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Lubricants
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Programmable/Controllable Friction in Tribology
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Programmable/Controllable Friction in Tribology

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 7147

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tobias Amann

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Woehlerstr. 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
Interests: tribology; water-based lubrication; ionic liquids; programmable friction; graphene
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Stefan Reinicke

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Interests: polymer synthesis; design of stimuli-responsive materials
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Rühe

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
Interests: surfaces; interfaces; polymer chemistry; polymer physics; hydrogels

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Every mechanical movement causes friction. The effects are immense worldwide: more than 20% of energy consumption is caused by friction. In addition to the material wear that occurs, friction is one of the determining factors for the efficiency, reliability and service life of components and systems. Accordingly, the use of lubricants to reduce friction and wear is widespread. Whether in a wind turbine, a vehicle transmission or in the manufacturing industry (machine tools, printing presses, pumps), each application requires an individually tailored lubrication system to optimize friction and wear behavior, where material and lubricant interact.

The conventional philosophy in developing tribological systems for a particular application is to passively optimize the lubricant (e.g., additives, viscosity) and the friction partners (e.g., coating) in advance. As a result, although these systems operate over the full range of operating parameters, they do not always operate at the optimum tribological condition because friction conditions can change constantly. Normal forces and speeds are usually dynamic, such as when a car is starting. This changes the temperatures caused by frictional heat and thus possibly the friction regime. In addition, the wear and aging of the lubricant can occur with increasing operating time.

The solution to these problems would be to develop lubricants whose properties can be selectively and actively changed during operation by an external stimulus. Programmable materials are materials or material compositions that are constructed in such a way that their properties can be specifically controlled and reversibly changed. Complex and locally different functions can be programmed into these materials. Depending on the application and situation, the material then assumes different states and material properties initiated by external triggers.

An intrinsically variable system based on programmable friction that dynamically optimizes frictional contact offers enormous technical potential, especially for plain or rolling bearings and couplings.

In this Special Issue, the latest research results in the field of friction control based on different mechanisms and methods are presented. Topics covered include:

  • Mechanisms of controllable friction;
  • All types of triggers for controlling friction;
  • Experimental studies of controllable friction;
  • Modeling and simulation of surface interactions;
  • Transferability to technical applications.

“Friction can be both beneficial and detrimental – control is the key.” Curtis, C.K., Streator, J.L. and Krim, J., 2020, Friction. In Surface and Interface Science, K. Wandelt (Ed.).

“Tribotronics combines electronics and tribology to develop machines that can adapt to the operating conditions” Tysoe, W.T.; Spencer, N.D. Tribology & Lubrication Technology; 77, 2021

Dr. Tobias Amann
Dr. Stefan Reinicke
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Rühe
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • friction
  • wear
  • ionic liquids
  • surface interaction
  • tunable friction
  • controllable friction
  • programmable friction
  • intelligent tribosystems
  • energy efficiency
  • sustainability

