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The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment

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A special issue of Journal of Personalized Medicine (ISSN 2075-4426). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Medicine, Cell, and Organism Physiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 August 2023) | Viewed by 19097

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Daichi Sone

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Guest Editor

Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Interests: neuroimaging; brain health; epilepsy; Alzheimer diseases

Dr. Yoshihiro Noda

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Guest Editor

Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
Interests: neuroplasticity; neuromodulation; neurophysiology; TMS; EEG; TMS-EEG; TMS-EMG; MRI; MRS; omics; neuroinformatics; database
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to submit papers concerning clinical research on psychiatry aimed at improving prevention, diagnosis, intervention, treatment, and other aspects of psychiatry from the standpoint of personalized medicine.

Psychiatric disorders are an urgent problem that we need to focus on seriously because of their high prevalence and the significant burden they impose on patients and society. The lack of reliable and valid biomarkers for these disorders has long limited the usefulness of psychiatric clinical research, and patients still suffer from various psychiatric disorders that cannot be objectively diagnosed. Beyond group comparison studies, research aimed at personalized medicine is still challenging but promising for the better prevention and treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders.

This Special Issue aims to familiarize clinicians and researchers with the latest advances in the clinical research of psychiatry from the standpoint of personalized medicine.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but not limited to) the following:

neurophysiology studies on psychiatry;
neuroimaging studies on psychiatry;
genetic studies on psychiatry;
other personalized biomarkers for psychiatry;
neuropsychopharmacology studies;
neuromodulation treatments for psychiatry;
psychological treatments;
preventions and early interventions for psychiatry;
neuropsychology and cognitive psychiatry.

Dr. Daichi Sone
Dr. Yoshihiro Noda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Personalized Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

psychiatric disorders
personalized medicine
personalized treatment
personalized biomarker
neuroimaging
neurophysiology
neuropsychopharmacology
neuromodulation
psychological treatment

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 4319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

OCT Findings in Patients with Methamphetamine Use Disorder

by Şüheda Kaya and Mehmet Kaan Kaya

J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020308 - 10 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1336

Abstract

Purpose: In the present study, the purpose was to examine the results of optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements in patients diagnosed with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) by comparing them with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 114 eyes were evaluated in this study (27 patients and 30 control group participants). After detailed biomicroscopic examinations of all participants by the same ophthalmologist, both eyes were evaluated by OCT. The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) and macular thickness were calculated from OCT. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected between the demographic data of the patient and control groups (p > 0.05). When OCT findings were evaluated, macular thickness and volume were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). With respect to RNFL, the left eye superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal quadrants, as well as the left eye’s total measurements were found to be thicker than those of controls (p < 0.05). In both eyes, the left eye nasal quadrant and APIS total score were negatively correlated, the total RNLF measurement of the right eye and APIS motivation subscale score were negatively correlated, central macular thickness and the APIS motivation subscale score were positively correlated, and the APIS substance use characteristics subscale score and left eye temporal quadrant RNLF measurement were positively correlated. Conclusion: Our study is the first to evaluate addiction severity and OCT findings in MUD. However, this study needs to be supported by further studies so that OCT findings, which can be used as an effective method for demonstrating possible neurodegeneration in methamphetamine use disorder, gain importance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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13 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monocyte/HDL Cholesterol Ratios as a New Inflammatory Marker in Patients with Schizophrenia

by Nülüfer Kılıç, Gulay Tasci, Seda Yılmaz, Pınar Öner and Sevda Korkmaz

J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020276 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1619

