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The Physiological Effects of Sports Training and Exercise
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The Physiological Effects of Sports Training and Exercise

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 6603

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tomasz Grzywacz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Sport, Institute of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: sport physiology; water sports; high altitude medicine; health-related fitness; exercise energy metabolism; inflammation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
Interests: kinesiology; body balance; sports theory; sports and exercise physiology; water sports; health-related fitness; physiotherapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The initiation of any physical activity by humans causes a number of physiological changes aimed at adapting the body to the conditions and requirements of physical workouts and increased energy expenditure. These changes occur in all systems and organs, with varying degrees of intensity and dynamics, which is closely related to the intensity of the work, its type and duration.

Systematic physical training over a longer period of time leads to more fundamental adaptive changes, which allow exercise capacity to be increased and the performance of intense efforts with a lower physiological cost. Sports training at various levels of advancement and sports skills, in individual and team sports, conducted at different ages and among players of different gender, brings a wide range of functional changes and more permanent adaptations to efforts.

The modern development of technology and research equipment allows for better monitoring of the training process as well as more accurate and targeted selection of training loads in order to achieve the intended post-training changes. The assessment of human exercise capacity in the laboratory or during sports training in natural conditions is no longer a problem, and therefore the training loads used by athletes and amateurs are becoming better and better estimated and adapted to their current exercise capacity.

This allows, on the one hand, the desired post-training effects to be achieved and, on the other hand, the avoidance of possible training overloads and injuries. The main goal of this Special Issue is to publish high-quality, medical evidence-based, interdisciplinary research into the physiological effects of sports training and exercise. We are particularly interested in the influence of physical exertion and sports training on the functional and physiological effects of the human body. Manuscripts can focus on short-term or long-term effects, and move around in relation to elite-level athletes as well as amateurs.

We invite you to submit papers related to this topic. All manuscripts will be reviewed by experts in the relevant field. These submissions should be sent by March 31, 2023.

Dr. Tomasz Grzywacz
Prof. Dr. Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • physiological changes
  • adaptation to efforts
  • sport performance
  • individual and team sports
  • physical activity
  • public health
  • exercise physiology
  • sports training
  • physiological cost of exercise
  • post-training changes
  • health-related fitness

