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Technological Development, Management and Evaluation of Ship’s Hull Biofouling
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Technological Development, Management and Evaluation of Ship’s Hull Biofouling

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 February 2024) | Viewed by 7490

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kyoungsoon Shin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ballast Water Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
Interests: ballast water; biofouling; international convention; bacterioplankton; polynucleobacter; bacteria; animals; hydra; cnidaria
Dr. Seung Ho Baek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Risk Assessment Research Center, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
Interests: algal bloom; red tide; dinoflagellate; bacterioplankton; polynucleobacter; bacteria; marginal sea; Japan; sea of Japan
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, International Maritime Organization (IMO) is working to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species through ship hull biofouling. Prior to regulation and management of ship hull biofouling, technological development for in-water clearing of ship hulls by remote-operated vehicles (ROV) and scuba divers are important to assess the potential risk to the marine environment for wastewater contamination. Our Special Issue is focused on response to IMO environmental regulations, development of effective management techniques for biofouling on ship hulls (e.g., eco-friendly removal and evaluation techniques) and construction for biofouling management system. This Special Issue also considers manuscripts in relation to the development of underwater clearing system by ROV and wastewater transport and treatment technology after in-water clearing. The aims and scope include (1) development of biological and chemical risk assessment techniques for wastewater after biofouling removal; (2) establishment of risk management system of biofouling organisms; (3) diversity and ecology of biofouling organisms in ship hulls and ports; (4) establishment of risk assessment and management plan for biofouling organisms; (5) development of underwater clearing system by remote-operated vehicles (ROV); and (6) development of wastewater transport and treatment technology after ship hull clearing. Our Special Issue will be contributed to the improvement via a proactive response to IMO environment regulations.

Dr. Kyoungsoon Shin
Dr. Seung Ho Baek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ship hull biofouling
  • remote-operated vehicle(ROV)
  • in-water clearing
  • risk assessment
  • diversity and ecology of biofouling
  • biofouling wastewater

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 5442 KiB  
Article
Species Composition and Distribution of Hull-Fouling Macroinvertebrates Differ According to the Areas of Research Vessel Operation
by Hyung-Gon Lee, Ok-Hwan Yu, Sang-Lyeol Kim, Jung-Hoon Kang and Kyoung-Soon Shin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040613 - 1 Apr 2024
Viewed by 752
Abstract
Global ecological concern regarding the transfer of fouling organisms to ship hulls is increasing. This study investigated the species composition, dominant species, distribution patterns, community structure, and life-cycle differences of hull-fouling macroinvertebrates on five research vessels (R/Vs: Isabu, Onnuri, Eardo, Jangmok 1, and [...] Read more.
Global ecological concern regarding the transfer of fouling organisms to ship hulls is increasing. This study investigated the species composition, dominant species, distribution patterns, community structure, and life-cycle differences of hull-fouling macroinvertebrates on five research vessels (R/Vs: Isabu, Onnuri, Eardo, Jangmok 1, and Jangmok 2) operated by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST). Hull-fouling macroinvertebrates were collected three to five times on quadrats from the upper and middle sectors of the hull sides, bottom, and niche areas (the propellers, shafts, and thrusters). A total of 47 macroinvertebrate species were identified, represented by 8519 individuals (ind.)