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Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Earth Science and Medical Geology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 November 2023) | Viewed by 41116

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Chunbo Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: environmental geography; ecological restoration; ecosystem services; urban environments; landscape planning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Human activities and climate changes would alter the landscape elements, ecological processes, and ecosystem services significantly. This research field is an important contribution for understanding the effects of human activities and climate changes on landscape and to efficiently reveal these effects, as a response to the need to preserve the ecosystems and enhance regional sustainable development. It is vital to demonstrate the magnitudes and directions of these effects on landscape for ecosystem management and landscape regulation. Meanwhile, these effects caused by human activities and climate changes are both positive and negative on regional environments in different periods and spatial scales. Therefore, this Special Issue seeks novel scientific papers on landscape, ecosystem, regional environment, and so on. Especially, but not exclusively, papers on conceptual and methodological advances and on the improvement of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research paradigms are welcome.

Dr. Chunbo Huang
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • landscape planning
  • ecological modelling
  • regional development
  • ecological restoration
  • ecosystem service

Published Papers (21 papers)

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18 pages, 3912 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Evolution of Land Use/Land Cover and Its Socioeconomic Driving Forces in Wuhan, China
by Qijiao Xie, Yidi Han, Liming Zhang and Zhong Han
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3316; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043316 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1460
Abstract
Human activities are considered as the main driving forces of land use/land cover (LULC) variation at city scales. Monitoring the dynamic variation of LULC and its socioeconomic driving forces helps to reveal the response of LULC change to human activities and land use [...] Read more.
Human activities are considered as the main driving forces of land use/land cover (LULC) variation at city scales. Monitoring the dynamic variation of LULC and its socioeconomic driving forces helps to reveal the response of LULC change to human activities and land use policies. However, this issue remains poorly understood. In this study, the spatiotemporal transitions among different LULC types during nearly three decades in Wuhan, China, were modeled in detail using the transfer matrix method. Ten socioeconomic factors indicating the population level, economic condition and social development were selected to quantitatively explain LULC variation. Some typical policies were discussed for the LULC transitions. The results showed that construction land was detected to continuously increase, with the fastest change rate of 560.48% during the 29-year period. Farmland area significantly declined by 1855 km2, decreasing by 31.21%, contributing to 86.14% of the area increase in construction lands. To some extent, the net area increase in construction land was at the expense of farmland area. All 10 indicators considered in this study were positively correlated with the construction land area (R2 of 0.783~0.970) and negatively correlated with farmland area (R2 of 0.861~0.979). In general, social and economic development contributed considerably to urban expansion and cultivated land loss. The largest contributors were non-agricultural population and economic conditions (secondary industry output, primary industry output and local revenues). Governmental guidance and behavior were considered the original impetus for LULC transition, while the impact of land use policies and human activities on LULC transitions varied across the subperiods. These findings provide decision-making support for appropriate urban planning and efficient land use management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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15 pages, 3310 KiB  
Article
Compound Optimization of Territorial Spatial Structure and Layout at the City Scale from “Production–Living–Ecological” Perspectives
by Menglin Ou, Jingye Li, Xin Fan and Jian Gong
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010495 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
Land-use optimization, as an important resource-allocation method, can be defined as the process of allocating various activities to different geographic units. How to manage and control land expansion has become an urgent issue, leading a series of problems such as environmental damage and [...] Read more.
Land-use optimization, as an important resource-allocation method, can be defined as the process of allocating various activities to different geographic units. How to manage and control land expansion has become an urgent issue, leading a series of problems such as environmental damage and a sharp decrease in cultivated land, leading to unfavorable phenomena such as excessive urban expansion, occupation of cultivated land and important ecological spaces, and overheating of real estate development. Based on the land-use data of Wuhan city in 2020, a coupling MOP (Multi-Objective Programming) and FLUS (Future Land-Use Simulation) model was used to examine the national spatial structure and the optimization of the spatial layout. Our results showed that (1) in terms of quantitative optimal allocation, the ecological space and urban space increased, while the agricultural space greatly decreased under the three development scenarios. (2) In the simulation of spatial layout, the urban space mainly expanded vertically in the north–south direction. In the ecological space scenario, the ecological space occupied part of the cultivated land in the northeast of the city, resulting in a high degree of landscape fragmentation, which is not conducive to large-scale agricultural management. However, under optimal comprehensive benefit, part of the fragmented ecological space in the western part of Wuhan was transformed into an agricultural space. (3) A combination of the MOP and FLUS models could effectively determine land-use structure and address spatial layout optimization problems and can project space in the future urban resource configuration mode. This finding can provide a reference for the optimization of the spatial structure and layout of similar cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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15 pages, 3442 KiB  
Article
Spatial Response of Ecosystem Service Value to Urbanization in Fragile Vegetation Areas Based on Terrain Gradient
by Ji Zhang, Zelin Liu, Yu Shi and Ziying Zou
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 15286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215286 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1189
Abstract
The contradiction between urban expansion and ecological protection in fragile vegetation areas has become increasingly prominent with regional development. Revealing the relationship between urbanization and ecosystem services will help to provide solutions to this problem. In order to clarify the impact of urbanization [...] Read more.
