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Micromachines
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Miniaturized Chemical Sensors
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Miniaturized Chemical Sensors

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "C：Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 14606

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ming Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Interests: chemical biology; bioimaging; self-assembly; nanotechnology
Prof. Dr. Caixia Yin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Interests: fluorescent probe; biosensing; luminescent materials; biological analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Miniaturized chemical sensors increasingly attract interest of scientists and researchers in a variety of areas, including analytical chemistry, chemical biology, clinical research, etc. In essence, a sensor refers to a device that can be used to measure specific analytes by a detectable signal. The signal can be optical, thermal, mechanical, acoustic, or electronic. Unlike traditional sensors, chemical sensors have many obvious advantages, such as excellent biocompatibility, intensive signal, low limit of detection, and facile tunability. So they are frequently used in cell imaging, diagnosis, environmental evaluation, quality testing, etc. Over the past few years, considerable progress has been made in the development of versatile chemical sensors. Thus, we are willing to prepare a Special Issue for miniaturized chemical sensors. All papers including reviews, and full articles discussing this topic are encouraged to submit to this Special Issue.

Dr. Ming Xu
Prof. Dr. Caixia Yin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • miniaturized chemical sensors
  • signal
  • cell imaging
  • diagnosis
  • environmental evaluation
  • quality testing

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

15 pages, 3247 KiB  
Article
An ImmunoFET Coupled with an Immunomagnetic Preconcentration Technique for the Sensitive EIS Detection of HF Biomarkers
by Hamdi Ben Halima, Nadia Zine, Imad Abrao Nemeir, Norman Pfeiffer, Albert Heuberger, Joan Bausells, Abdelhamid Elaissari, Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault and Abdelhamid Errachid
Micromachines 2024, 15(3), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15030296 - 21 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 671
Abstract
We propose a new strategy using a sandwich approach for the detection of two HF biomarkers: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). For this purpose, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) (MNPs@aminodextran) were biofunctionalized with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using bis (sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) [...] Read more.
We propose a new strategy using a sandwich approach for the detection of two HF biomarkers: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). For this purpose, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) (MNPs@aminodextran) were biofunctionalized with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using bis (sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) as a cross-linker for the pre-concentration of two biomarkers (TNF-α and IL-10). In addition, our ISFETs were biofunctionalized with polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) (TNF-α and IL-10). The biorecognition between pAbs immobilized on the ISFET and the pre-concentrate antigen (Ag) on MNPs was monitored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Our developed ImmunoFET showed a low detection limit (0.03 pg/mL) toward our target analyte when compared to previously published electrochemical immunosensors. It showed a higher sensitivity than for other HF biomarkers. Finally, the standard addition method was used to determine the unknown concentration in artificial saliva. The results matched with the expected values well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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13 pages, 7685 KiB  
Article
Self-Assembled Nanotubes Based on Chiral H8-BINOL Modified with 1,2,3-Triazole to Recognize Bi3+ Efficiently by ICT Mechanism
by Jisheng Tao, Fang Guo, Yue Sun, Xiaoxia Sun and Yu Hu
Micromachines 2024, 15(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15010163 - 22 Jan 2024
Viewed by 749
Abstract
A novel fluorescent “off” probe R-β-D-1 containing a 1,2,3-triazole moiety was obtained by the Click reaction with azidoglucose using H8-BINOL as a substrate, and the structure was characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR and ESI-MS analysis. [...] Read more.