Abstract

Purpose: Monocyte/HDL cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a novel inflammatory marker that is used as a prognostic factor for cardiovascular diseases and has been studied in many diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of inflammatory factors in schizophrenia patients by examining MHR levels and to compare schizophrenia patients and healthy controls in terms of cardiovascular disease risk. Method: A total of 135 participants between the ages of 18–65, 85 diagnosed with schizophrenia, and 50 healthy individuals in the control group were included in this cross-sectional study. Venous blood samples were taken from the participants and CBC parameters and lipid profiles were analyzed. The sociodemographic and clinical data form and positive and negative symptoms scale (PANSS) were administered to all participants. Results: Although monocyte levels were significantly higher in the patient group, HDL-C levels were lower at significant levels. MHR was found to be higher in the patient group compared to the control group at significant levels. When compared to the control group, total cholesterol, triglyceride, WBC, neutrophil, basophil, and platelet levels were higher in the patient group at significant levels, and RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels were significantly lower. Conclusion: The elevated MHR in patients with schizophrenia may contribute to our understanding that inflammation plays important roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Additionally, knowing the levels of MHR and considering the recommendations, such as diet and exercise, in the treatment approaches made us think that it might be beneficial in protecting schizophrenia patients against cardiovascular diseases and early death. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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10 pages, 11292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonized Z-Scores Calculated from a Large-Scale Normal MRI Database to Evaluate Brain Atrophy in Neurodegenerative Disorders

by Norihide Maikusa, Yoko Shigemoto, Emiko Chiba, Yukio Kimura, Hiroshi Matsuda and Noriko Sato

J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(10), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101555 - 21 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1297

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia in elderly individuals, slowly and progressively diminishes the cognitive function. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is also a significant risk factor for the onset of AD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used for the detection and understanding of the natural progression of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. For proper assessment of these diseases, a reliable database of images from cognitively healthy participants is important. However, differences in magnetic field strength or the sex and age of participants between a normal database and an evaluation data set can affect the accuracy of the detection and evaluation of neurodegenerative disorders. We developed a brain segmentation procedure, based on 30 Japanese brain atlases, and suggest a harmonized Z-score to correct the differences in field strength and sex and age from a large data set (1235 cognitively healthy participants), including 1.5 T and 3 T T1-weighted brain images. We evaluated our harmonized Z-score for AD discriminative power and classification accuracy between stable MCI and progressive MCI. Our procedure can perform brain segmentation in approximately 30 min. The harmonized Z-score of the hippocampus achieved high accuracy (AUC = 0.96) for AD detection and moderate accuracy (AUC = 0.70) to classify stable or progressive MCI. These results show that our method can detect AD with high accuracy and high generalization capability. Moreover, it may discriminate between stable and progressive MCI. Our study has some limitations: the age groups in the 1.5 T data set and 3 T data set are significantly different. In this study, we focused on AD, which is primarily a disease of elderly patients. For other diseases in different age groups, the harmonized Z-score needs to be recalculated using different data sets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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10 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Antenatal Mental Health and Facial Emotion Recognition Bias for Children’s Faces among Pregnant Women

by Youji Takubo, Naohisa Tsujino, Yuri Aikawa, Kazuyo Fukiya, Takashi Uchino, Naoyuki Katagiri, Megumu Ito, Yasuo Akiba, Masafumi Mizuno and Takahiro Nemoto

J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(9), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091391 - 27 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1692

Abstract

The importance of identification of facial emotion recognition (FER) bias for a child’s face has been reinforced from the perspective of risk screening for future peripartum mental health problems. We attempted to clarify the relationship of FER bias for children’s faces with antenatal depression and bonding failure among pregnant women, taking into consideration their broad social cognitive abilities and experience in child raising. This study had a cross-sectional design, and participants were women in their second trimester of pregnancy. Seventy-two participants were assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Questionnaire (MIBQ), and a series of social cognitive tests. FER bias for a child’s face was assessed by Baby Cue Cards (BCC), and a larger number of disengagement responses suggest greater sensitivity to a child’s disengagement facial expressions. In a regression analysis conducted using EPDS as the dependent variable, a larger number of disengagement responses to the BCC (β = 0.365, p = 0.001) and the primipara status (β = −0.263, p = 0.016) were found to significantly contribute to antenatal depressive symptoms. Also, more disengagement responses to the BCC also significantly contributed to bonding failure as measured by the MIBQ (β = 0.234, p = 0.048). Maternal sensitivity to the child’s disengagement cues was associated with antenatal depressive symptoms and bonding failure more than the other social cognitive variables. The effects of FER bias on postpartum mental health and abusive behavior needs to be clarified by further longitudinal studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

11 pages, 808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling Are Decreased in Major Depressive Disorder Patients

by Nobuyuki Kobayashi, Shunichiro Shinagawa, Tomoyuki Nagata, Masahiro Shigeta and Kazuhiro Kondo

