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Toxicity of Pesticides and Legacy Pollutants

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Toxicology and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2020) | Viewed by 18565

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Amanda D. Harwood

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Guest Editor

Environmental Studies and Biology, Alma College, Alma, MI 48801, USA
Interests: pesticides; soils; sediments; bioavailability; macroinvertebrates; toxicity; bioaccumulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

While the toxic effects of pesticides and legacy pollutants on human and environmental health have been studied for decades, there have been many recent advancements in the evaluation of these chemicals. The focus of this Special Issue will be on new methods for the identification, evaluation, and risk assessment of pesticides and legacy pollutants that impact on human and/or environmental health. Related topics could include, but are not limited to, novel techniques in exposure assessment; recently identified biomarkers; impacts of new pesticides; newly recognized chronic effects of pesticides or legacy pollutants; advances in risk assessment methods; fate and transport modelling in risk assessment; toxicity assessment of chemical mixtures; developments in analytical quantification. This Special Issue is open to research, case-studies, or review papers on the toxic effects of pesticides and legacy pollutants on human or environmental health.

Dr. Amanda D. Harwood
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Pesticides
Legacy pollutants
Risk assessment
Environmental Health
Analytical methods for pesticides
Analytical methods for legacy pollutants
Exposure assessments
Biomarkers

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Bisphenol A Induced Oxidative Stress in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Male Patients: A Clinical Strategy to Antagonize the Progression of the Disease

by Alessandro Federico, Marcello Dallio, Antonietta Gerarda Gravina, Nadia Diano, Sonia Errico, Mario Masarone, Mario Romeo, Concetta Tuccillo, Paola Stiuso, Filomena Morisco, Marcello Persico and Carmelina Loguercio

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(10), 3369; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103369 - 12 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2806

Abstract

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been correlated to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development and progression. We investigated, in a clinical model, the effects of the administration of 303 mg of silybin phospholipids complex, 10 μg of vitamin D, and 15 mg of vitamin E (RealSIL, 100D, IBI-Lorenzini, Aprilia, Italy) in male NAFLD patients exposed to BPA on metabolic, hormonal, and oxidative stress-related parameters. Methods: We enrolled 32 male patients with histologic diagnosis of NAFLD and treated them with Realsil 100D twice a day for six months. We performed at baseline clinical, biochemical, and food consumption assessments as well as the evaluation of physical exercise, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), plasmatic and urinary BPA and estrogen levels. The results obtained were compared with those of healthy control subjects and, in the NAFLD group, between baseline and the end of treatment. Results: A direct proportionality between TBARS levels and BPA exposure was shown (p < 0.0001). The therapy determined a reduction of TBARS levels (p = 0.011), an improvement of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, insulinemia, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance, C reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha (p < 0.05), an increase of conjugated BPA urine amount, and a reduction of its free form (p < 0.0001; p = 0.0002). Moreover, the therapy caused an increase of plasmatic levels of the native form of estrogens (p = 0.03). Conclusions: We highlighted the potential role of BPA in estrogen oxidation and oxidative stress in NAFLD patients. The use of Realsil 100D could contribute to fast BPA detoxification and to improve cellular antioxidant power, defending the integrity of biological estrogen-dependent pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Pesticides and Legacy Pollutants)

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22 pages, 2435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Fipronil Treatment Induces Hyperactivity in Female Mice

by Svenja Koslowski, Camille Latapy, Pierrïck Auvray, Marc Blondel and Laurent Meijer

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051579 - 29 Feb 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3511

Abstract

Fipronil is an insecticide widely used for veterinary and agricultural purposes. While its insecticidal properties mostly rely on its high affinity antagonistic activity on insect γ aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, fipronil and its main metabolite fipronil sulfone nevertheless display non-negligible affinity for mammalian GABA_A receptor. As several environmental toxicants have been shown to raise the risk of developing various neurodegenerative disorders, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether long-term low dose administration of fipronil could lead to cognitive deficiencies. Our results indicate that long-term fipronil treatment leads to behavioral perturbations in mice, indicating an accumulative effect of sustained exposure to low dose of fipronil. Although no memory impairment was observed during the course of our study, we noticed a significant hyperlocomotion behavior after 43 weeks of weekly fipronil administration, which is consistent with its direct effect on the GABAergic system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Pesticides and Legacy Pollutants)