A novel fluorescent “off” probe R-β-D-1 containing a 1,2,3-triazole moiety was obtained by the Click reaction with azidoglucose using H8-BINOL as a substrate, and the structure was characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR and ESI-MS analysis. The fluorescence properties of R-β-D-1 in methanol were investigated, and it was found that R-β-D-1 could be selectively fluorescently quenched by Bi3+ in the recognition of 19 metal ions and basic cations. The recognition process of Bi3+ by R-β-D-1 was also investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, etc. The complex pattern of R-β-D-1 with Bi3+ was determined by Job’s curve as 1 + 1, and the binding constant Ka of R-β-D-1 and Bi3+ was valued by the Benesi–Hildebrand equation as 1.01 × 104 M−1, indicating that the binding force of R-β-D-1 and Bi3+ was medium. The lowest detection limit (LOD) of the self-assembled H8-BINOL derivative for Bi3+ was up to 0.065 µM. The mechanism for the recognition of Bi3+ by the sensor R-β-D-1 may be the intramolecular charge transfer effect (ICT), which was attributed to the fact that the N-3 of the triazole readily serves as an electron acceptor while the incorporation of Bi3+ serves as an electron donor, and the two readily undergo coordination leading to the quenching of fluorescence. The recognition mechanism and recognition site could be verified by DFT calculation and CDD (Charge Density Difference). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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12 pages, 2076 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of an Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for the Highly Sensitive and Selective Determination of the Antiretroviral Drug Zidovudine in Biological Samples
by Leyla Karadurmus and Sibel A. Ozkan
Micromachines 2023, 14(10), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14101881 - 30 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1018
Abstract
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) have demonstrated considerable potential when combined with electrochemical sensors, exhibiting high sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility levels. The aim of this work is to detect Zivudine (ZDV) in serum samples by means of an interface imprinting technique-based electrochemical sensor. Thus, [...] Read more.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) have demonstrated considerable potential when combined with electrochemical sensors, exhibiting high sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility levels. The aim of this work is to detect Zivudine (ZDV) in serum samples by means of an interface imprinting technique-based electrochemical sensor. Thus, ZDV was used as a template for the creation of an MIP-based electrochemical sensor, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used as the determination technique for the molecule. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques were also used to characterize the electrochemical sensor capabilities, which showed a good linearity between 1.0 × 10−10 M and 1.0 × 10−9 M. ZDV was detected with a detection limit of 1.63 × 10−11 M, while the recovery analysis of spiked serum samples demonstrated that the sensor was highly selective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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13 pages, 2593 KiB  
Article
A Highly Sensitive Dual-Signal Strategy via Inner Filter Effect between Tween 20-Gold Nanoparticles and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots for Detecting Cu2+
by Yong Xie, Chao Bian, Mingjie Han, Ri Wang, Yang Li, Yuhao Xu and Shanhong Xia
Micromachines 2023, 14(5), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14050902 - 23 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1273
Abstract
A highly sensitive and accurate dual-signal strategy is developed for trace Cu2+ detection based on the inner filter effect (IFE) between Tween 20-gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). Tween 20-AuNPs are utilized as colorimetric probes and excellent fluorescent absorbers. The [...] Read more.
A highly sensitive and accurate dual-signal strategy is developed for trace Cu2+ detection based on the inner filter effect (IFE) between Tween 20-gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). Tween 20-AuNPs are utilized as colorimetric probes and excellent fluorescent absorbers. The fluorescence of CdSe/ZnS QDs can be quenched efficiently by Tween 20-AuNPs via IFE. In the presence of D-penicillamine, D-penicillamine induces the aggregation of Tween 20-AuNPs and the fluorescent recovery of CdSe/ZnS QDs at high ionic strength. Upon addition of Cu2+, D-penicillamine tends to selectively chelate with Cu2+ and then forms the mixed-valence complexes, which consequently inhibits the aggregation of Tween 20-AuNPs and the fluorescent recovery. The dual-signal method is used to quantitatively detect trace Cu2+, with low detection limits of 0.57 μg/L and 0.36 μg/L for colorimetry and fluorescence, respectively. In addition, the proposed method using a portable spectrometer is applied to the detection of Cu2+ in water. This sensitive, accurate and miniature sensing system has potential in environmental evaluations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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12 pages, 5122 KiB  
Article
Enantioselective Recognition of L-Lysine by ICT Effect with a Novel Binaphthyl-Based Complex
by Shi Tang, Zhaoqin Wei, Jiani Guo, Xiaoxia Sun and Yu Hu
Micromachines 2023, 14(3), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14030500 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 989
Abstract
A novel triazole fluorescent sensor was efficiently synthesized using binaphthol as the starting substrate with 85% total end product yield. This chiral fluorescence sensor was proved to have high specific enantioselectivity for lysine. The fluorescence intensity of R-1 was found to [...] Read more.
