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Marine Drugs
Special Issues
Marine-Derived Amino Acids in Microbiology and Phamarcology
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Marine-Derived Amino Acids in Microbiology and Phamarcology

A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 11716

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kyung-Hoon Shin

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Guest Editor
Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Convergence College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-Gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
Interests: marine organic matter; marine biogeochemistry; stable isotope; organic biomarkers; aquatic ecology; marine food web; marine algae; phytoplankton productivity, bioactive compounds; organic geochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yoshito Chikaraishi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
Interests: development of new analytical methods of (or new methodologies using) compound-specific or position-specific isotope analysis of organic compounds in natural samples; illumination of “energetic ecology” in biogeochemical cycles; illumination of the “key process” responsible for controlling molecular and stable isotopic compositions of organic compounds in organisms’ physiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Proteins are important components of structural parts and tissues as well as of enzymes. Proteins account for around 60–70% (weight) of marine plankton. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are naturally synthesizing polypeptides with a molecular weight which is higher than 10,000 daltons. Marine organisms have a wide range of biochemically diverse amino acids for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Amino acids have the fundamental structural sequence of a carboxyl group, amine, hydrogen, and a variety of types of R group. In general, only 20 amino acids are found in proteins, but a lot of additional non-protein amino acids also have biochemical roles in living organisms. In marine organisms, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are well known for their effective biochemical sunscreen functions.

The current special issue invites novel research articles or valuable reviews focusing on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of essential and non-essential amino acids derived from various marine organisms. Especially, recent approaches including compound-specific isotopic analysis can be included to improve our understanding metabolic pathways of individual amino acids. In addition, the discovery and implication of their pharmacological functions in microorganisms are strongly encouraged for this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Kyung-Hoon Shin
Prof. Dr. Yoshito Chikaraishi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Amino acid 
  • Proteins 
  • Polypeptides 
  • Secondary metabolite 
  • Marine organisms 
  • Microorganisms
  • Mycosporine-like amino acids 
  • Essential amino acids 
  • Non-essential amino acids 
  • Biochemical indicators 
  • Isotopic fractionation 
  • Pharmacological functions

