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Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles
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Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles

A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2024 | Viewed by 33759

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sandra Varnaitė-Žuravliova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Textiles Physical-Chemical Testing, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Demokratų Str. 53, Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: conductive materials; antiradar coatings; electrospinning; biodegradable materials; microcapsules; textiles
Dr. Jolanta Sereikaitė

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Interests: delivery of bioactive compounds; carotenoids; antimicrobial peptides; hydrocolloids; nano/microencapsulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Julija Baltušnikaitė-Guzaitienė

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Textiles Physical-Chemical Testing, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 48485 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: functional textile materials; sustainability; adaptive materials; conductive textile

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the world's population has grown substantially and with this the need for different synthetic and natural products and clothing. Resulting wastewaters and environmental pollution has also increased significantly. In this context, the engineering and production of synthetic textiles has been the main cause of environmental damage, leading to a large amount of toxic waste entering the planet ecosystems.

However, with modern chemicals and processes, many products used in everyday life can be replaced by biodegradables. Therefore, the developing of a wide range of biodegradable polymeric materials, and the designing of new catalysts or polymerization methods to reduce the application cost of biodegradable polymeric materials, should become one of the main features of research in the scientific community. Fully biodegradable polymers can support the textile and synthetic substances production industry by decreasing processing energy and materials, and manufacturing costs.

This Special Issue will focus on, but is not be limited to, recent advances and emerging challenges in the field of fabrication, application, research, and technical properties of biodegradable polymers and natural or biosynthetic textiles. Likewise, the investigation of secondary recycled materials would be of interest as well. Therefore, we welcome research and review papers (both theoretical and experimental), as well as scientific letters and reports.

Dr. Sandra Varnaitė-Žuravliova
Dr. Jolanta Sereikaitė
Dr. Julija Baltušnikaitė-Guzaitienė
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Biomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biodegradable materials
  • biopolymers
  • biosynthetic polymers
  • natural fibers
  • coatings
  • polymer composites
  • recycling