/m2 and a biomass of 1967 gWWt/m2 on the five vessels. The number of species, density, and biomass were greater on the coastal vessels Eardo, Jangmok 1, and Jangmok 2 than on the ocean-going vessels the Isabu and Onnuri. Among the coastal vessels, barnacles were the most abundant and had the greatest density, while mollusks had the highest biomass. Differences between hull sectors showed that the highest species abundance and density appeared on all hulls in ports and bays where the Jangmok 1 operated, while the highest species abundance, density, and biomass were identified in the niche areas of the Eardo, which operated farther from the coast. The hull-fouling macroinvertebrates that exceeded 1% of all organisms were the barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite, Balanus trigonus, and Amphibalanus improvisus; the polychaete Hydroides ezoensis; the bivalves Magallana gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis; and the amphipod Jassa slatteryi. The dominant species were cosmopolitan and globally distributed, and many of them were cryptogenic. Six native species were identified: M. gigas, H. ezoensis, the amphipod Melita koreana, the isopod Cirolana koreana, and the barnacles B. trigonus and F. kondakovi. Eight non-indigenous species (NIS) were detected: the barnacles A. amphitrite and A. improvisus, the bivalve M. galloprovincialis, the polychaete Perinereis nuntia, the amphipods J. slatteryi and Caprella californica, and the bryozoans Bugulina californica and Bugula neritina. Of the fouling macroinvertebrates found on the vessel hulls, 13% were native, and 17% were NIS. More diverse communities developed on the hulls of vessels that operated locally rather than globally or in deep oceans. The species diversity index correlated positively with the total number of anchoring days and coastal operation days and negatively with the total number of operation days and ocean operation days. The macroinvertebrates differed by the area of operation, the port of anchorage, the number of days in operation and at anchor, and the hull sectors. There is no previous research data on hull-fouling macroinvertebrates in the Republic of Korea, and this study provides a basis for future studies to identify introduced species and their differences based on operation area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Development, Management and Evaluation of Ship’s Hull Biofouling)
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14 pages, 1813 KiB  
Article
Development of Biological Risk Assessment Protocols for Evaluating the Risks of In-Water Cleaning of Hull-Fouling Organisms
by Bonggil Hyun, Pung-Guk Jang, Min-Chul Jang, Jung-Hoon Kang, Ju-Hyoung Kim, Jang-Seu Ki, Dong Han Choi, Ok Hwan Yu, Jin-Young Seo, Woo-Jin Lee and Kyoungsoon Shin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020234 - 29 Jan 2024
Viewed by 815
Abstract
Herein, we evaluate the scientific basis for managing hull fouling of ships entering Korean ports, diagnose biological risks that may occur when in-water cleaning (IWC) systems remove hull fouling, and present a protocol for evaluating these risks (the Korean Infection Modes and Effects [...] Read more.
Herein, we evaluate the scientific basis for managing hull fouling of ships entering Korean ports, diagnose biological risks that may occur when in-water cleaning (IWC) systems remove hull fouling, and present a protocol for evaluating these risks (the Korean Infection Modes and Effects Analysis; K-IMEA). Protocol development included the selection of core elements and scenario design for IWC and the evaluation of regrowth experiments. The K-IMEA index was designed by considering the inoculation pathway of attaching organisms in all processes to ships that enter a port for in-water cleaning. A number of risk indices were defined: R1—Introduction/Establishment of alien species before in-water cleaning; R2—Establishment of alien species escaped during in-water cleaning; R3—Introduction/Establishment of alien species after in-water cleaning; and R4—Establishment of alien species in effluent water. K-IMEA regrowth experiments (R2 and R4) using the in-water cleaning effluent showed that the attachment and regrowth of prokaryotes, microalgae, and macroalgae were successfully detected. In particular, prokaryotes were observed in samples filtered through a 5 μm mesh of the in-water cleaning effluent, even at a low fouling rating (Levels 1–2). These experiments suggest a necessity to consider a secondary treatment method in addition to the primary filtration method for the treatment of in-water cleaning effluents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Development, Management and Evaluation of Ship’s Hull Biofouling)
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15 pages, 2304 KiB  
Article
Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod Tigriopus japonicus Revealed through Multi-Biomarker Determination
by Young-Joo Yun, Sung-Ah Kim, Jaehee Kim and Jae-Sung Rhee
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101861 - 25 Sep 2023
Viewed by 854
Abstract
Diuron, an additive biocide in antifouling paints, is widely employed to curtail the attachment of organisms on submerged surfaces in aquatic structures. Despite the detection of diuron in aquatic ecosystems, information regarding its acute and chronic impacts on aquatic invertebrates, particularly planktonic crustaceans, [...] Read more.