The contradiction between urban expansion and ecological protection in fragile vegetation areas has become increasingly prominent with regional development. Revealing the relationship between urbanization and ecosystem services will help to provide solutions to this problem. In order to clarify the impact of urbanization on typical mountain areas with fragile vegetation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, we built an ecosystem service value (ESV) evaluation index system. We also evaluated the ESV and its spatial response to the urbanization of Shannan Prefecture in Tibet from 1990 to 2015 based on different terrain gradients (TGs) using vegetation biophysical data obtained from remote sensing platforms. The results show that ESV in Shannan increased first and then declined as the TG increased, reaching a maximum value at the third TG. ESV showed a decreased trend during the study period, with a significant decline at the second and third TGs, which were the main distribution areas of vegetation in Shannan. Through spatial correlation analysis, we observed that urbanization and ESV showed a significant spatial aggregation effect. Among them, the high–low type accounted for the largest proportion in the grid with the agglomeration effect, mainly concentrated at the lower TG in the southern of Shannan, where ESV decreases with the increasing urbanization. We highlight the need for targeted, sustainable development policies to rationally organize the urbanization process in the different-gradient plateau regions with fragile vegetation. These results can provide a reference for applying ESV to vegetation restoration and ecological protection in ecologically fragile mountain areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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20 pages, 6411 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Landscape Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Residential Areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: A Case Study of Tibet, China
by Dingwei Niu, Lucang Wang, Fuwei Qiao and Wei Li
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 14951; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214951 - 13 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1415
Abstract
The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is the largest ecological barrier and one of the most vulnerable areas of the ecological environmental system. However, the increasing frequency of human activities in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has led to strong interference. Residential areas are the main places in [...] Read more.
The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is the largest ecological barrier and one of the most vulnerable areas of the ecological environmental system. However, the increasing frequency of human activities in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has led to strong interference. Residential areas are the main places in which human activities are carried out and, as such, can effectively reflect the intensity of activities. Based on this, this research takes the Tibet Autonomous Region as the study area and analyzes the distribution characteristics of Tibetan residential areas using Zipf’s law and various landscape indices, as well as discussing the influences of altitude, hydrology, ecological environment, and location on residential area distribution. The obtained results indicate the following: (1) The residential areas in Tibet basically conform to the rank–size principle. The residential areas in central and northwest Tibet are concentrated in size distribution, and the relatively large residential areas are prominent, while the residential areas in the eastern Hengduan mountain region are relatively balanced in size distribution. (2) The landscape index results demonstrate that the counties with an unbalanced distribution of residential areas are mainly concentrated in the northwest of Tibet, while the residential areas in the counties and regions where the administrative stations of each prefecture-level city (or region) are located tend to present a polarization phenomenon, with large patches. The area distribution of residential areas showed a “medium–high–low” pattern from southeast to northwest. The residential areas in eastern Tibet have a high degree of fragmentation and a low degree of aggregation, while the residential areas in northwest Tibet have a low degree of fragmentation and a relatively high degree of aggregation. (3) The residential areas in Tibet are most concentrated in the altitude range of 3000–5000 m above sea level and their water affinity and road–affinity are strong, with the distribution of residential areas within 500 m of roads and water networks accounting for more than one-quarter. The vegetation coverage in the residential areas is low, inconsistent with the surface vegetation coverage rate over the whole of Tibet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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24 pages, 8931 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Landslide Susceptibility Based on CF-SVM in Nujiang Prefecture
by Yimin Li, Xuanlun Deng, Peikun Ji, Yiming Yang, Wenxue Jiang and Zhifang Zhao
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114248 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1408
Abstract
At present, landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) based on landslide characteristics in different areas is an effective measure for landslide management. Nujiang Prefecture in China has steep mountain slopes, a large amount of water and loose soil, and frequent landslide disasters, which have caused [...] Read more.