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 10162 KiB  
Article
3D Filaments Based on Polyhydroxy Butyrate—Micronized Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering Applications
by Matheus F. Celestino, Lais R. Lima, Marina Fontes, Igor T. S. Batista, Daniella R. Mulinari, Alessandra Dametto, Raphael A. Rattes, André C. Amaral, Rosana M. N. Assunção, Clovis A. Ribeiro, Guillermo R. Castro and Hernane S. Barud
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090464 - 09 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1346
Abstract
In this work, scaffolds based on poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and micronized bacterial cellulose (BC) were produced through 3D printing. Filaments for the printing were obtained by varying the percentage of micronized BC (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00%) inserted in relation to the PHB matrix. [...] Read more.
In this work, scaffolds based on poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and micronized bacterial cellulose (BC) were produced through 3D printing. Filaments for the printing were obtained by varying the percentage of micronized BC (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00%) inserted in relation to the PHB matrix. Despite the varying concentrations of BC, the biocomposite filaments predominantly contained PHB functional groups, as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated. Thermogravimetric analyses (i.e., TG and DTG) of the filaments showed that the peak temperature (Tpeak) of PHB degradation decreased as the concentration of BC increased, with the lowest being 248 °C, referring to the biocomposite filament PHB/2.0% BC, which has the highest concentration of BC. Although there was a variation in the thermal behavior of the filaments, it was not significant enough to make printing impossible, considering that the PHB melting temperature was 170 °C. Biological assays indicated the non-cytotoxicity of scaffolds and the provision of cell anchorage sites. The results obtained in this research open up new paths for the application of this innovation in tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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18 pages, 4501 KiB  
Article
The Mineralization of Various 3D-Printed PCL Composites
by Artem Egorov, Bianca Riedel, Johannes Vinke, Hagen Schmal, Ralf Thomann, Yi Thomann and Michael Seidenstuecker
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040238 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1527
Abstract
In this project, different calcification methods for collagen and collagen coatings were compared in terms of their applicability for 3D printing and production of collagen-coated scaffolds. For this purpose, scaffolds were printed from polycaprolactone PCL using the EnvisionTec 3D Bioplotter and then coated [...] Read more.
In this project, different calcification methods for collagen and collagen coatings were compared in terms of their applicability for 3D printing and production of collagen-coated scaffolds. For this purpose, scaffolds were printed from polycaprolactone PCL using the EnvisionTec 3D Bioplotter and then coated with collagen. Four different coating methods were then applied: hydroxyapatite (HA) powder directly in the collagen coating, incubation in 10× SBF, coating with alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and coating with poly-L-aspartic acid. The results were compared by ESEM, µCT, TEM, and EDX. HA directly in the collagen solution resulted in a pH change and thus an increase in viscosity, leading to clumping on the scaffolds. As a function of incubation time in 10× SBF as well as in ALP, HA layer thickness increased, while no coating on the collagen layer was apparently observed with poly-L-aspartic acid. Only ultrathin sections and TEM with SuperEDX detected nano crystalline HA in the collagen layer. Exclusively the incubation in poly-L-aspartic acid led to HA crystals within the collagen coating compared to all other methods where the HA layers formed in different forms only at the collagen layer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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15 pages, 3099 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of the Biodegradable Film Derived from Eggshell and Cornstarch
by Joseph Merillyn Vonnie, Kobun Rovina, Rasnarisa Awatif Azhar, Nurul Huda, Kana Husna Erna, Wen Xia Ling Felicia, Md Nasir Nur’Aqilah and Nur Fatihah Abdul Halid
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13020067 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3859
Abstract
In the current study, cornstarch (CS) and eggshell powder (ESP) were combined using a casting technique to develop a biodegradable film that was further morphologically and physicochemically characterized using standard methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to [...] Read more.
In the current study, cornstarch (CS) and eggshell powder (ESP) were combined using a casting technique to develop a biodegradable film that was further morphologically and physicochemically characterized using standard methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphology of the ESP/CS film, and the surface of the film was found to have a smooth structure with no cracks, a spherical and porous irregular shape, and visible phase separation, which explains their large surface area. In addition, the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicated that the ESP particles were made of calcium carbonate and the ESP contained carbon in the graphite form. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicated the presence of carbonated minerals in the ESP/CS film which shows that ESP/CS film might serve as a promising adsorbent. Due to the inductive effect of the O–C–O bond on calcium carbonate in the eggshell, it was discovered that the ESP/CS film significantly improves physical properties, moisture content, swelling power, water solubility, and water absorption compared to the control CS film. The enhancement of the physicochemical properties of the ESP/CS film was principally due to the intra and intermolecular interactions between ESP and CS molecules. As a result, this film can potentially be used as a synergistic adsorbent for various target analytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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21 pages, 4912 KiB  
Article
An In Vitro and In Vivo Study of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Plant-Extract-Derived Silver Nanoparticles
by Anjana S. Desai, Akanksha Singh, Zehra Edis, Samir Haj Bloukh, Prasanna Shah, Brajesh Pandey, Namita Agrawal and Neeru Bhagat
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13020054 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2612
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) display unique plasmonic and antimicrobial properties, enabling them to be helpful in various industrial and consumer products. However, previous studies showed that the commercially acquired silver nanoparticles exhibit toxicity even in small doses. Hence, it was imperative to determine suitable [...] Read more.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) display unique plasmonic and antimicrobial properties, enabling them to be helpful in various industrial and consumer products. However, previous studies showed that the commercially acquired silver nanoparticles exhibit toxicity even in small doses. Hence, it was imperative to determine suitable synthesis techniques that are the most economical and least toxic to the environment and biological entities. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using plant extracts and their physico-chemical properties were studied. A time-dependent in vitro study using HEK-293 cells and a dose-dependent in vivo study using a Drosophila model helped us to determine the correct synthesis routes. Through biological analyses, we found that silver nanoparticles’ cytotoxicity and wound-healing capacity depended on size, shape, and colloidal stability. Interestingly, we observed that out of all the synthesized AgNPs, the ones derived from the turmeric extract displayed excellent wound-healing capacity in the in vitro study. Furthermore, the same NPs exhibited the least toxic effects in an in vivo study of ingestion of these NPs enriched food in Drosophila, which showed no climbing disability in flies, even at a very high dose (250 mg/L) for 10 days. We propose that stabilizing agents played a superior role in establishing the bio-interaction of nanoparticles. Our study reported here verified that turmeric-extract-derived AgNPs displayed biocompatibility while exhibiting the least cytotoxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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14 pages, 2070 KiB  