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1781 KiB  
Article
The Interplay of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids between Phytoplankton Groups and Northern Krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in a High-Latitude Fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard)
by Bo Kyung Kim, Mi-Ok Park, Jun-Oh Min, Sung-Ho Kang, Kyung-Hoon Shin, Eun Jin Yang and Sun-Yong Ha
Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(4), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20040238 - 29 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1900
Abstract
We investigated pigment and mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) concentrations of phytoplankton and Northern krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations in the surface and middle-layer water were 0.44 μg L−1 (±0.17 μg L−1) and 0.63 μg [...] Read more.
We investigated pigment and mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) concentrations of phytoplankton and Northern krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations in the surface and middle-layer water were 0.44 μg L−1 (±0.17 μg L−1) and 0.63 μg L−1 (±0.25 μg L−1), respectively. Alloxanthin (Allo, a marker of cryptophytes) was observed at all stations, and its mean values for surface and middle-layer water were 0.09 μg L−1 (±0.05 μg L−1) and 0.05 (±0.02 μg L−1), respectively. The mean MAA-to-Chl-a ratios at the surface (3.31 ± 2.58 μg (μg Chl-a)−1) were significantly higher than those in the middle-layer water (0.88 ± 0.49 μg (μg Chl-a)−1), suggesting that these compounds play an important role in reducing UV photodamage. In gut pigment levels of Northern krill, the most abundant accessory pigment was Allo (2.79 ± 0.33 μg g−1 dry weight; d.w.), as was the accumulation of Chl-a (8.29 ± 1.13 μg g−1 d.w.). The average concentration of MAAs was 1.87 mg g−1 d.w. (±0.88 mg g−1 d.w.) in krill eyes, which was higher than that in all other body parts (0.99 ± 0.41 mg g−1 d.w.), except for the gut. Thysanoessa sp. was found to contain five identified MAAs (shinorine, palythine, porphyra-334, mycosporine-glycine, and M-332) in the krill eye, whereas shinorine and porphyra-334 were only observed in the krill body, not the eyes and gut. These findings suggest that Northern krill accumulate MAAs of various compositions through the diet (mainly cryptophytes) and translocate them among their body parts as an adaptation for photoprotection and physiological demands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Derived Amino Acids in Microbiology and Phamarcology)
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16 pages, 2134 KiB  
Article
Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae
by Yingying Sun, Xiu Han, Zhijuan Hu, Tongjie Cheng, Qian Tang, Hui Wang, Xiaoqun Deng and Xu Han
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(11), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19110615 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3184
Abstract
Marine macroalgae is known to be a good source of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), especially red macroalgae. As a new type of active substance with commercial development prospects, the current progress in the extraction, isolation and characterization of MAAs is far from sufficient [...] Read more.
Marine macroalgae is known to be a good source of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), especially red macroalgae. As a new type of active substance with commercial development prospects, the current progress in the extraction, isolation and characterization of MAAs is far from sufficient in terms of effectiveness in application. To determine the extraction processes of MAAs from four species of red macroalgae (Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria confervoides, and Gracilaria sp.), a series of single-factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out in which the effects of solvents, the solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature, on the yields of MAA extracts, were analyzed. Further, the isolation and identification of MAAs from Bangia fusco-purpurea and Gracilaria sp. were investigated. The results showed that the solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature were 1:20 g/mL, 2 h, three times and 40 °C, respectively, when 25% methanol or 25% ethanol were used as the extraction solvent; these values were found to be suitable for the extraction of MAAs from four species of red macroalgae. Silica gel thin-layer chromatography was successfully used, for the first time, for the detection MAAs in this work, and it could be clearly seen that Bangia fusco-purpurea had the highest contents of MAAs among the four species of red macroalgae. MAA extracts from Bangia fusco-purpurea (or Gracilaria sp.) were isolated by silica gel column chromatography to obtain one fraction (or two fractions). The compositions and proportions of the MAAs in these fractions were determined via HPLC-ESI-MS spectra and by comparison with existing studies. Shinorine, palythine and porphyra-334 were found in 95.4% of the T1 fraction, and palythenic acid was found in 4.6% of this fraction, while shinorine, palythine and porphyra-334 were found in 96.3% of the J1 fraction, palythenic acid was found in 3.7% of the J2 fraction, and palythine was found in 100% of the J2 fraction, taken from the MAA extracts found in Bangia fusco-purpurea and Gracilaria sp., respectively. In addition, the relevant compositions and proportions of the MAA extracts taken from Gelidium amansii and Gracilaria confervoides were identified. This was the first study to report on the extraction process, isolation and identification of MAAs from Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria confervoides, and Gracilaria sp. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Derived Amino Acids in Microbiology and Phamarcology)
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Review

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12 pages, 545 KiB  
Review
Muscle Protein Hydrolysates and Amino Acid Composition in Fish
by Bomi Ryu, Kyung-Hoon Shin and Se-Kwon Kim
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(7), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19070377 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5851
Abstract
Fish muscle, which accounts for 15%–25% of the total protein in fish, is a desirable protein source. Their hydrolysate is in high demand nutritionally as a functional food and thus has high potential added value. The hydrolysate contains physiologically active amino acids and [...] Read more.
Fish muscle, which accounts for 15%–25% of the total protein in fish, is a desirable protein source. Their hydrolysate is in high demand nutritionally as a functional food and thus has high potential added value. The hydrolysate contains physiologically active amino acids and various essential nutrients, the contents of which depend on the source of protein, protease, hydrolysis method, hydrolysis conditions, and degree of hydrolysis. Therefore, it can be utilized for various industrial applications including use in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals to help improve the health of humans. This review discusses muscle protein hydrolysates generated from the muscles of various fish species, as well as their amino acid composition, and highlights their functional properties and bioactivity. In addition, the role of the amino acid profile in regulating the biological and physiological activities, nutrition, and bitter taste of hydrolysates is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Derived Amino Acids in Microbiology and Phamarcology)
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