At present, landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) based on landslide characteristics in different areas is an effective measure for landslide management. Nujiang Prefecture in China has steep mountain slopes, a large amount of water and loose soil, and frequent landslide disasters, which have caused a large number of casualties and economic losses. This paper aims to understand the characteristics and formation mechanism of regional landslides through the evaluation of landslide susceptibility so as to provide relevant references and suggestions for spatial planning and disaster prevention and mitigation in Nujiang Prefecture. Based on the grid cell, this study selected 10 parameters, namely elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, proximity to faults, proximity to road, proximity to rivers, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land-use type, and precipitation. Support vector machine (SVM), certainty factor method (CF), and deterministic coefficient method–support vector machine (CF-SVM) were used to evaluate the landslide susceptibility in Nujiang Prefecture. According to these three models, the study area was divided into five landslide susceptibility grades, including extremely high susceptibility, high susceptibility, moderate susceptibility, low susceptibility, and very low susceptibility. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to verify the accuracy of the model. The results showed that CF model (ROC = 0.865), SVM model (ROC = 0.892), CF-SVM model (ROC = 0.925), and CF-SVM model showed better performance. Therefore, CF-SVM model results were selected for analysis. The study found that the characteristics of high and extremely high landslide-prone areas in Nujiang Prefecture have the following characteristics: intense human activities, large density of buildings and arable land, rich water resources, good economic development, perfect transportation facilities, and complex topography and landform. In addition, there is a finding inconsistent with our common sense that the distribution of landslide disasters in the study area does not decrease with the increase of NDVI value. This is because the Nujiang River basin is a high mountain canyon area with low rock strength, barren soil, and underdeveloped vegetation and root system. In an area with large slope, the probability of landslide disaster will increase with the increase of NDVI. The CF-SVM coupling model adopted in this study is a good first attempt in the study of landslide hazard susceptibility in Nujiang Prefecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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18 pages, 3416 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity in Laos Using a Three-Dimensional Tetrahedron Model
by Fangyu Zheng, Chiwei Xiao, Zhen You and Zhiming Feng
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 13816; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113816 - 24 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1252
Abstract
(1) Background: The quantitative evaluation and comprehensive measurement of resources and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) are key links in the study of RECC from classification to synthesis. Laos, as the only landlocked country of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), is an important economic corridor [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The quantitative evaluation and comprehensive measurement of resources and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) are key links in the study of RECC from classification to synthesis. Laos, as the only landlocked country of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), is an important economic corridor (i.e., China-MSEA Economic Corridor) of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). (2) Methods: Based on the human settlements index (HSI), resource carrying index (RCI), and socio-economic development index (SDI), here, a three-dimensional tetrahedron model for the comprehensive assessment of RECC with equilibrium significance was constructed, including HSI-based suitability classification, RCI-based restrictive classification, and SDI-based adaptability classification. Taking provinces as the basic unit, we quantitatively assessed and comprehensively evaluated RECC in Laos using a three-dimensional tetrahedron model. (3) Results: The human settlement environment in Laos is mainly characterized by the moderate suitable category (85%), while the high suitability area (merely 5%) supports more than 30% of the total population. Laos had over 90% of its area in good condition in resources and environmental carrying status (surplus or balanced state), translating into more than 95% of the population. The social and economic development level is mainly characterized by low-level development (43%), with nearly 30% of the population living in these low-level areas. The comprehensive bearing state of resources and environment is characterized by surplus, and 85% of the population is distributed in the surplus area, which occupies 63% of the land. (4) Conclusions: It is possible to better explore the adaptation strategies and countermeasures for enhancing RECC in Laos and provide a scientific reference for regional sustainable development. We believe that the three-dimensional tetrahedron method can be applied to quantitatively evaluate and comprehensively measure RECC at larger scale, e.g., the BRI regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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14 pages, 3590 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Stressors on Riparian Health Indicators in the Upper and Lower Indus River Basins in Pakistan
by Amin Hira, Muhammad Arif, Nowsherwan Zarif, Zarmina Gul, Xiangyue Liu and Yukun Cao
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013239 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1361
Abstract
Riparian zones along rivers and streams provide ecosystem services that may change over time as disturbances increase and deteriorate these buffer zones globally. The effect of stressors on ecosystem services along the rivers in underdeveloped countries is unclear, which impacts the environment directly [...] Read more.
Riparian zones along rivers and streams provide ecosystem services that may change over time as disturbances increase and deteriorate these buffer zones globally. The effect of stressors on ecosystem services along the rivers in underdeveloped countries is unclear, which impacts the environment directly in the form of riparian health indicators (RHIs). This study fills this gap and measures the impact of stressors on RHIs (parameters of habitat, plant cover, regeneration, exotics, and erosion) in the Indus River basin (IRB) in Pakistan. Data on 11 stressors and 27 RHIs were collected using a field-based approach in 269 transects in the upper and lower Indus basins (UIB and LIB) in 2020 and analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. The Kruskal–Wallis tests (p < 0.05) indicated that RHIs varied significantly under the influence of stressors in the UIB and LIB. However, their highest mean values were found in the UIB. Principal component analysis revealed the key RHIs and stressors, which explained 62.50% and 77.10% of the variance, respectively. The Pearson correlation showed that stressors had greater impacts on RHIs in LIB (with r ranging from −0.42 to 0.56). Our results also showed that stressors affected RHI indices with r ranging from −0.39 to 0.50 (on habitat), −0.36 to 0.46 (on plant cover), −0.34 to 0.35 (on regeneration), −0.34 to 0.56 (on erosion), and −0.42 to 0.23 (on exotics). Furthermore, it was confirmed by the agglomerative hierarchical cluster that indices and sub-indices of RHIs and stressors differ across the UIB and LIB. These findings may serve as guidance for managers of large rivers and ecosystem service providers to minimize the environmental impact of stressors in terms of RHIs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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27 pages, 3095 KiB  
Article
Evolution and Influencing Factors of Social-Ecological System Vulnerability in the Wuling Mountains Area
by Huiqin Li, Yujie Hui and Jingyan Pan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11688; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811688 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1856
Abstract
With the wide spread of the concept of sustainable tourism in various countries and regions, the research on tourism poverty alleviation is paying increasingly closer attention to the sustainability of the poverty reduction effect of tourism, and the social-ecosystem theory of tourist destinations [...] Read more.