J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(7), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071040 - 25 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

There is strong evidence for an association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and inflammation. However, some studies have not observed an increase in inflammatory cytokines in MDD, and the mechanism behind this is unknown. In the present study, we evaluated MDD severity using the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and quantified mRNA levels of the blood inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), as well as negative regulators of cytokine signaling—comprising IL-10, IL-1RA, SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3—in MDD patients (n = 36), with a focus on mild MDD, and normal controls (NC, n = 30). We also measured the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6. Neither the blood mRNA nor the protein levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in the MDD group compared with the NC group. However, we observed significant decreases in SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3 mRNA in the MDD group compared to the NC group. A significant finding was a decrease in SOCS3 mRNA after remission from MDD, suggesting that SOCS3 is a trait marker in depressive symptoms. We consider that our findings would be useful in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanism of depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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11 pages, 1576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of General Anesthesia and Neuraxial Anesthesia in Caesarean Section with Maternal Postpartum Depression: A Retrospective Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

by Kuo-Hsun Hung, Shao-Lun Tsao, Shun-Fa Yang, Bo-Yuan Wang, Jing-Yang Huang, Wen-Tyng Li, Liang-Tsai Yeh, Cheng-Hung Lin, Yin-Yang Chen and Chao-Bin Yeh

J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(6), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12060970 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2106

Abstract

Although cesarean section (CS) has become a common method of child delivery in recent decades, the choice between general anesthesia (GA) and neuraxial anesthesia (NA) for CS must be carefully considered. Depending on the type of anesthesia used in CS, a major outcome observed is the occurrence of postpartum depression (PPD). This study investigated the association between PPD risk and the anesthesia method used in CS by using data from three linked nationwide databases in Taiwan, namely, the National Health Insurance Research Database, the National Birth Reporting Database, and the National Death Index Database. After propensity score matching by baseline depressive disorders, maternal demographics, status at delivery, infant’s health, maternal diseases during pregnancy, and age of partner, we included women who had natural births (n = 15,706), cesarean sections with GA (n = 15,706), and cesarean sections with NA (n = 15,706). A conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of PPDs, including depression, sleep disorder, and medication with hypnotics or antidepressants, under anesthesia during CS. The prevalence rates of combined PPDs were 26.66%, 43.87%, and 36.30% in natural births, CS with GA, and CS with NA, respectively. In particular, the proportions of postpartum use of hypnotic drugs or antidepressants were 21.70%, 39.77%, and 31.84%, which were significantly different. The aORs (95% CIs) were 2.15 (2.05–2.25) for the included depressive disorders, 1.10 (1.00–1.21) for depression, 1.03 (0.96–1.11) for sleep disorder, and 2.38 (2.27–2.50) for medication with hypnotics or antidepressants in CS with GA compared with natural births. Women who underwent CS with GA had a significantly higher risk of depressive disorders and a higher need for antidepressants for sleep problems than those who underwent CS with NA. The risks of PPD were significantly associated with the anesthesia method, especially GA. Our results can assist physicians in carefully considering the appropriate anesthesia method for CS delivery, particularly with regard to postpartum drug abuse and drug safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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Review

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21 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neuroimaging-Based Brain Age Estimation: A Promising Personalized Biomarker in Neuropsychiatry

by Daichi Sone and Iman Beheshti

J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(11), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111850 - 05 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2293

Abstract

It is now possible to estimate an individual’s brain age via brain scans and machine-learning models. This validated technique has opened up new avenues for addressing clinical questions in neurology, and, in this review, we summarize the many clinical applications of brain-age estimation in neuropsychiatry and general populations. We first provide an introduction to typical neuroimaging modalities, feature extraction methods, and machine-learning models that have been used to develop a brain-age estimation framework. We then focus on the significant findings of the brain-age estimation technique in the field of neuropsychiatry as well as the usefulness of the technique for addressing clinical questions in neuropsychiatry. These applications may contribute to more timely and targeted neuropsychiatric therapies. Last, we discuss the practical problems and challenges described in the literature and suggest some future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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20 pages, 1465 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pathogenesis and Personalized Interventions for Pharmacological Treatment-Resistant Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease

by Tomoyuki Nagata, Shunichiro Shinagawa, Keisuke Inamura and Masahiro Shigeta

J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(9), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091365 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1811