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 425 KiB  
Article
Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of Hungarian Youth Male Soccer Players of Varying Ages and Playing Positions: A Multidimensional Assessment with a Critical Approach
by Imre Soós, Krzysztof Borysławski, Michał Boraczyński, Ferenc Ihasz and Robert Podstawski
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 11041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711041 - 3 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1759
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to create preliminary anthropometric and physiological profiles of Hungarian male soccer players belonging to different age categories (14, 15, 16, and 17–18-years) and assigned to different playing positions (forward, defender, midfielder, goalkeeper). Methods: Anthropometric and physiological profiles were created [...] Read more.
Background: This study aimed to create preliminary anthropometric and physiological profiles of Hungarian male soccer players belonging to different age categories (14, 15, 16, and 17–18-years) and assigned to different playing positions (forward, defender, midfielder, goalkeeper). Methods: Anthropometric and physiological profiles were created for four age groups: 14- (n = 20), 15- (n = 16), 16- (n = 22) and 17–18-year-olds (n = 23) representing the Hungarian soccer academy. Additionally, the variables were analyzed across the four player positions mentioned above. Results: The mean values of body mass, fat mass and BMI were within normal limits, although in some cases the anthropometric and body composition values were too high, particularly among the 17–18-year-olds. The mean values of HRrest were lowest among the 15-year-olds. The highest mean and maximal values of rVO2max and rVO2/AT [57.6 ± 8.12 (43.8–68.3) and 51.2 ± 7.24 (38.9–60.8) mL/kg/min, respectively] were noted in 14-year-olds. Goalkeepers performed significantly better than the remaining soccer players in terms of the most anthropometric and physiological characteristics, except for the Yo-Yo test (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The values of anthropometric parameters increased with age. As expected, the oldest group achieved the best results in the performance tests. Goalkeepers outperformed the players representing other playing positions in the tests when assessing lower limb strength, sprint performance (5- and 10-m distance), and agility tests. From a practical point of view, the presented anthropometric and physiological profiles of players representing different age groups and playing positions can be useful for soccer coaches, strength and conditioning specialists, and athletic trainers of other soccer clubs in terms of the individualization and optimalization of soccer training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Physiological Effects of Sports Training and Exercise)
13 pages, 1438 KiB  
Article
Neuromuscular Fatigue Responses of Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes during Incremental Cycling Exercise
by Maciej Jurasz, Michał Boraczyński, Zbigniew Wójcik and Piotr Gronek
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8839; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148839 - 21 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1825
Abstract
This study explored the development of neuromuscular fatigue responses during progressive cycling exercise. The sample comprised 32 participants aged 22.0 ± 0.54 years who were assigned into three groups: endurance-trained group (END, triathletes, n = 10), strength-trained group (STR, bodybuilders, n = 10) [...] Read more.
This study explored the development of neuromuscular fatigue responses during progressive cycling exercise. The sample comprised 32 participants aged 22.0 ± 0.54 years who were assigned into three groups: endurance-trained group (END, triathletes, n = 10), strength-trained group (STR, bodybuilders, n = 10) and control group (CG, recreationally active students, n = 12). The incremental cycling exercise was performed using a progressive protocol starting with a 3 min resting measurement and then 50 W workload with subsequent constant increments of 50 W every 3 min until 200 W. Surface electromyography (SEMG) of rectus femoris muscles was recorded during the final 30 s of each of the four workloads. During the final 15 s of each workload, participants rated their overall perception of effort using the 20-point rating of the perceived exertion (RPE) scale. Post hoc Tukey’s HSD testing showed significant differences between the END and STR groups in median frequency and mean power frequency across all workloads (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Athletes from the END group had significantly lower electromyogram amplitude responses than those from the STR (p = 0.0093) and CG groups (p = 0.0006). Increasing RPE points from 50 to 200 W were significantly higher in the STR than in the END group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, there is a significant variation in the neuromuscular fatigue profiles between athletes with different training backgrounds when a cycling exercise is applied. The approximately linear trends of the SEMG and RPE values of both groups of athletes with increasing workload support the increased skeletal muscle recruitment with perceived exertion or fatiguing effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Physiological Effects of Sports Training and Exercise)
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14 pages, 428 KiB  
Article
Sex Differences in Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of Hungarian Rowers of Different Ages
by Robert Podstawski, Krzysztof Borysławski, Zsolt Bálint Katona, Zoltan Alföldi, Michał Boraczyński, Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki and Piotr Gronek
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 8115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138115 - 1 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2195
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine sexual differentiation in the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of Hungarian rowers in different age categories. These characteristics were measured for 15–16-year-old juniors (55 men and 36 women), 17–18-year-old older juniors (52 men and 26 women), [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine sexual differentiation in the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of Hungarian rowers in different age categories. These characteristics were measured for 15–16-year-old juniors (55 men and 36 women), 17–18-year-old older juniors (52 men and 26 women), and 19–22-year-old seniors (23 men and 8 women). The degree of sexual dimorphism was expressed in units of measurement as percentages and the dimorphism index. In all age categories, females had significantly higher body fat indices. Body fat percentage was determined by electrical impedance and by the Pařízková formula, BMI, and skinfold thicknesses. Males had significantly higher body mass, body height, skeletal muscle mass, sitting height, arm span, lower limb length, and body surface area. Males also scored significantly higher values for the following physiological characteristics: peak power, relative peak power, ErVO2max, jump height, speed max, force max, and relative maximal power. Analysis of anthropometric and physiological characteristics in Hungarian rowers revealed that sexual dimorphism tended to increase with age, regardless of whether it was expressed in units of measurement, percentages, or dimorphism index values. The age-related increase in the sexual dimorphism of Hungarian rowers suggests that training methods should be carefully selected to accommodate the needs of various age and gender groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Physiological Effects of Sports Training and Exercise)
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