With the wide spread of the concept of sustainable tourism in various countries and regions, the research on tourism poverty alleviation is paying increasingly closer attention to the sustainability of the poverty reduction effect of tourism, and the social-ecosystem theory of tourist destinations has been widely applied in the sustainable development of tourism in backward mountainous areas. However, existing studies lack the dynamic evaluation of social-ecosystem vulnerability in places of tourism, and are devoid of large sample data. This paper aims to analyze the law of spatial and temporal evolution of the social-ecosystem vulnerability in China’s Wuling Mountains area, and to help solve the obstacles and difficulties of realizing the effective connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. The set analysis method (SPA) was used to evaluate the vulnerability and the obstacle degree model was utilized to identify the vulnerability barrier factors. Forty-two national key poverty-alleviation counties in the Wuling Mountains area were selected as the research objects to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of social-ecosystem vulnerability based on the valuation model of “Social-Economic-Ecological (S-E-E) model” and the “Vulnerability-Scoping-Diagram (V-S-D) model”. In this paper, we clarified the two types of changes in social-ecosystem vulnerability in the Wuling Mountains area, and analyzed the spatial differences of vulnerability from the perspective of subsystems and counties. In terms of the results of this study, from 2010 to 2019, the overall vulnerability of social ecosystems showed a trend of “slow-rise and steady-decline”, with the vulnerability index peaking in 2014 and declining year by year thereafter. Spatially, the overall vulnerability is smaller in the north than in the south; and social-ecosystem vulnerability is the result of the interaction between system exposure-sensitivity and system adaptive capacity. Based on the change in vulnerability of different subsystems and different counties, and the barrier factors it faced, we make targeted suggestions to help the region to reduce its social-ecosystem vulnerability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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21 pages, 9961 KiB  
Article
Territorial Pattern Evolution and Its Comprehensive Carrying Capacity Evaluation in the Coastal Area of Beibu Gulf, China
by Menglin Ou, Xiaochun Lai and Jian Gong
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710469 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1486
Abstract
Changes in the territorial pattern of the Beibu Gulf, an environmentally sensitive and ecologically fragile area in China, will directly or indirectly affect the regional ecological environment, while profoundly influencing economic development and human well-being. Therefore, it is significant to understand the ecological [...] Read more.
Changes in the territorial pattern of the Beibu Gulf, an environmentally sensitive and ecologically fragile area in China, will directly or indirectly affect the regional ecological environment, while profoundly influencing economic development and human well-being. Therefore, it is significant to understand the ecological response in the process of territorial space changes in the Beibu Gulf to promote the coordination between sea and land and sustainable regional development. This paper used remote sensing image interpretation to generate land-use maps in 2000, 2010 and 2020, and then analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of the territorial pattern of the Beibu Gulf from 2000 to 2020. Finally, this paper proposed a comprehensive carrying capacity evaluation system and explored the spatial functional zones of the coastal areas of the Beibu Gulf. The results showed that the demand for urban development and ecological protection between 2000 and 2020 increased built-up land and forestland by 386.71% and 25.56%, respectively, and reduced farmland by 28.33%. There was significant spatial heterogeneity in various land-use types. Where forestland is mainly distributed in the west, farmland is mainly distributed in the east, wetland is mainly distributed in the south, and orchards are spread throughout the whole area. The evaluation results of land resources, water resources and ecological conditions in the Beibu Gulf area showed that its comprehensive carrying capacity was high in the south and low in the north, and high in the west and low in the east. On this basis, this paper considered the actual situation of natural resources, ecological conditions, socio-economic development, protection and development in coastal areas; divided the study area into four categories: developed areas, priority development areas, ecological reserve areas and coastal reserve areas; and put forward corresponding control suggestions. The results of this paper could provide a scientific basis for regional development and territorial spatial planning in the coastal areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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20 pages, 3410 KiB  
Article
Identification and Assessment of the Driving Forces behind Changes in the Foothill Landscape: Case Studies of the Mysłakowice and Jelenia Góra Communities in Poland
by Piotr Krajewski, Monika Lebiedzińska and Iga Kołodyńska
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(16), 10462; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610462 - 22 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1645
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the driving forces behind landscape change and the perceptions of change by the residents of selected research areas. The communities used for the study were Mysłakowice and Jelenia Góra, located in the Lower Silesia [...] Read more.
