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Imaging in Endocrine Diseases and Neuroendocrine Tumors
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Imaging in Endocrine Diseases and Neuroendocrine Tumors

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology & Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 5629

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Pierpaolo Trimboli

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Guest Editor
1. Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lugano Regional Hospital, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
2. Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
Interests: thyroid nodule; thyroid ultrasound; thyroid biopsy; thyroid cancer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Arnoldo Piccardo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nuclear Medicine Unit, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
Interests: nuclear medicine; radioactive iodine therapy; differentiated thyroid cancer; PET/CT; pediatrics; neuroblastoma; 131I MIBG therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Vito Cantisani

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Guest Editor
Department of Radiological, Anatomopathological and Oncological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
Interests: diagnostic radiology; ultrasound imaging; computed tomography; magnetic resonance; imaging; medical imaging; diagnostic imaging; radiography

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Imaging is frequently pivotal to essential in the management of endocrine diseases and neuroendocrine tumors. During the last two decades, all of us experienced the advent of high-resolution morphological imaging procedures as well as new tools of molecular imaging in several fields of clinical interest. Firstly, this technological improvement implied a higher diagnostic accuracy in disclosing endocrine-related disorders. Furthermore, this relevant advancement in diagnostics has significantly and positively influenced the management and decision making of patients with suspected or/and ascertained malignant or benign endocrine diseases. Indeed, all the areas of endocrinological expertise (i.e., thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, as well as neuroendocrine tumors) have taken advantage of this imaging development. This Special Issue wishes to summarize the results of the interaction between clinical endocrinologists and imaging procedures, with particular attention to those more recently introduced.