Article
Design of a Naturally Dyed and Waterproof Biotechnological Leather from Reconstituted Cellulose
by Claudio José Galdino da Silva Junior, Julia Didier Pedrosa de Amorim, Alexandre D’Lamare Maia de Medeiros, Anantcha Karla Lafaiete de Holanda Cavalcanti, Helenise Almeida do Nascimento, Mariana Alves Henrique, Leonardo José Costa do Nascimento Maranhão, Glória Maria Vinhas, Késia Karina de Oliveira Souto Silva, Andréa Fernanda de Santana Costa and Leonie Asfora Sarubbo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13020049 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5200
Abstract
Consumerism in fashion involves the excessive consumption of garments in modern capitalist societies due to the expansion of globalisation, especially at the beginning of the 21st Century. The involvement of new designers in the garment industry has assisted in creating a desire for [...] Read more.
Consumerism in fashion involves the excessive consumption of garments in modern capitalist societies due to the expansion of globalisation, especially at the beginning of the 21st Century. The involvement of new designers in the garment industry has assisted in creating a desire for new trends. However, the fast pace of transitions between collections has made fashion increasingly frivolous and capable of generating considerable interest in new products, accompanied by an increase in the discarding of fabrics. Thus, studies have been conducted on developing sustainable textile materials for use in the fashion industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of a vegan leather produced with a dyed, waterproof biopolymer made of reconstituted bacterial cellulose (BC). The dying process involved using plant-based natural dyes extracted from Allium cepa L., Punica granatum, and Eucalyptus globulus L. The BC films were then shredded and reconstituted to produce uniform surfaces with a constant thickness of 0.10 cm throughout the entire area. The films were waterproofed using the essential oil from Melaleuca alternifolia and wax from Copernicia prunifera. The characteristics of the biotechnological vegan leather were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flexibility and mechanical tests, as well as the determination of the water contact angle (°) and sorption index (s). The results confirmed that the biomaterial has high tensile strength (maximum: 247.21 ± 16.52 N) and high flexibility; it can be folded more than 100 times at the same point without breaking or cracking. The water contact angle was 83.96°, indicating a small water interaction on the biotextile. The results of the present study demonstrate the potential of BC for the development of novel, durable, vegan, waterproof fashion products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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18 pages, 28499 KiB  
Article
The Comparison of Advanced Electrospun Materials Based on Poly(-3-hydroxybutyrate) with Natural and Synthetic Additives
by Polina Tyubaeva, Ivetta Varyan, Alexey Krivandin, Olga Shatalova, Svetlana Karpova, Anton Lobanov, Anatoly Olkhov and Anatoly Popov
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13010023 - 28 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2355
Abstract
The comparison of the effect of porphyrins of natural and synthetic origin containing the same metal atom on the structure and properties of the semi-crystalline polymer matrix is of current concern. A large number of modifying additives and biodegradable polymers for biomedical purposes, [...] Read more.
The comparison of the effect of porphyrins of natural and synthetic origin containing the same metal atom on the structure and properties of the semi-crystalline polymer matrix is of current concern. A large number of modifying additives and biodegradable polymers for biomedical purposes, composed of poly(-3-hydroxybutyrate)-porphyrin, are of particular interest because of the combination of their unique properties. The objective of this work are electrospun fibrous material based on poly(-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), hemin (Hmi), and tetraphenylporphyrin with iron (Fe(TPP)Cl). The structure of these new materials was investigated by methods such as optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Electron paramagnetic resonance method, and Differential scanning calorimetry. The properties of the electrospun materials were analyzed by mechanical and biological tests, and the wetting contact angle was measured. In this work, it was found that even small concentrations of porphyrin can increase the antimicrobial properties by 12 times, improve the physical and mechanical properties by at least 3.5 times, and vary hydrophobicity by at least 5%. At the same time, additives similar in the structure had an oppositely directed effect on the supramolecular structure, the composition of the crystalline, and the amorphous phases. The article considers assumptions about the nature of such differences due to the influence of Hmi and Fe(TPP)Cl) on the macromolecular and fibrous structure of PHB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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19 pages, 6331 KiB  
Article
Inhibitory Effects of Bacterial Silk-like Biopolymer on Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, Adenovirus Type 7 and Hepatitis C Virus Infection
by Esmail M. El-Fakharany, Marwa M. Abu-Serie, Noha H. Habashy, Nehal M. El-Deeb, Gadallah M. Abu-Elreesh, Sahar Zaki and Desouky Abd-EL-Haleem
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13010017 - 02 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2696
Abstract
Bacterial polymeric silk is produced by Bacillus sp. strain NE and is composed of two proteins, called fibroin and sericin, with several biomedical and biotechnological applications. In the current study and for the first time, the whole bacterial silk proteins were found capable [...] Read more.
Bacterial polymeric silk is produced by Bacillus sp. strain NE and is composed of two proteins, called fibroin and sericin, with several biomedical and biotechnological applications. In the current study and for the first time, the whole bacterial silk proteins were found capable of exerting antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), adenovirus type 7 (AD7), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The direct interaction between bacterial silk-like proteins and both HSV-1 and AD7 showed potent inhibitory activity against viral entry with IC50 values determined to be 4.1 and 46.4 μg/mL of protein, respectively. The adsorption inhibitory activity of the bacterial silk proteins showed a blocking activity against HSV-1 and AD7 with IC50 values determined to be 12.5 and 222.4 ± 1.0 μg/mL, respectively. However, the bacterial silk proteins exhibited an inhibitory effect on HSV-1 and AD7 replication inside infected cells with IC50 values of 9.8 and 109.3 μg/mL, respectively. All these results were confirmed by the ability of the bacterial silk proteins to inhibit viral polymerases of HSV-1 and AD7 with IC50 values of 164.1 and 11.8 μg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the inhibitory effect on HCV replication in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) was determined to be 66.2% at concentrations of 100 μg/mL of the bacterial silk proteins. This antiviral activity against HCV was confirmed by the ability of the bacterial silk proteins to reduce the ROS generation inside the infected cells to be 50.6% instead of 87.9% inside untreated cells. The unique characteristics of the bacterial silk proteins such as production in large quantities via large-scale biofermenters, low costs of production, and sustainability of bacterial source offer insight into its use as a promising agent in fighting viral infection and combating viral outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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Review