The main objective of this study was to determine the driving forces behind landscape change and the perceptions of change by the residents of selected research areas. The communities used for the study were Mysłakowice and Jelenia Góra, located in the Lower Silesia region in Poland. Mysłakowice is a rural community, and Jelenia Góra is an urban community. The landscape of both municipalities is dominated by forest-covered mountains surrounding dispersed built-up and agricultural areas. The time range of the analysis was 2005–2020, covering the period after Poland’s accession to the European Union, and was divided into the following three time periods: 2005–2010, 2010–2015, and 2015–2020. The research methodology consisted of the following three stages: (1) the identification of landscape changes on the basis of land cover data and the calculation of the landscape change index (LCI), (2) the characterization and classification of the identified landscape changes, and (3) the identification of the driving forces of landscape changes through surveys with the residents of both municipalities. The results obtained based on the surveys were often consistent with the results from the GIS analysis. The respondents were able to identify the most important changes and proposed the driving forces affecting them. According to the residents of Mysłakowice and Jelenia Góra, the changes in the landscape between 2005 and 2020 were primarily the result of political and socio-economic driving forces, accompanied by forces from other groups. However, each time period was distinctive. The analysis showed which types of changes in the landscape were viewed positively and negatively by the people during the analyzed periods of time, and what the influence of the different driving forces was on the formation of changes in the landscape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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26 pages, 17155 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Variation and Influencing Factors of the Coupling Coordination Degree of Production-Living-Ecological Space in China
by Xinghua Cui, Ning Xu, Wanxu Chen, Guanzheng Wang, Jiale Liang, Sipei Pan and Binqiao Duan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(16), 10370; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610370 - 20 Aug 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1798
Abstract
Territorial space is a multi-functional complex. The coordinated production-living-ecological space (PLES) effectively coordinates the man-land relationship, promotes regional sustainable development, and maximizes territorial space. How to build a high-quality national spatial layout and support system for development has become a hot topic of [...] Read more.
Territorial space is a multi-functional complex. The coordinated production-living-ecological space (PLES) effectively coordinates the man-land relationship, promotes regional sustainable development, and maximizes territorial space. How to build a high-quality national spatial layout and support system for development has become a hot topic of concern in all sectors of society. However, few studies have explored the coupling coordination considering the various production-living-ecological functions of land use type and its influencing factors of PLES at the county scale in China. To address the gap, based on the connotation of PLES theory, this study established a classification and evaluation system for PLES and analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics, coupling coordination degree, spatial autocorrelation, and influencing factors of PLES in China from 2000 to 2020. The results are as follows: (1) The production space index and living space index in China showed a continuous increase tendency, while the ecological space index decreased continuously during the study period. The production space and living space were concentrated in the east of Hu Line, and the ecological space indexes in mountainous areas were significantly higher than those in plain areas during the study period. (2) The gravity centers of PLES all migrated to the west of China to different degrees during the study period. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the basically balanced category was the main coupling coordination type, and the number of seriously unbalanced categories accounted for the least. In the west of the Hu Line, the seriously unbalanced category was dominant, while in the east of the Hu Line were the moderately unbalanced categories and above. (4) During the study period, the low-low type was the main relationship type, widely distributed in western China, followed by the high-high type, mainly situated in the North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Jianghan Plain, Chengdu Plain, Northeast China Plain, and some provincial capital cities. (5) Regression results showed that natural factors were the main reason restricting the coordinated development of PLES, and socioeconomic factors could effectively promote the coordinated development of PLES. Landscape pattern also significantly influenced the coordinated development of PLES, but varied greatly. The findings of this study can provide a scientific reference for the optimization of territorial space layout and the promotion of high-quality development of territorial space. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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20 pages, 3922 KiB  
Article
Construction and Optimization of an Ecological Security Pattern Based on the MCR Model: A Case Study of the Minjiang River Basin in Eastern China
by Xinke Wang, Xiangqun Xie, Zhenfeng Wang, Hong Lin, Yan Liu, Huili Xie and Xingzhao Liu
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8370; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148370 - 08 Jul 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2038
Abstract
The Minjiang River Basin is one of the first pilot areas for ecological conservation and the restoration of mountain–river–forest–farmland–lake–grass in China. Taking the Minjiang River Basin as an example, this paper selected the importance of ecosystem service functions and ecological sensitivity to evaluate [...] Read more.
The Minjiang River Basin is one of the first pilot areas for ecological conservation and the restoration of mountain–river–forest–farmland–lake–grass in China. Taking the Minjiang River Basin as an example, this paper selected the importance of ecosystem service functions and ecological sensitivity to evaluate the ecological environment and identify ecological sources. Furthermore, we constructed an ecological resistance surface using artificial and natural interference factors. Through a minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR), the ecological security pattern (ESP) of “two barriers, one belt, many corridors, and many spots” was constructed. Research shows that: (1) In total, 43 ecological sources were identified, with a total area of 523 km2, accounting for 0.6% of the total land area. These were mainly distributed in the southwest and northwest of the Minjiang River Basin, such as in Zhangping, covered forest land, and cultivated land. (2) The connectivity of the network was low, and the spatial distribution of the ecological pinch points was uneven. A total of 118 ecological corridors and 22 important ecological pinch points were identified. The total length of the ecological corridor is 3,732,051.88 km, which is dense on the left side and sparse on the right side. (3) The ecological restoration area was composed of a low ecological safety area and a lower ecological safety area; the ecological control area was composed of a medium ecological safety area and a higher ecological safety area; and the ecological conservation area was composed of a high ecological safety area, at 6.5%, 27.7%, and 65.8%, respectively. Constructing the ESP of the Minjiang River Basin is important for promoting harmonious socioeconomic development and ecological protection. In addition, it can provide a reference basis for other experimental areas of mountain–river–forest–farmland–lake–grass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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25 pages, 6161 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Energy Structure on Carbon Emissions in China, 1997–2019
by Fengjian Ge, Jiangfeng Li, Yi Zhang, Shipeng Ye and Peng Han
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 5850; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105850 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1543
Abstract
To mitigate climate change, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is of paramount importance. China, the largest global CO2 emitter, proposes to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2060; transforming the energy structure represents one of the [...] Read more.