A novel triazole fluorescent sensor was efficiently synthesized using binaphthol as the starting substrate with 85% total end product yield. This chiral fluorescence sensor was proved to have high specific enantioselectivity for lysine. The fluorescence intensity of R-1 was found to increase linearly when the equivalent amount of L-lysine (0–100 eq.) was gradually increased in the system. The fluorescence intensity of L-lysine to R-1 was significantly enhanced, accompanied by the red-shift of emission wavelength (389 nm to 411 nm), which was attributed to the enhanced electron transfer within the molecular structure, resulting in an ICT effect, while the fluorescence response of D-lysine showed a decreasing trend. The enantioselective fluorescence enhancement ratio for the maximum fluorescence intensity was 31.27 [ef = |(IL − I0)/(ID − I0)|, 20 eq. Lys], thus it can be seen that this fluorescent probe can be used to identify and distinguish between different configurations of lysine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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12 pages, 2029 KiB  
Article
Stainless Steel Foil-Based Label-Free Modular Thin-Film Electrochemical Detector for Solvent Identification
by Martin Rozman and Miha Lukšič
Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13122256 - 19 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1254
Abstract
Most organic solvents are colorless liquids, usually stored in sealed containers. In many cases, their identification depends on the appropriate description on the container to prevent mishandling or mixing with other materials. Although modern laboratories rely heavily on identification technologies, such as digitized [...] Read more.
Most organic solvents are colorless liquids, usually stored in sealed containers. In many cases, their identification depends on the appropriate description on the container to prevent mishandling or mixing with other materials. Although modern laboratories rely heavily on identification technologies, such as digitized inventories and spectroscopic methods (e.g., NMR or FTIR), there may be situations where these cannot be used due to technical failure, lack of equipment, or time. An example of a portable and cost-effective solution to this problem is an electrochemical sensor. However, these are often limited to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) or voltammetry methods. To address this problem, we present a novel modular electrochemical sensor for solvent identification that can be used with either an EIS-enabled potentiostat/galvanostat or a simple multimeter. A novel method of fabricating and using a sensor consisting of a thin-film coating of an organic substance on a stainless-steel electrode substrate is presented. The differences in the solubility of the thin film in different solvents are used to distinguish between common organic solvents such as water, ethanol, and tetrahydrofuran. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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10 pages, 1704 KiB  
Article
CuO Nanowires Fabricated by Thermal Oxidation of Cu Foils towards Electrochemical Detection of Glucose
by Xun Cao
Micromachines 2022, 13(11), 2010; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13112010 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1478
Abstract
In view of the various stability issues and high cost of enzymatic glucose biosensors, non-enzymatic biosensors have received great attention in recent research and development. Copper oxide (CuO) nanowires (NWs) were fabricated on Cu foil substrate using a simple thermal oxidation method. The [...] Read more.
In view of the various stability issues and high cost of enzymatic glucose biosensors, non-enzymatic biosensors have received great attention in recent research and development. Copper oxide (CuO) nanowires (NWs) were fabricated on Cu foil substrate using a simple thermal oxidation method. The phase and morphology of the CuO NWs could be controlled by synthesis temperature. Variation in oxidation states enables CuO NWs to form Cu (III) species, which is crucial in catalysing the eletro-oxidation of glucose. The Cu-based metal/oxide composite electrode works as a non-enzymatic biosensor that adapts to the fast, dynamic change in glucose concentration, with a low saturation concentration (~0.7 mM) and a lower detection limit of 0.1 mM, making CuO NWs an excellent sensor towards impaired fasting glucose. The simplicity, cost-effectiveness and non-toxicity features of this study might make a way for potentially scalable application in glucose biosensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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9 pages, 3450 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Sensitive Impedimetric Immunosensor Using Copper Oxide Quantum Dots Grafted on the Gold Microelectrode for the Detection of Parathion
by Shalini Nagabooshanam, Bhusankar Talluri, Tiju Thomas, Satheesh Krishnamurthy and Ashish Mathur
Micromachines 2022, 13(9), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13091385 - 25 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1478
Abstract
The extensive use of organophosphates (OPs) pollutes the environment, leading to serious health hazards for human beings. The current need is to fabricate a sensing platform that will be sensitive and selective towards the detection of OPs at trace levels in the nM [...] Read more.