Prof. Dr. Pierpaolo Trimboli
Prof. Dr. Arnoldo Piccardo
Prof. Dr. Vito Cantisani
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • pituitary gland
  • adrenal glands
  • neuroendocrine tumors
  • ultrasonography
  • computed tomography (CT)
  • scintigraphy
  • single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
  • positron emission tomography (PET)
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1680 KiB  
Article
Evolving Role of [18F]Flurocholine PET/CT in Assessing Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Can It Be Considered the First-Line Functional Imaging Approach?
by Seyedeh Sara Seyedinia, Seyed Ali Mirshahvalad, Gregor Schweighofer-Zwink, Lukas Hehenwarter, Gundula Rendl, Christian Pirich and Mohsen Beheshti
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(3), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030812 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1074
Abstract
The accurate detection of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue (HFPT) is pivotal in the preoperative assessment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). PET/CT using [18F]fluorocholine ([18F]FCH) showed superior diagnostic performance compared to conventional functional imaging modalities. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance [...] Read more.
The accurate detection of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue (HFPT) is pivotal in the preoperative assessment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). PET/CT using [18F]fluorocholine ([18F]FCH) showed superior diagnostic performance compared to conventional functional imaging modalities. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of [18F]FCH PET/CT as a first-line functional imaging approach in patients with clinically diagnosed PHPT. The imaging and clinical data of 321 PHPT patients, including 271 overt PHPT and 50 mild PHPT, who underwent [18F]FCH PET/CT as first-line imaging were analysed in this retrospective study. Histopathology was the reference standard. In case of no available histopathology evaluation (conservative management), imaging and clinical follow-ups were considered reference standards. In the overt group (n = 271), [18F]FCH PET/CT showed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of 0.99, 0.91, 1.00, 0.80, and 0.99, respectively. Regarding the correlation of the index lesions and initial laboratory data, all [18F]FCH PET/CT parameters (SUVs, SULs, and mSAD) were significantly correlated with the serum iPTH level. Additionally, SUVmax, SULpeak, and mSAD were significantly associated with the serum calcium level. In the mild group (n = 50), [18F]FCH PET/CT showed a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of 0.93, 0.75, 0.95, 0.67, and 0.90. In conclusion, [18F]FCH PET/CT revealed high diagnostic performance in the detection of HFPTs and the potential to be considered as a first-line imaging modality in the assessment of PHPT, including both overt and mild types. However, its cost–benefit concerning the clinical impact of early PHPT detection should be investigated in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging in Endocrine Diseases and Neuroendocrine Tumors)
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13 pages, 2676 KiB  
Article
Introducing a Pole Concept for Nodule Growth in the Thyroid Gland: Taller-than-Wide Shape, Frequency, Location and Risk of Malignancy of Thyroid Nodules in an Area with Iodine Deficiency
by Manuela Petersen, Simone A. Schenke, Michael Zimny, Rainer Görges, Michael Grunert, Daniel Groener, Philipp Seifert, Peter E. Stömmer, Michael C. Kreissl, Alexander R. Stahl and on behalf of the German TIRADS Study Group
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(9), 2549; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092549 - 1 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4380
Abstract
Purpose: (i) To examine the criterion taller-than-wide (TTW) for the sonographic assessment of thyroid nodules in areas of iodine deficiency in terms of frequency, anatomical distribution within the thyroid gland and risk of malignancy. (ii) To develop a model for nodule growth [...] Read more.
Purpose: (i) To examine the criterion taller-than-wide (TTW) for the sonographic assessment of thyroid nodules in areas of iodine deficiency in terms of frequency, anatomical distribution within the thyroid gland and risk of malignancy. (ii) To develop a model for nodule growth in the thyroid gland. Methods: German multicenter study consisting of two parts. In the prospective part, thyroid nodules were sonographically measured in all three dimensions, location within the thyroid gland and contact to a protrusion-like formation (horn) in the dorsal position of thyroid gland was noted. In addition, further sonographic features such as the composition, echogenity, margins and calcifications were investigated. All nodules from the prospective part were assessed for malignancy as part of clinical routine at the decision of the treating physician adhering to institutionally based algorithms. In the retrospective part, only nodules with fine needle aspiration and/or histology were included. The risk of malignancy in TTW nodules was determined by correlating them with cyotological and histological results. Results: Prospective part: out of 441 consecutively evaluated thyroid nodules, 6 were found to be malignant (1.4%, 95% CI 0.6–2.7%). Among the 74 TTW nodules (17%), 1 was malignant (1%, 95% CI 0–4%). TTW nodules were more often located in the dorsal half of the thyroid than non-TTW nodules (factor 2.3, p = 0.01, 95% CI 2.1–2.5) and more often located in close proximity to a horn than non-TTW nodules (factor 3.0, p = 0.01, 95% CI 2.4–3.8). Retrospective part: out of 1315 histologically and/or cytologically confirmed thyroid nodules, 163 TTW nodules were retrieved and retrospectively analyzed. A TTW nodule was 1.7 times more often benign when it was dorsal (95% CI 1.1–2.5) and 2.5 times more often benign when it was associated with a horn (95% CI 1.2–5.3). The overall probability of malignancy for TTW nodules was 38% (95% CI 30–46%) in this highly preselected patient group. Conclusion: TTW nodules are common in iodine deficient areas. They are often located in the dorsal half of the thyroid gland and are frequently associated with a dorsal protrusion-like formation (horn) of the thyroid. Obviously, the shape of benign nodules follows distinct anatomical preconditions within the thyroid gland. The frequency of TTW nodules and their predominant benignity can be explained by a pole concept of goiter growth. The difference between the low malignancy risk of TTW nodules found on a prospective basis and the high risk found retrospectively may be the result of a positive preselection in the latter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging in Endocrine Diseases and Neuroendocrine Tumors)
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Review

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12 pages, 4640 KiB  
Review
The Dark Side of Ultrasound Imaging in Parathyroid Disease
by Roberta Centello, Franz Sesti, Tiziana Feola, Valentina Sada, Carla Pandozzi, Marco Di Serafino, Patrizia Pacini, Vito Cantisani, Elisa Giannetta and Maria Grazia Tarsitano
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(7), 2487; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12072487 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2979
Abstract
The diagnosis of parathyroid diseases by imaging still has some intrinsic technical limitations due to the differential diagnosis of different structures of the neck that mimic the parathyroid glands. In this view, ultrasound (US) is an established, low-cost, and non-invasive imaging technique that [...] Read more.
The diagnosis of parathyroid diseases by imaging still has some intrinsic technical limitations due to the differential diagnosis of different structures of the neck that mimic the parathyroid glands. In this view, ultrasound (US) is an established, low-cost, and non-invasive imaging technique that still represents the first-line approach for evaluating patients with parathyroid disease. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the applications of USs in clinical practice, discussing the histopathological and US characteristics of the parathyroid glands in normal and pathological conditions, the advantages of preoperative imaging, and novel updates on the most useful and currently available multiparameter US techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging in Endocrine Diseases and Neuroendocrine Tumors)
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