To mitigate climate change, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is of paramount importance. China, the largest global CO2 emitter, proposes to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2060; transforming the energy structure represents one of the primary means of addressing carbon emissions; thus, it is essential to investigate the impacts of alternate energy sources throughout the country. Based on energy consumption and carbon emissions data from 30 provincial-level administrative regions in China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau, due to the lack of data), the study here investigated the shares of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and non-fossil energy sources (i.e., hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, solar power, and biomass power), as they relate to total, per capita, and per unit GDP CO2 emissions via spatial regression. The results showed that: (1) The epicenters of coal and carbon emissions have shifted from the east to the central and western regions; (2) There is a significant correlation between energy structure and carbon emissions: coal has a positive effect, petroleum’s effects are positive at first, and negative subsequently; while both natural gas and non-fossil energy sources have a negative impact; (3) Provincial-level carbon emissions are affected by energy structure, carbon emissions in neighboring regions, and other factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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16 pages, 4416 KiB  
Article
Ecological Restoration and Carbon Sequestration Regulation of Mining Areas—A Case Study of Huangshi City
by Qipeng Liao, Xinran Liu and Mingzhu Xiao
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074175 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
As an important carbon sink indicator, the vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is key and helpful for understanding regional carbon sequestration and storage of mining areas. Systematic analysis of NPP of the ecological reconstruction process in mining areas can effectively contribute to local [...] Read more.
As an important carbon sink indicator, the vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is key and helpful for understanding regional carbon sequestration and storage of mining areas. Systematic analysis of NPP of the ecological reconstruction process in mining areas can effectively contribute to local governments and related departments for making ecological decisions under the “double carbon goals” (“peak of carbon release” and “carbon neutrality”) and help to promote regional sustainable development. In this study, we used the CASA model to systematically assess the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of NPP of Huangshi City from 1990 to 2018. Meanwhile, various scenarios were set up to study the effects of climate factors, landscape pattern evolution, and ecological restoration on regional carbon storage. Our results documented that (1) NPP of the study area an increasing trend from 1990–2018 shows and exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity; (2) the significant increase of NPP was mainly in the restored mining areas, indicating that the ecological restoration of mining areas can effectively improve the regional carbon sequestration capacity; (3) from 1990 to 2018, climate change released 0.136 TgC, while landscape pattern change contributed to carbon storage with 0.266 TgC; and (4) the restoration and reconstruction of vegetation in the mining areas is an important way to achieve carbon neutrality of Huangshi City in the future, and the changes of NPP varied among different ecological restoration modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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20 pages, 3969 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Habitat Quality and Its Response of Landscape Dynamic in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China
by Shuangshuang Liu, Qipeng Liao, Mingzhu Xiao, Dengyue Zhao and Chunbo Huang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3594; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063594 - 17 Mar 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3177
Abstract
Habitat quality is an important indicator for assessing biodiversity and is critical to ecosystem processes. With urban development and construction in developing countries, habitat quality is increasingly influenced by landscape pattern changes. This has made habitat conservation to be an increasingly urgent issue. [...] Read more.
Habitat quality is an important indicator for assessing biodiversity and is critical to ecosystem processes. With urban development and construction in developing countries, habitat quality is increasingly influenced by landscape pattern changes. This has made habitat conservation to be an increasingly urgent issue. Despite the growing interest in this issue, studies that reveal the role of land use change in habitat degradation at multiple scales are still lacking. Therefore, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of habitat quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir area by the InVEST habitat quality model and demonstrated the responses of habitat quality to various landscape dynamics by correspondence analysis. The result showed that the habitat quality score of this area increased from 0.685 in 2000 to 0.739 in 2015 and presented a significant spatial heterogeneity. Habitat quality was significantly higher in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the reservoir area than in other regions. Meanwhile, habitat quality improved with altitude and slope, and increased for all altitude and slope zones. The habitat quality of >1000 m and >25° zone exceeds 0.8, while the habitat quality of <500 m and <15° zone is less than 0.6. Habitat quality significantly varied among landscape dynamics and was extremely sensitive to vegetation recovery and urban expansion. The vegetation restoration model of returning farmland to forest is difficult to sustain, so we suggest changing the vegetation recovery model to constructing complex vegetation community. This study helps us to better understand the effects of landscape pattern changes on habitat quality and can provide a scientific basis for formulating regional ecological conservation policies and sustainable use of land resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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28 pages, 9525 KiB  
Article
Citizens’ Perceptions of Landscape Changes and Their Driving Forces: Evidence from Poland
by Iga Solecka, Piotr Krajewski, Aleksandra Krzyżanek and Ada Garczyńska
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031688 - 01 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1687
Abstract
The main aim of our studies was to explore the driving forces of landscape change and their impact on the landscape as perceived by citizens in our study. We use quantitative tools for unravelling processes of landscape change over time and a qualitative [...] Read more.
