load, basin modeling, and overpressure genesis. The boundary for the depth at which chemical compaction in mudstones begins in the Xihu Depression is across two wells; in Well A, the depth is 2200 m, while in Well D, it is 1750 m. The porosity shows a gradual decreasing trend, followed by a sharp decrease and then an increase. Compared with Well A, the pores in Well D show a faster reduction (resulting in higher compaction) with increasing burial depth. The compaction process is controlled by clay mineral transformation and temperature increase. At a temperature range of 65–105 °C, local dissolution of quartz and pyrite, as well as precipitation of plagioclase, occur in Well D. The quartz, pyrite, and plagioclase contents in Well A do not significantly change, while K-feldspar corrosion and illitization are dominant. At a temperature range of 125–135 °C, diagenesis is reversed. The mixed layer increases across a low range, while chlorite and kaolinite contents increase; the dissolution of dolomite and the intermittent dissolution of calcite cause a local increase in pore size at 4460 m in Well A and 3300 m in Well D. The report values of geothermal gradient raise the depth limit of chemical compaction in Well D compared to that in Well A, thus accelerating the process of illitization and the cementation rate of quartz, and becoming the leading cause of the steeply decreasing trend of porosity in Well D. A compaction model for the Xihu Depression has also been established, which involves mechanical compaction, coexistence of chemical compaction and mechanical compaction, and chemical compaction. In the chemical compaction stage, the chemical/diagenetic compaction of mudstones locally increases the pore size. Moreover, abnormally enlarged pores became important reservoirs in the Xihu Depression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Reservoirs)
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31 pages, 56008 KiB  
Article
Fracture Density Prediction of Basement Metamorphic Rocks Using Gene Expression Programming
by Muhammad Luqman Hasan and Tivadar M. Tóth
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040366 - 29 Mar 2024
Viewed by 495
Abstract
Many methods have been developed to detect and predict the fracture properties of fractured rocks. The standard data sources for fracture evaluations are image logs and core samples. However, many wells do not have these data, especially for old wells. Furthermore, operating both [...] Read more.
Many methods have been developed to detect and predict the fracture properties of fractured rocks. The standard data sources for fracture evaluations are image logs and core samples. However, many wells do not have these data, especially for old wells. Furthermore, operating both methods can be costly, and, sometimes, the data gathered are of bad quality. Therefore, previous research attempted to evaluate fractures indirectly using the widely available conventional well-logs. Sedimentary rocks are widespread and have been studied in the literature. However, fractured reservoirs, like igneous and metamorphic rock bodies, may also be vital since they provide fluid migration pathways and can store some hydrocarbons. Hence, two fractured metamorphic rock bodies are studied in this study to evaluate any difference in fracture responses on well-log properties. Also, a quick and reliable prediction method is studied to predict fracture density (FD) in the case of the unavailability of image logs and core samples. Gene expression programming (GEP) was chosen for this study to predict FD, and ten conventional well-log data were used as input variables. The model produced by GEP was good, with R2 values at least above 0.84 for all studied wells, and the model was then applied to wells without image logs. Both selected metamorphic rocks showed similar results in which the significant parameters to predict FD were the spectral gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs. This study also proposed a validation method to ensure that the FD value predictions were consistent using discriminant function analysis. In conclusion, the GEP method is reliable and could be used for FD predictions for basement metamorphic rocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Reservoirs)
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17 pages, 7521 KiB  
Article
Reservoir Characterization of Alluvial Glutenite in the Guantao Formation, Bohai Bay Basin, East China
by Qing Li, Xuelian You, Yuan Zhou, Yu He, Renzhi Tang and Jiangshan Li
Minerals 2024, 14(3), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030317 - 16 Mar 2024
Viewed by 747
Abstract
Alluvial glutenite reservoirs have obviously stronger heterogeneous and more complex control factors than sandstone reservoirs. Taking the Binxian Uplift area in the Boahi Bay Basin as an example, the aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics and control factors of the [...] Read more.