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34 pages, 8000 KiB  
Review
Performance-Enhancing Materials in Medical Gloves
by María José Lovato, Luis J. del Valle, Jordi Puiggalí and Lourdes Franco
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070349 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6927
Abstract
Medical gloves, along with masks and gowns, serve as the initial line of defense against potentially infectious microorganisms and hazardous substances in the health sector. During the COVID-19 pandemic, medical gloves played a significant role, as they were widely utilized throughout society in [...] Read more.
Medical gloves, along with masks and gowns, serve as the initial line of defense against potentially infectious microorganisms and hazardous substances in the health sector. During the COVID-19 pandemic, medical gloves played a significant role, as they were widely utilized throughout society in daily activities as a preventive measure. These products demonstrated their value as important personal protection equipment (PPE) and reaffirmed their relevance as infection prevention tools. This review describes the evolution of medical gloves since the discovery of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear in 1839, which fostered the development of this industry. Regarding the current market, a comparison of the main properties, benefits, and drawbacks of the most widespread types of sanitary gloves is presented. The most common gloves are produced from natural rubber (NR), polyisoprene (IR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), polychloroprene (CR), polyethylene (PE), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Furthermore, the environmental impacts of the conventional natural rubber glove manufacturing process and mitigation strategies, such as bioremediation and rubber recycling, are addressed. In order to create new medical gloves with improved properties, several biopolymers (e.g., poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch) and additives such as biodegradable fillers (e.g., cellulose and chitin), reinforcing fillers (e.g., silica and cellulose nanocrystals), and antimicrobial agents (e.g., biguanides and quaternary ammonium salts) have been evaluated. This paper covers these performance-enhancing materials and describes different innovative prototypes of gloves and coatings designed with them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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31 pages, 8068 KiB  
Review
Alginate-Based Bio-Composites and Their Potential Applications
by Khmais Zdiri, Aurélie Cayla, Adel Elamri, Annaëlle Erard and Fabien Salaun
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13030117 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4515
Abstract
Over the last two decades, bio-polymer fibers have attracted attention for their uses in gene therapy, tissue engineering, wound-healing, and controlled drug delivery. The most commonly used bio-polymers are bio-sourced synthetic polymers such as poly (glycolic acid), poly (lactic acid), poly (e-caprolactone), copolymers [...] Read more.
Over the last two decades, bio-polymer fibers have attracted attention for their uses in gene therapy, tissue engineering, wound-healing, and controlled drug delivery. The most commonly used bio-polymers are bio-sourced synthetic polymers such as poly (glycolic acid), poly (lactic acid), poly (e-caprolactone), copolymers of polyglycolide and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), and natural polymers such as chitosan, soy protein, and alginate. Among all of the bio-polymer fibers, alginate is endowed with its ease of sol–gel transformation, remarkable ion exchange properties, and acid stability. Blending alginate fibers with a wide range of other materials has certainly opened many new opportunities for applications. This paper presents an overview on the modification of alginate fibers with nano-particles, adhesive peptides, and natural or synthetic polymers, in order to enhance their properties. The application of alginate fibers in several areas such as cosmetics, sensors, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and water treatment are investigated. The first section is a brief theoretical background regarding the definition, the source, and the structure of alginate. The second part deals with the physico-chemical, structural, and biological properties of alginate bio-polymers. The third part presents the spinning techniques and the effects of the process and solution parameters on the thermo-mechanical and physico-chemical properties of alginate fibers. Then, the fourth part presents the additives used as fillers in order to improve the properties of alginate fibers. Finally, the last section covers the practical applications of alginate composite fibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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