The extensive use of organophosphates (OPs) pollutes the environment, leading to serious health hazards for human beings. The current need is to fabricate a sensing platform that will be sensitive and selective towards the detection of OPs at trace levels in the nM to fM range. With this discussed in the present report, an ultra-sensitive immunosensing platform is developed using digestive-ripened copper oxide quantum dots grafted on a gold microelectrode (Au-µE) for the impedimetric detection of parathion (PT). The copper oxide quantum dots utilized in this study were of ultra-small size with a radius of approximately 2 to 3 nm and were monodispersed with readily available functional groups for the potential immobilization of antibody parathion (Anti-PT). The miniaturization is achieved by the utilization of Au-µE and the microfluidic platform utilized has the sample holding capacity of about 2 to 10 µL. The developed immunosensor provided a wide linear range of detection from 1 µM to 1 fM. The lower Limit of Detection (LoD) for the developed sensing platform was calculated to be 0.69 fM, with the sensitivity calculated to be 0.14 kΩ/nM/mm2. The stability of the sensor was found to be ~40 days with good selectivity. The developed sensor has the potential to integrate with a portable device for field applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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Review

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19 pages, 3931 KiB  
Review
A Review on Electrochemical Microsensors for Ascorbic Acid Detection: Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Food Safety Applications
by Totka Dodevska, Dobrin Hadzhiev and Ivan Shterev
Micromachines 2023, 14(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14010041 - 24 Dec 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2368
Abstract
Nowadays, micro-sized sensors have become a hot topic in electroanalysis. Because of their excellent analytical features, microelectrodes are well-accepted tools for clinical, pharmaceutical, food safety, and environmental applications. In this brief review, we highlight the state-of-art electrochemical non-enzymatic microsensors for quantitative detection of [...] Read more.
Nowadays, micro-sized sensors have become a hot topic in electroanalysis. Because of their excellent analytical features, microelectrodes are well-accepted tools for clinical, pharmaceutical, food safety, and environmental applications. In this brief review, we highlight the state-of-art electrochemical non-enzymatic microsensors for quantitative detection of ascorbic acid (also known as vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring water-soluble organic compound with antioxidant properties and its quantitative determination in biological fluids, foods, cosmetics, etc., using electrochemical microsensors is of wide interest. Various electrochemical techniques have been applied to detect ascorbic acid with extremely high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and reliability, and apply to in vivo measurements. This review paper aims to give readers a clear view of advances in areas of electrode modification, successful strategies for signal amplification, and miniaturization techniques used in the electroanalytical devices for ascorbic acid. In conclusion, current challenges related to the microelectrodes design, and future perspectives are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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37 pages, 18248 KiB  
Review
Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Detecting Several Abnormally Expressed Substances in Tumors
by Leilei Yao, Caixia Yin and Fangjun Huo
Micromachines 2022, 13(8), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13081328 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2074
Abstract
Malignant tumors have always been the biggest problem facing human survival, and a huge number of people die from cancer every year. Therefore, the identification and detection of malignant tumors have far-reaching significance for human survival and development. Some substances are abnormally expressed [...] Read more.
Malignant tumors have always been the biggest problem facing human survival, and a huge number of people die from cancer every year. Therefore, the identification and detection of malignant tumors have far-reaching significance for human survival and development. Some substances are abnormally expressed in tumors, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitroreductase (NTR), pH, biothiols (GSH, Cys, Hcy), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen sulfide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and NADH. Consequently, it is of great value to diagnose and treat malignant tumors due to the identification and detection of these substances. Compared with traditional tumor detection methods, fluorescence imaging technology has the advantages of an inexpensive cost, fast detection and high sensitivity. Herein, we mainly introduce the research progress of fluorescent probes for identifying and detecting abnormally expressed substances in several tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniaturized Chemical Sensors)
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