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20 pages, 1895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chloroanisoles and Chlorophenols Explain Mold Odor but Their Impact on the Swedish Population Is Attributed to Dampness and Mold

by Johnny C. Lorentzen, Stephanie A. Juran, Lena Ernstgård, Mats J. Olsson and Gunnar Johanson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030930 - 03 Feb 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3353

Abstract

We recently reported that mold odor may be explained by chloroanisoles (CAs) formed by microbial biotransformation of chlorophenols (CPs) in legacy wood preservatives. Here we examine psychophysical aspects of CAs and trace their historic origins in buildings. Our exposure of healthy volunteers shows that 2,4,6-triCA is often perceived as unpleasant, characterized as musty or moldy and is detected at 13 ng/m³ or lower. Similar concentrations are reported in buildings with odor complaints. Scrutiny of written records reveal that new building construction methods were introduced in the 1950s, namely crawlspaces and concrete slabs on the ground. These constructions were prone to dampness and attack from wood decay fungi, prompting chemical companies and authorities to advocate preservatives against rot. Simultaneously, CPs became household chemicals used for example in indoor paints. When large-scale odor problems evolved, the authorities that once approved the preservatives attributed the odor to hidden mold, with no evidence that substantial microbial biomass was necessary for odor formation. Thereby the public remained unaware of problematic exposure to CPs and CAs. We conclude that the introduction of inappropriate designs of house foundations and CP-based preservatives once ignited and still provide impetus for indoor air research on “dampness and mold”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Pesticides and Legacy Pollutants)

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15 pages, 3246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Biodegradation of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos by Cupriavidus nantongensis X1^T

by Taozhong Shi, Liancheng Fang, Han Qin, Yifei Chen, Xiangwei Wu and Rimao Hua

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4593; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234593 - 20 Nov 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3671

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos was one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides and the neurotoxicity and genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos to mammals, aquatic organisms and other non-target organisms have caused much public concern. Cupriavidus nantongensis X1^T, a type of strain of the genus Cupriavidus, is capable of efficiently degrading 200 mg/L of chlorpyrifos within 48 h. This is ~100 fold faster than Enterobacter B-14, a well-studied chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterial strain. Strain X1^T can tolerate high concentrations (500 mg/L) of chlorpyrifos over a wide range of temperatures (30–42 °C) and pH values (5–9). RT-qPCR analysis showed that the organophosphorus hydrolase (OpdB) in strain X1^T was an inducible enzyme, and the crude enzyme isolated in vitro could still maintain 75% degradation activity. Strain X1^T can simultaneously degrade chlorpyrifos and its main hydrolysate 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. TCP could be further metabolized through stepwise oxidative dechlorination and further opening of the benzene ring to be completely degraded by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The results provide a potential means for the remediation of chlorpyrifos- contaminated soil and water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Pesticides and Legacy Pollutants)

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Review

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18 pages, 1503 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bisphenols as a Legacy Pollutant, and Their Effects on Organ Vulnerability

by Jong-Joo Kim, Surendra Kumar, Vinay Kumar, Yun-Mi Lee, You-Sam Kim and Vijay Kumar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010112 - 22 Dec 2019

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4695

Abstract

Bisphenols are widely used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and thermal paper, which are used in manufacturing items of daily use. Packaged foods and drinks are the main sources of exposure to bisphenols. These chemicals affect humans and animals by disrupting the estrogen, androgen, progesterone, thyroid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor functions. Bisphenols exert numerous harmful effects because of their interaction with receptors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell signal alterations. Both cohort and case-control studies have determined an association between bisphenol exposure and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, reproductive abnormalities, obesity, and diabetes. Prenatal exposure to bisphenols results in developmental disorders in animals. These chemicals also affect the immune cells and play a significant role in initiating the inflammatory response. Exposure to bisphenols exhibit age, gender, and dose-dependent effects. Even at low concentrations, bisphenols exert toxicity, and hence deserve a critical assessment of their uses. Since bisphenols have a global influence on human health, the need to discover the underlying pathways involved in all disease conditions is essential. Furthermore, it is important to promote the use of alternatives for bisphenols, thereby restricting their uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Pesticides and Legacy Pollutants)

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