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Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2021) | Viewed by 49602

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Dr. Nieves Moyano

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Guest Editor

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, University of Jaén, CP 23009 Jaén, Spain
Interests: sexuality; gender; validation; cognition; education
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. María del Mar Sánchez-Fuentes

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Assistant Guest Editor

Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences (Teruel), University of Zaragoza, 44003 Teruel, Spain
Interests: human sexuality; gender; sexual violence; intimate partner violence; sexual rights
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Dr. María Reina Granados de Haro

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Assistant Guest Editor

Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Interests: human sexuality; gender; sexual arousal; sexual risk behavior; psychophysiological sexual response; nursing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the World Health Organization (2013), intimate partner violence (IPV) is an urgent problem worldwide. IPV is still one of the most common forms of violence against women and includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as controlling behavior by an intimate partner. Both, predictors or associated factors to IPV, as well as its consequences have been focus of research. On the one hand, from a preventive point of view, it is of interest to analyze the predictor factors of IPV, such as perpetrator´s profile or victim´s vulnerability variables. On the other hand, considering the consequences of IPV, there are several lines of research: a) Victim´s consequences –referred to the partner who directly suffers IPV- in several areas, such as mental health, sexual functioning, social life, well-being…which may emerge both in the short and long term. Some of these outcomes are psychological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress; physical problems such as underimmunization; or may be related to social impairment. b) Children´s development. Children who are exposed to IPV against women experience several negative consequences, e.g., poor performance at school and peer problems such as being at greater risk of suffering from bullying. These effects are influenced by several factors. A recent meta-analysis (Fogarty, Wood, Giallo, Kaufman, & Hansen, 2019) explores factors promoting resilience and adjustment in children exposed to IPV. Some protective factors are summarized, such as maternal factors (e.g., mother–child relationship, attachment, cohesion, warmth), other family factors (e.g., family support, monthly income, education), and community factors. Others commonly studied variables are related to the type of IPV (e.g., the type of violence, its frequency and intensity) and children´s sociodemographic factors, such as their age or gender among others. Papers addressing these topics are invited for this Special Issue, especially those combining a high academic standard with a focus on providing a better understanding of IPV in order to specify some related challenges facing this field and suggest appropriate strategies to address them.

Dr. Nieves Moyano
Dr. María del Mar Sánchez-Fuentes
Dr. María Reina Granados de Haro
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Intimate partner violence
Domestic violence
Perpetrator's profile
Child development
Negative consequences
Health consequences
Psychological consequences
Preventive programs
Future challenges

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Intimate Partner Violence against Women in the Czech Republic: Incidence and Associated Factors

by Leona Plášilová, Martin Hůla, Lucie Krejčová and Kateřina Klapilová

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10502; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910502 - 6 Oct 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3160

Abstract

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a burning social issue worldwide. According to global statistics, the incidence of IPV has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic due to restrictive measures (e.g., reduced social contacts, the need to stay at home often with a perpetrator in the same household). This study aims to provide data about the incidence of IPV and its associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic. A representative online sample of 429 Czech women living with a partner at least 3 months before COVID-19 participated in the study. In an online interview, women reported IPV incidents 3 months before and during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using non-parametric repeated measures ANOVA, a significant difference between the total IPV score and the given time periods was found. In addition, the results of the research showed a significant effect of the tension in the relationship with the partner, depression rate, and partner support on the total IPV score in the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results bring important insights into IPV incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest factors that might lead to an increased risk of IPV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

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14 pages, 664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Afghan Women’s Use of Violence against Their Children and Associations with IPV, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Poverty: A Cross-Sectional and Structural Equation Modelling Analysis

by Jane Ndungu, