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Minerals
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Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use
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Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Mineralogy and Biogeochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2021) | Viewed by 14967

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alicja Uliasz-Bocheńczyk

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: waste management; mineral waste recovery; CCSU; renewable energy sources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jan Deja

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Faculty of Materials Science, and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: building materials technology; cement and concrete chemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fluidized bed boilers are considered to be the most environmentally friendly solid fuel combustion installations in the energy sector. Fluidized bed boilers can use conventional fuels (bituminous coal, lignite, biomass) but also RDF or sewage sludge. However, the combustion of solid fuels in fluidized bed boilers is associated with the generation of byproducts. The properties of the generated waste determine its possible uses and differ depending on the fuel type, boiler type, temperature distribution in the boiler, and type of sorbent used.

This Special Issue of Minerals is devoted to issues concerning the physicochemical characteristics of FBC ashes and their processing. Special emphasis will be placed on the traditional utilization methods of ashes from the energy sector, including the production of building materials, mining, and geotechnics, and new innovative applications, such as their use as a potential source of rare earth elements, for mineral sequestration, as sorbents, etc.

This Special Issue is an opportunity to present the results of research on the properties, processing, and application of FBC ashes and to share them with a wide audience. We invite you to submit your articles to “Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use”.

Dr. Alicja Uliasz-Bocheñczyk
Prof. Dr. Jan Deja
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • byproduct utilization
  • building materials technology
  • circular economy
  • waste management
  • stabilization/solidification
  • geopolymers
  • CO2 mineral sequestration
  • sorbents
  • source of rare earth elements
  • geoengineering

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 2075 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Ecotoxicity of Incinerated Sewage Sludge Ash (ISSA)
by Waldemar Kępys, Małgorzata Śliwka and Małgorzata Pawul
Minerals 2021, 11(8), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080849 - 06 Aug 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1832
Abstract
Combustion in fluidised bed boilers is one of the most commonly used methods of treatment of municipal sewage sludge. Fly ash (FA) and air pollution control (APC) residues are the solid by-products generated by flue gas treatment. There are significant differences in the [...] Read more.
Combustion in fluidised bed boilers is one of the most commonly used methods of treatment of municipal sewage sludge. Fly ash (FA) and air pollution control (APC) residues are the solid by-products generated by flue gas treatment. There are significant differences in the chemical composition of these wastes. FA is composed of mainly SiO2, P2O5, CaO and metals such as Zn, Ti, Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni. APC residues mainly contain SO3 and Na2O. The leachability tests that were carried out indicate that these wastes display very low leachability of heavy metals (for example leachability of Pb was equal 0.0004 mg·dm−3 in both wastes, leachability of Cd was equal 0.0012 mg·dm−3 in FA an 0.00004 mg·dm−3 in APC). On the other hand, very high sulphate concentrations (49,375 mg·dm−3) were found in water extract for the APC residues. In order to determine the toxicity of these wastes for plants, pot experiments with different additions of waste to the soil were carried out (on Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba). Tests based on seeds germinations (on Lepidium sativum) in water extracts from waste (in different concentrations) were also performed. The results obtained indicate the very high toxicity of APC residues. Complete inhibition of germination and growth of the test plants was found for all concentrations of the tested waste in water extract and for all additions of waste to the soil in pot experiments. Seed germination tests on water extracts from FA did not show any toxicity of this waste. Pot tests with FA showed their toxicity only with a high (30%) addition in soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use)
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19 pages, 4874 KiB  
Article
Phosphorus-Rich Ash from Poultry Manure Combustion in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
by Zdzisław Adamczyk, Magdalena Cempa and Barbara Białecka
Minerals 2021, 11(7), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070785 - 20 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2384
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the physico-chemical and phase characteristics of ash obtained in the process of the combustion of Polish poultry manure in a laboratory reactor with a bubbling fluidized bed. Three experiments, differing in the grain size and [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to examine the physico-chemical and phase characteristics of ash obtained in the process of the combustion of Polish poultry manure in a laboratory reactor with a bubbling fluidized bed. Three experiments, differing in the grain size and morphology of the raw material, the method of its dosing and the type of fluidized bed, were carried out. The contents of the main chemical components and trace elements in the obtained ash samples were determined using WDXRF, and the phase composition was examined through the XRD method. The morphology and the chemical composition of grains in a given micro-area using the SEM/EDS method were also investigated. The highest concentration of phosphorus (from 28.07% wt. to 29.71% wt. as P2O5 equivalent), the highest proportion of amorphous substance (from 56.7% wt. to 59.0% wt.) and the lowest content of unburned organic substance (LOI from 6.42% to 9.16%) (i.e., the best process efficiency), was obtained for the experiment in which the starting bed was quartz sand and poultry manure was fed to the reactor in the form of pellets. It has been calculated that in this case, the amorphous phase contains more than half of the phosphorus. The method of carrying out the combustion process has a significant impact on the phase composition and, consequently, on the availability of phosphorus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use)
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19 pages, 4661 KiB  
Article
Characterization of the Physical, Chemical, and Adsorption Properties of Coal-Fly-Ash–Hydroxyapatite Composites
by Eleonora Sočo, Dorota Papciak, Magdalena M. Michel, Dariusz Pająk, Andżelika Domoń and Bogdan Kupiec
Minerals 2021, 11(7), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070774 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2985
Abstract
(1) Hydroxyapatite (HAp), which can be obtained by several methods, is known to be a good adsorbent. Coal fly ash (CFA) is a commonly reused byproduct also used in environmental applications as an adsorbent. We sought to answer the following question: Can CFA [...] Read more.
(1) Hydroxyapatite (HAp), which can be obtained by several methods, is known to be a good adsorbent. Coal fly ash (CFA) is a commonly reused byproduct also used in environmental applications as an adsorbent. We sought to answer the following question: Can CFA be included in the method of HAp wet synthesis to produce a composite capable of adsorbing both heavy metals and dyes? (2) High calcium lignite CFA from the thermal power plant in Bełchatów (Poland) was used as the base to prepare CFA–HAp composites. Four types designated CFA–HAp1–4 were synthesized via the wet method of in situ precipitation. The synthesis conditions differed in terms of the calcium reactants used, pH, and temperature. We also investigated the equilibrium adsorption of Cu(II) and rhodamine B (RB) on CFA–HAp1–4. The data were fitted using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson models and validated using R2 and χ2/DoF. Surface changes in CFA–HAp2 following Cu(II) and RB adsorption were assessed using SEM, SE, and FT-IR analysis. (3) The obtained composites contained hydroxyapatite (Ca/P 1.67) and aluminosilicates. The mode of Cu(II) and RB adsorption could be explained by the Redlich–Peterson model. The CFA–HAp2 obtained using CFA, Ca(NO3)2, and (NH4)2HPO4 at RT and pH 11 exhibited the highest maximal adsorption capacity: 73.6 mg Cu/g and 87.0 mg RB/g. (4) The clear advantage of chemisorption over physisorption was indicated by the Cu(II)–CFA–HAp system. The RB molecules present in the form of uncharged lactone were favorably adsorbed even on strongly deprotonated CFA–HAp surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use)
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12 pages, 2407 KiB  
Article
Tests of Strength Parameters of Hydro-Mixtures Based on Ashes from a Fluidized Bed Boiler in the In-Situ Approach
by Marcin Popczyk
Minerals 2021, 11(7), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070770 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1283
Abstract
The paper presents the practical use of a solidifying hydro-mixture based on ashes from fluidized bed boilers under hard coal mine conditions for filling an incline connecting the headgate and tailgate of a longwall running along the strike with roof caving. The reason [...] Read more.