Diuron, an additive biocide in antifouling paints, is widely employed to curtail the attachment of organisms on submerged surfaces in aquatic structures. Despite the detection of diuron in aquatic ecosystems, information regarding its acute and chronic impacts on aquatic invertebrates, particularly planktonic crustaceans, remains limited. In this study, we analyzed the acute (24 h) and chronic (12 days exposure across three generations) effects of different concentrations of diuron (1/10 of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the NOEC, and 1/10 of the lethal concentration 50% (LC50), derived from the 24 h acute toxicity value of 1152 μg L−1) on the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus. The acute exposure experiment indicated that the 1/10 LC50 value of diuron significantly reduced the copepod’s feeding rate and acetylcholinesterase activity. In response to the 1/10 LC50 value, the intracellular reactive oxygen species were elevated alongside increased malondialdehyde levels, while the glutathione content was depleted. The enzymatic activities of glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly enhanced by the 1/10 LC50 value, suggesting a proactive role of the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress. Conversely, the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were increased at the NOEC value, while their values were reduced by the 1/10 LC50 value. Chronic exposure to 1/10 NOEC and NOEC values revealed the adverse multigenerational effects of diuron. The second generation exhibited the most sensitivity to diuron, with the NOEC value notably reducing survival rate, body length, nauplius-to-adult development, neonates per brood count, and extending the reproduction period. Taken together, our findings underscore that even sublethal diuron levels can adversely impact copepod populations across generations through intergenerational toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Development, Management and Evaluation of Ship’s Hull Biofouling)
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15 pages, 2918 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Potential Regrowth Ability of Microalgae Using Hull Cleaning Wastewater from International Commercial Ships
by Young Kyun Lim, Moonkoo Kim, Kyoungsoon Shin, Taekhyun Kim, Chung Hyeon Lee, Ji Nam Yoon and Seung Ho Baek
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(7), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071414 - 14 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1027
Abstract
Ship biofouling is recognized as a significant pathway for the introduction and spread of invasive organisms. The in-water cleaning of ship hulls generates wastewater that includes antifouling paint residues and biofouling organisms, which inevitably leak into the marine environments, resulting in substantial adverse [...] Read more.
Ship biofouling is recognized as a significant pathway for the introduction and spread of invasive organisms. The in-water cleaning of ship hulls generates wastewater that includes antifouling paint residues and biofouling organisms, which inevitably leak into the marine environments, resulting in substantial adverse effects on marine ecosystems. To assess the impact of hull cleaning wastewater (HCW) on microalgae, we conducted microcosm experiments using HCW including attached microalgae. The experiments consisted of a total of 12 combined trials, including the following groups: ambient seawater as a control, the 5% HCW group (HCW), and the 5% HCW + nutrient addition group (HCW+N), conducted at temperatures of 15 and 20 °C, respectively. The Chl. a concentrations in the water column in the control group exhibited maximum values on day 1 (5.24 μg L−1 at 15 °C and 12.37 μg L−1 at 20 °C), but those of the treatments were at low levels, below 2 μg L−1 at both temperatures. On the other hand, the Chl. a concentrations on plastic plates were higher in the treatments than in the control group. Specifically, the Fv/Fm ratio in the water column, which indicates photosynthetic activity, was significantly higher in the control group compared to both the HCW and HCW+N groups at 15 and 20 °C (p < 0.05). This suggests that the growth of water column phytoplankton was inhibited following HCW inoculation. However, there were no significant differences in the Fv/Fm on plastic plates between the control and HCW treatment groups, implying that the periphyton maintained a high photosynthetic capacity even in the presence of HCW treatments. The elution of particulate copper in HCW was observed, which was considered as the main reason for the growth of phytoplankton. Our study results suggest that the runoff of HCW in the marine environment has a greater negative effect on phytoplankton than on periphyton, which can lead to changes in microalgae community composition and a decrease in productivity in the marine environment. Therefore, it is crucial to manage HCW runoff based on scientific assessments to minimize the ecological risks associated with the removal of biofilm or slime from ship biofouling during in-water hull cleaning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Development, Management and Evaluation of Ship’s Hull Biofouling)
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13 pages, 2456 KiB  
Article
Flux of the Wetted Surface Area on Ships’ Hulls in Major Ports of Korea
by Jin-Yong Lee, Chang-Rae Lee, Bong-Gil Hyun and Keun-Hyung Choi
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061129 - 27 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1373
Abstract
Biofouling is a significant means for introducing non-indigenous marine species internationally, which can alter habitats and disturb marine ecosystems. This study estimated the flux of ships’ wetted surface area (WSA) to Korea in 2020 to assess the risks of biological invasion via biofouling [...] Read more.
Biofouling is a significant means for introducing non-indigenous marine species internationally, which can alter habitats and disturb marine ecosystems. This study estimated the flux of ships’ wetted surface area (WSA) to Korea in 2020 to assess the risks of biological invasion via biofouling on ships’ hulls. The annual total WSA flux entering Korea was estimated to be 418.26 km2, with short-stay vessels (<3 weeks) contributing to 99.7% of the total WSA flux. Busan and Ulsan ports were identified as the main sources of high-risk flux, with container ships being a major vector in Busan and tankers in Ulsan. Gwangyang port had the third-highest total WSA flux, with nearly half of the flux driven from coastwise voyages, making it particularly vulnerable to the spread of hull fouling organisms. These findings could help enhance the management and inspection of hull fouling organisms in Korea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Development, Management and Evaluation of Ship’s Hull Biofouling)
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