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with cognitive impairment as a core symptom. Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) also occur as non-cognitive symptoms during the disease course, worsening the prognosis. Recent treatment guidelines for NPSs have recommended non-pharmacological treatments as the first line of therapy, followed by pharmacological treatments. However, pharmacological treatment for urgent NPSs can be difficult because of a lack of efficacy or an intolerance, requiring multiple changes in psychotropic prescriptions. One biological factor that might be partly responsible for this difficulty is structural deterioration in elderly people with dementia, which may cause a functional vulnerability affecting the pharmacological response. Other causative factors might include awkward psychosocial interpersonal relations between patients and their caregiver, resulting in distressful vicious circles. Overlapping NPS sub-symptoms can also blur the prioritization of targeted symptoms. Furthermore, consistent neurocognitive reductions cause a primary apathy state and a secondary distorted ideation or perception of present objects, leading to reactions that cannot be treated pharmacologically. The present review defines treatment-resistant NPSs in AD; it may be necessary and helpful for clinicians to discuss the pathogenesis and comprehensive solutions based on three major hypothetical pathophysiological viewpoints: (1) biology, (2) psychosociology, and (3) neurocognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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11 pages, 1149 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Duration of Untreated Illness in Patients with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Its Impact on Long-Term Outcome: A Systematic Review

by Francesco Perris, Salvatore Cipolla, Pierluigi Catapano, Gaia Sampogna, Mario Luciano, Vincenzo Giallonardo, Valeria Del Vecchio, Michele Fabrazzo, Andrea Fiorillo and Francesco Catapano

J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13(10), 1453; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101453 - 29 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1061

Abstract

Background: Duration of untreated illness (DUI)—defined as the time period between the onset of a mental disorder and its first adequate treatment—should influence patients’ long-term prognosis and outcome. In patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), DUI lasts on average from 87.5 up to 94.5 months, being significantly longer compared with data available from patients affected by other severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We carried out a systematic review in order to assess the impact of DUI on long-term outcomes in OCD patients. Methods: A systemic review has been implemented, searching from inception to April 2023; only papers written in English were included. Results: Seventy-one articles were initially identified; only eight papers were included in the review. The DUI ranged from 7.0 ± 8.5 to 20.9 ± 11.2 years. Patients reporting a longer DUI have a poor long-term outcome in terms of lower level of treatment response and greater symptom severity. Conclusions: The present review confirms that longer DUI has a negative impact on the long-term outcome of patients with OCD. It should be useful to promote the dissemination of early interventions with a specific focus on OCD symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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12 pages, 2430 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

TMS Database Registry Consortium Research Project in Japan (TReC-J) for Future Personalized Psychiatry

by Yoshihiro Noda, Junichiro Kizaki, Shun Takahashi and Masaru Mimura

J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(5), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050844 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2668

Abstract

The registry project led by the Japanese Society for Clinical Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Research aims to establish a centralized database of epidemiological, clinical, and biological data on TMS therapy for refractory psychiatric disorders, including treatment-resistant depression, as well as to contribute to the elucidation of the therapeutic mechanism of TMS therapy and to the validation of its efficacy by analyzing and evaluating these data in a systematic approach. The objective of this registry project is to collect a wide range of complex data linked to patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders who received TMS therapy throughout Japan, and to make effective use of these data to promote cross-sectional and longitudinal exploratory observational studies. Research utilizing this registry project will be conducted in a multicenter, non-invasive, retrospective, and prospective observational research study design, regardless of the framework of insurance medical care, private practice, or clinical research. Through the establishment of the registry, which aims to make use of data, we will advance the elucidation of treatment mechanisms and identification of predictors of therapeutic response to TMS therapy for refractory psychiatric disorders on a more real-world research basis. Furthermore, as a future vision, we aim to develop novel neuromodulation medical devices, algorithms for predicting treatment efficacy, and digital therapeutics based on the knowledge generated from this TMS registry database. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State of Psychiatry: Personalized Medicine and Treatment)

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