The paper presents the practical use of a solidifying hydro-mixture based on ashes from fluidized bed boilers under hard coal mine conditions for filling an incline connecting the headgate and tailgate of a longwall running along the strike with roof caving. The reason for filling the incline with a material of preset strength parameters was to minimize the methane hazard in the extracted coal seam. Due to a great demand for fill material, which translates into economic considerations, the option of applying fine-fraction waste material was selected. Preliminary laboratory tests of the physical and mechanical properties of hydro-mixtures based on ash obtained from a fluidized bed boiler of a power plant, allowed us to select a specific hydro-mixture meeting the requirements. After 95 days, the incline filled with the proposed hydro-mixture was subjected to exploitation along with the advance of longwall working. This enabled the in-situ collection of a number of fill material samples from various places along the entire length of the incline. Then their strength was tested and the results compared with the obtained test results of identical material seasoned under laboratory conditions. The obtained results constitute a unique research material since it is practically impossible to verify the laboratory-determined strength parameters of the solidifying fine-fraction hydro-mixtures under in-situ conditions. Thsis results mainly from the lack of technical capabilities and poor access to the places where fine-fraction hydro-mixtures are applied, mostly abandoned cavings or parts of workings separated by dams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use)
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16 pages, 7282 KiB  
Article
Predicting the Compressive Strength of Portland Cement Concretes with the Addition of Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ashes from Bituminous Coal and Lignite
by Jacek Śliwiński, Artur Łagosz, Tomasz Tracz, Radosław Mróz and Jan Deja
Minerals 2021, 11(7), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070753 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1658
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental study on the effect of the addition of two types of fly ash produced during fluidized bed combustion of bituminous coal and lignite, which differ substantially in their chemical and mineral compositions, on the [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental study on the effect of the addition of two types of fly ash produced during fluidized bed combustion of bituminous coal and lignite, which differ substantially in their chemical and mineral compositions, on the compressive strength of concrete. Concretes with water/binder ratios of 0.65, 0.55 and 0.45 made with CEM I 42.5 R Portland cement and gravel aggregate were tested. The analyzed amounts of fly ash added to the binder were 0, 15% and 30% by weight. Based on the results of compressive strength testing after 28 and 90 days of curing, the relationships with the water/binder ratio and fly ash content in the binder were determined. The fly ashes used were highly active and capable of pozzolanic reaction. The relationships established allow the compressive strength of concretes based on composite cement-fly ash binder to be predicted with sufficient accuracy. The results presented in this study are an important contribution to the knowledge of concretes with combined binders. They have the exploratory value of establishing the dependence of compressive strength at 28 and 90 days on binder composition and water-binder ratio. In addition, they could be used almost directly in practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use)
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15 pages, 4853 KiB  
Article
Extending the Life Cycle of Cement Binders by Partially Replacing Portland Cement with Different Types Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash
by Artur Łagosz, Tomasz Tracz and Radosław Mróz
Minerals 2021, 11(7), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070690 - 26 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
A significant reduction in the CO2 emission associated with cement production is obtained by partially replacing Portland cement with supplementary cementing materials (SCM’s): e.g., siliceous fly ash or granulated blast furnace slag. In the near future, the limited availability of these materials [...] Read more.
A significant reduction in the CO2 emission associated with cement production is obtained by partially replacing Portland cement with supplementary cementing materials (SCM’s): e.g., siliceous fly ash or granulated blast furnace slag. In the near future, the limited availability of these materials will do more attractive to use ashes from combustion in fluidized bed boilers, which currently are mainly deposited in various landfills. Paper identifies the effect of Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) fly ash from both hard and brown coal combustion on the durability of mortars exposed to sodium and magnesium sulfate solution at different curing temperature: 20 and 5 °C. The evaluation was based on the results of long-term linear changes of mortar samples made with Portland cement and different amounts of FBC fly ash addition stored in a corrosive environment, as well as the evaluation of the type of formed corrosion products using XRD and microstructural studies (SEM/EDS). It has been shown that amount of FBC fly ashes used in binders significantly determines sulfate resistance of prepared cements as well as its chemical composition. By using fluidized ashes, the sulfate resistance of cement binders can be achieved with their content even of 15%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use)
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13 pages, 2187 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Process of Mineral Sequestration of CO2 with the Use of Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes
by Alicja Uliasz-Bocheńczyk and Eugeniusz Mokrzycki
Minerals 2021, 11(7), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070676 - 24 Jun 2021
Viewed by 1753
Abstract
There is a current focus on replacing the generally accepted conventional power generation technologies with more advanced ones that will better protect the natural environment. The need to limit CO2 emissions from power generation plants presents a problem that must be solved [...] Read more.
There is a current focus on replacing the generally accepted conventional power generation technologies with more advanced ones that will better protect the natural environment. The need to limit CO2 emissions from power generation plants presents a problem that must be solved in many countries that use coal or lignite as basic fuels. One potential option is mineral sequestration performed using side products of fossil fuel combustion, such as fluidised bed combustion (FBC) fly ashes. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) lignite fly ashes are characterised by a high storage capacity of 15.7%. Research conducted with the most commonly used method of direct mineral sequestration—CO2 trapping with fluidised bed combustion (FBC) ash in water suspension—has indicated a very high level of carbonation of CO2, reaching 11%. Calcite was the basic product of carbonation. The calcite content increased from 2% to 12% in the suspension subjected to treatment with CO2. Furthermore, CO2 reduced the pH and limited the leaching of impurities, such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cl, and SO4. The fly ash suspensions subjected to CO2 treatment can be used in industry in the final stage of carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) technology, which will further contribute to the implementation of the circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Fly Ashes—Characteristics and Use)
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