The main aim of our studies was to explore the driving forces of landscape change and their impact on the landscape as perceived by citizens in our study. We use quantitative tools for unravelling processes of landscape change over time and a qualitative tool aimed at capturing people’s perceptions about those changes. We use the two municipalities of Ostrów Wielkopolski and Kąty Wrocławskie as illustrative examples of urban and urban–rural municipalities in two time periods, 2006–2021 and 2012–2018, in Poland. We apply a three-stage approach: (1) to identify the main landscape changes based on land-cover data, (2) to characterize those changes with the use of orthophoto maps and (3) to identify the driving forces of landscape changes with the use of an online survey and interviews. The results show a large agreement between the perceived and actual level of changes. We identified key landscape change processes in both municipalities, and we conclude that citizens’ perceptions concerning those processes in both municipalities differed depending on the context, the level of changes, and the way this process was planned and implemented. In both municipalities, the respondents pointed out political driving forces of landscape change as key underlying drivers. Future landscape planning should consider citizens’ approaches towards landscape change to achieve better societal approval and improve the quality of life of the inhabitants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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16 pages, 3230 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Ecosystem Health and Its Key Determinants in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Urban Agglomeration, China
by Fengjian Ge, Guiling Tang, Mingxing Zhong, Yi Zhang, Jia Xiao, Jiangfeng Li and Fengyuan Ge
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(2), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020771 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2350
Abstract
Urban agglomerations have gradually formed in different Chinese cities, exerting great pressure on the ecological environment. Ecosystem health is an important index for the evaluation of the sustainable development of cities, but it has rarely been used for urban agglomerations. In this study, [...] Read more.
Urban agglomerations have gradually formed in different Chinese cities, exerting great pressure on the ecological environment. Ecosystem health is an important index for the evaluation of the sustainable development of cities, but it has rarely been used for urban agglomerations. In this study, the ecosystem health in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Urban Agglomeration was assessed using the ecosystem vigor, organization, resilience, and services framework at the county scale. A GeoDetector was used to determine the effects of seven factors on ecosystem health. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution of ecosystem health differs significantly. The ecosystem health in the centers of Wuhan Metropolis, Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan City Group, and Poyang Lake City Group is significantly lower than in surrounding areas. (2) Temporally, well-level research units improve gradually; research units with relatively weak levels remain relatively stable. (3) The land use degree is the main factor affecting ecosystem health, with interactions between the different factors. The effects of these factors on ecosystem health are enhanced or nonlinear; (4) The effect of the proportion of construction land on ecosystem health increases over time. The layout used in urban land use planning significantly affects ecosystem health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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19 pages, 4845 KiB  
Article
Landscape Evolution and Simulation of Rural Settlements around Wetland Park Based on MCCA Model and Landscape Theory: A Case Study of Chaohu Peninsula, China
by Xin Fan, Wenxu Luo, Haoran Yu, Yuejing Rong, Xinchen Gu, Yanjun Zheng, Shengya Ou, Damien Sinonmatohou Tiando, Qiang Zhang, Guiling Tang and Jiangfeng Li
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413285 - 16 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2438
Abstract
As a transitional zone between urban and rural areas, the peri-urban areas are the areas with the most intense urban expansion and the most frequent spatial reconfiguration, and in this context, it is particularly important to reveal the evolution pattern of rural settlements [...] Read more.
As a transitional zone between urban and rural areas, the peri-urban areas are the areas with the most intense urban expansion and the most frequent spatial reconfiguration, and in this context, it is particularly important to reveal the evolution pattern of rural settlements in the peri-urban areas to provide reference for the rearrangement of rural settlements. The study takes five townships in the urban suburbs, and explores the scale, shape, spatial layout, and spatial characteristics of the urban suburbs of Hefei from 1980 to 2030 under the influence of urban-lake symbiosis based on spatial mathematical analysis and geographical simulation software. The study shows that: (1) the overall layout of rural settlements in the study area is randomly distributed due to the hilly terrain, but in small areas there is a high and low clustering phenomenon, and the spatial density shows the distribution characteristics of “high in the east and low in the west”; (2) since the reform and opening up, there are large spatial differences in the scale of rural settlements in the study area. (3) Different development scenarios have a strong impact on the future spatial pattern of rural settlement land use within the study area, which is a strong reflection of policy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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26 pages, 7452 KiB  
Article
Spatio–Temporal Heterogeneity of Urban Expansion and Population Growth in China
by Shuangshuang Liu, Qipeng Liao, Yuan Liang, Zhifei Li and Chunbo Huang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13031; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413031 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2761
Abstract
Urbanization has become one of the hot issues of global sustainable development, and is mainly characterized by urban population growth and construction land expansion. However, the inharmonious development of urban expansion and population migration has brought serious challenges to urban planning and management. [...] Read more.