Alluvial glutenite reservoirs have obviously stronger heterogeneous and more complex control factors than sandstone reservoirs. Taking the Binxian Uplift area in the Boahi Bay Basin as an example, the aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics and control factors of the alluvial glutenite reservoir quality and the influence of reservoir properties on hydrocarbon accumulation. Pore types in the study area mainly include residual intergranular pores, intergranular dissolved pores, intragranular dissolved pores, and mold pores. The residual intergranular pores and intergranular dissolved pores are the main pore types. Most samples have porosity greater than 15% and permeability is mainly concentrated between 50 mD and 500 mD. It is shown that lithology type, microfacies, and diagenesis have significant impact on the reservoir quality. The reservoir qualities of very fine sandstone and fine sandstone are better than those of conglomerate and gravel-bearing sandstone. Instead of grain size, sorting affects the alluvial glutenite reservoir quality significantly. Oil-bearing samples commonly have sorting coefficient less than 2 while non-oil-bearing samples have sorting coefficient larger than 2. There are significant differences in reservoir physical properties of different sedimentary microfacies. The stream flow in mid-alluvial fan (SFMA) and braided channels outside alluvial fans (BCOA) have relatively weaker compaction and better reservoir quality than the overflow sand body (OFSB) and debris-flow in proximal alluvial fan (DFPA). Calcite cementation, the main cement in the study area, commonly developed at the base of SFMA and BCOA and near the sandstone-mudrock contacts. The source of calcium carbonate for calcite cement mainly came from around mudstone. High calcite cement content commonly results in low porosity and permeability. Individual glutenite thickness is also an important influencing factor on reservoir quality. Reservoirs with large thickness (>4 m) have high porosity and permeability. Dissolution occurred in the reservoir, forming secondary dissolution pores and improving reservoir quality. The dissolution fluid for formation of secondary pores is mainly meteoric waters instead of organic acid. The reservoir property has an important influence on hydrocarbon accumulation. The lower limit of physical properties of an effective reservoir is a porosity of 27% and permeability of 225 mD. The findings of this study can be utilized to predict the reservoir quality of alluvial glutenite reservoirs effectively in the Bohai Bay Basin and other similar basins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Reservoirs)
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18 pages, 9861 KiB  
Article
Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Particle Crushing in Volcaniclastic Sediments under Compaction: The Quaternary Pyroclastic Deposits of Hongtu Hill, Changbaishan Area, Northeastern China
by Jiawei Bai, Huafeng Tang, Jia Hu, Liying Yang, Tianchan Guo and Zhiqiang Zhang
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101351 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 895
Abstract
Recently, many scholars have conducted experimental mechanical compaction studies on sandstones, carbonates, and mudstones to visually study the mechanical compaction process and reservoir evolution of sedimentary rocks. However, experimental mechanical compaction studies on the evolution of the compaction process of pyroclastic rocks have [...] Read more.
Recently, many scholars have conducted experimental mechanical compaction studies on sandstones, carbonates, and mudstones to visually study the mechanical compaction process and reservoir evolution of sedimentary rocks. However, experimental mechanical compaction studies on the evolution of the compaction process of pyroclastic rocks have been ignored. Volcaniclastic rock reservoirs are widely distributed across the world and strongly influenced by the crushing of pyroclastic particles. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics and controlling factors of the crushing of pyroclastic particles during compaction diagenesis from a microscopic perspective through experimental mechanical compaction. These results can provide quantitative compaction background parameters for the quantitative study of pyroclastic rock reservoir evolution. We took pyroclastic samples from Hongtu Hill in the Changbaishan area as an example, and experimental mechanical compaction experiments were conducted. Furthermore, image surface porosity and particle analysis statistical methods were used, and the variations in the effective porosity and image surface porosity under different axial stresses were studied. The results showed that, after compaction, the effective porosity did not exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing axial stress but rather a normal distribution trend that initially increased and then decreased. In the compaction experiment, the pyroclastic particle crushing process was segmented with increasing axial stress, and there was an obvious compaction band in the initial stage of the compaction, called the particle rearrangement stage (10–30 MPa). Furthermore, there were relatively non-successive compaction localization areas in the later stage of compaction, called the particle crushing stage (50–70 MPa), which was represented by vitreous basalt particles surrounded by porphyritic basalt particles. During experimental mechanical compaction, the smaller the compactness, the smaller the solidity, and the larger the slenderness of the particles, the more likely the particles were to break during compaction. Particles containing intragranular pores and vitreous basalt particles were easily crushed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Reservoirs)
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