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 2839 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Programmable Friction with Ionic Liquid Mixtures at the Nano- and Macroscales
by Felix Joachim Gatti, Wanhao Cai, Richard Herzog, Amirmasoud Gharavian, Andreas Kailer, Norman Baltes, Peter Rabenecker, Philipp Mörchel, Bizan N. Balzer, Tobias Amann and Jürgen Rühe
Lubricants 2023, 11(9), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11090376 - 5 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1363
Abstract
Non-mechanical stimuli are used to directly control or program the friction properties of tribosystems. For this purpose, an ionic liquid is used as a lubricant that affects and controls the friction in the presence of external triggers. Here, it is shown that the [...] Read more.
Non-mechanical stimuli are used to directly control or program the friction properties of tribosystems. For this purpose, an ionic liquid is used as a lubricant that affects and controls the friction in the presence of external triggers. Here, it is shown that the friction behavior of two surfaces in sliding contact can be controlled and permanently changed by applying an electrical potential to an ionic liquid mixture (ILM). This change in the friction properties was demonstrated both at the nanoscale using an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based friction force microscopy (FFM) and at the macroscale using a specially designed tribo-setup cell. In tribology, the linking of these two scales of magnitude represents one of the greatest obstacles between basic research and the step towards application-oriented system development and is therefore of fundamental importance. In addition, other parameters affecting the tribological behavior of the system, such as roughness, lubricant film thickness, and wear behavior, were investigated as a function of the electrical potentials. The correlation between the structure of surface-bound ionic liquid layers and the friction behavior can be used to control friction, thus enabling a first step towards tribosystems that automatically adapt to changing conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Programmable/Controllable Friction in Tribology)
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10 pages, 2855 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Synergetic Effects of Micro Grooves and WSe2 in Sliding Contact
by Yuan Wei, Shuang Li, He Huang, Chongliang Ding and Xuewen Wang
Lubricants 2022, 10(9), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10090208 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1468
Abstract
Improving tribological behaviors for dry contacts has always been a hot study topic, since liquid lubricants are not applicable for certain vital scenarios, including space travel equipment. This study describes the synergetic effects of micro groove texture and WSe2 flakes as solid [...] Read more.
Improving tribological behaviors for dry contacts has always been a hot study topic, since liquid lubricants are not applicable for certain vital scenarios, including space travel equipment. This study describes the synergetic effects of micro groove texture and WSe2 flakes as solid lubricants on friction reduction in dry sliding contact. The reciprocating sliding tests were performed under the dry and WSe2 flake-filled conditions while varying the texture geometric feathers and WSe2 flake sizes. According to the experimental results, the coefficient of friction (CoF) could be reduced by 80% due to the combination of micro grooves and WSe2 flakes compared to the non-textured cases. The optimal width (b = 130 µm) of the groove was identified under both dry and WSe2 flake-filled conditions. The SEM observation suggested that the WSe2 flakes have different sizes. The influence of the WSe2 granularity on reducing friction was discussed based on the results. This study provides a novel solution for reducing friction, which suggests that there is a synergetic effect and optimal parameters for friction reduction with micro grooves and WSe2 flakes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Programmable/Controllable Friction in Tribology)
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15 pages, 6521 KiB  
Article
On-Line Feedback Control of Sliding Friction of Metals Lubricated by Adsorbed Boundary SDS Films
by Chenxu Liu, Xiaosong Li, Xinxin Li, Weizi Li, Yu Tian and Yonggang Meng
Lubricants 2022, 10(7), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10070148 - 11 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1965
Abstract
The on-line feedback control of sliding friction of metallic tribopairs lubricated by adsorbed sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) films was demonstrated on a customized tribosystem, in which the external electric field applied on the tribopair was modulated in feedback according to the electrical contact [...] Read more.
The on-line feedback control of sliding friction of metallic tribopairs lubricated by adsorbed sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) films was demonstrated on a customized tribosystem, in which the external electric field applied on the tribopair was modulated in feedback according to the electrical contact resistance signal. When a positive voltage was applied, the adsorption of SDS anions on the surface of tribopair was enhanced so that the boundary film was stable. When the contact resistance increased to a pre-set threshold (e.g., 6~10 Ω), which indicated the formation of a relatively complete boundary film, the external voltage was switched off for saving energy. For an aqueous solution with 160 mM SDS as the lubricant, the coefficient of friction (COF) was decreased by 24% for the 316 L plate/304 steel ball under 804 MPa by modulating the applied potential of +3.5 V. For the propylene carbonate lubricant with 5 mM SDS, the COF was decreased by 39% for the Cu plate/304 steel ball under 499 MPa and 54% for the Cu plate/bearing steel ball under 520 MPa by modulating the applied potential of +20 V. This novel approach could be effective to keep good boundary lubrication of machine components under variable work conditions by on-line sensing and actuation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Programmable/Controllable Friction in Tribology)
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Review

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28 pages, 5578 KiB  
Review
A Review of Electric Potential-Controlled Boundary Lubrication
by Shaowei Li, Chenxu Liu, Wang He, Jie Zhang, Xiaoxi Qiao, Jiang Li, Dong Xiang, Gao Qian, Pengpeng Bai, Yonggang Meng and Yu Tian
Lubricants 2023, 11(11), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11110467 - 31 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1758
Abstract
Tribotronics represents the modulation of friction via an external electric potential, a field with promising ramifications for intelligent devices, precision manufacturing, and biomedical applications. A profound elucidation of mechanisms that allow for potential-controlled friction is foundational to further research in this tribotronic domain. [...] Read more.
Tribotronics represents the modulation of friction via an external electric potential, a field with promising ramifications for intelligent devices, precision manufacturing, and biomedical applications. A profound elucidation of mechanisms that allow for potential-controlled friction is foundational to further research in this tribotronic domain. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in electro-controlled friction over the past few decades, approached from the perspective of the boundary lubrication film at the friction interface, a direct influencer of electro-controlled friction performance. The mechanisms of potential-controlled friction are categorized into three distinct classifications, contingent on the formation mode of the boundary lubrication film: potential-induced interfacial redox reactions, interfacial physical adsorption, and interfacial phase structure transformations. Furthermore, an outlook on the application prospects of electro-controlled friction is provided. Finally, several research directions worth exploring in the field of electro-controlled friction are proposed. The authors hope that this article will further promote the application of electro-controlled friction technology in engineering and provide intellectual inspiration for related researchers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Programmable/Controllable Friction in Tribology)
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