Urbanization has become one of the hot issues of global sustainable development, and is mainly characterized by urban population growth and construction land expansion. However, the inharmonious development of urban expansion and population migration has brought serious challenges to urban planning and management. China is the largest developing country in the world, and the urbanization process has accelerated over the past decades. In this paper, decoupling analysis was used to demonstrate the spatio–temporal relationship between urban expansion and population growth in 321 prefecture–level cities in China, providing a reference basis for sustainable development. The results showed that China’s population, total GDP, and construction land area increased from 1990 to 2018. The rate of construction land expansion was larger in the eastern coastal and western regions than in the northeastern and central regions, but the population growth rate was not significantly different among these regions. According to the decoupling analysis, the relationships of population–GDP, construction land–GDP, and population–construction land were mainly weak decoupling, indicating that both the population growth and the construction land expansion lagged behind the economic development, and the population growth lagged behind construction land expansion. In addition, the results were analyzed based on China’s four economic regions. Population and construction land area changes in the northeastern provinces experienced a shift from weak decoupling to expansive negative decoupling, then presented a strong decoupling. The decoupling state of population–construction land in the west region was relatively stable. The relationship between population and construction land in the central regions was mainly weak decoupling, and some cities developed into strong decoupling. The relationship between population and construction land in the east region experienced a shift from strong decoupling to weak decoupling, then demonstrated expansive negative decoupling, mainly manifested in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations. Therefore, the northeast region should take measures to promote regional population growth while reasonably controlling the expansion of construction land, the west region should focus on ecological protection and moderately attract population, the central region should control their population development and reasonably allocate land, and the east region should pay attention to and solve the citizenship problem of migrant workers in second–tier and third–tier cities when promoting new urbanization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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21 pages, 3516 KiB  
Article
Landscape Evolution and It’s Impact of Ecosystem Service Value of the Wuhan City, China
by Ru Chen and Chunbo Huang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13015; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413015 - 09 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization and enhanced ecological protection measures have greatly influenced landscape change, which has exacerbated regional landscape competition and conflicts and indirectly affected the supply of ecosystem services. Clarifying the relationship between ecosystem service change and landscape change is useful for [...] Read more.
Rapid urbanization and industrialization and enhanced ecological protection measures have greatly influenced landscape change, which has exacerbated regional landscape competition and conflicts and indirectly affected the supply of ecosystem services. Clarifying the relationship between ecosystem service change and landscape change is useful for understanding the impact of ecosystem conversion on socio-economic development and providing a knowledge base for relevant policy decisions. In this study, we used remote sensing technology to process Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI imageries, combined with transformation analysis and kernel density analysis to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of land use change in Wuhan City from 1980 to 2020. We also estimated the ESV in the region using the improved unit area value equivalent method to reveal the trends of ESV changes in Wuhan. The results showed that land use changes in Wuhan during 1980–2020 occurred mainly in terms of decreases in farmland, forestland, and bare land, as well as increases in built-up land and water bodies. The built-up land was mainly concentrated in the main urban areas, but its area in each suburban area has increased in recent years. In contrast, farmland was mainly distributed in suburban areas, and its area has been decreasing in recent years due to the impact of urban expansion. However, the reduction is compensated for by the reclamation of ecological land such as grassland and forestland, which has aggravated the loss of ecosystem service values in the study area. In addition, human activities such as urban expansion have increased the demand for water resources, while also leading to ecological problems such as water scarcity and water quality degradation, which have caused serious losses to key ecosystem services in Wuhan city. Therefore, in order to alleviate the competition and conflicts in the landscape and mitigate the loss of ecosystem service values in this area, we have proposed some constructive suggestions for future urban planning and water quality improvements in Wuhan. The focus of these suggestions is on controlling the expansion of built-up land, as well as the conservation of ecological land and resource protection. Meanwhile, our findings can also provide reference information for land resource planning and ecological monitoring, and help researchers to understand the contribution of ecosystem service functions in relation to socio-economic development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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Review

Jump to: Research

14 pages, 704 KiB  
Review
Farmland Transfers in China: From Theoretic Framework to Practice
by Menglin Ou and Jian Gong
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010217 - 25 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2562
Abstract
Land transformation in agriculture is a crucial global issue for food safety and regional sustainable development. In the context of Chinese rural revitalization strategy, farmland transfer has become an increasingly engaging area of focus for those in a broad range of fields. In [...] Read more.
Land transformation in agriculture is a crucial global issue for food safety and regional sustainable development. In the context of Chinese rural revitalization strategy, farmland transfer has become an increasingly engaging area of focus for those in a broad range of fields. In this paper, we make a comprehensive review of land transformation in agriculture through literature analysis. Farmland transfers in China were characterized as five dimensions: public policy, market mechanisms, influencing factors, optimization of spatial distribution, and practical results. Meanwhile, we shed light on limitations of the theories and methodologies for farmland transfers in previous studies, and propose the highlights of farmland transfers in China in the future: (1) refining the theoretical systems of farmland transfer under the background of transformations, (2) optimizing land use configuration for farmland transfers within the context of national strategic decisions, (3) developing the land use model supported by big data for understanding farmland transformation; (4) enhancing the comprehensive analysis and interdisciplinary application perspective for farmland transfer issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Landscape)
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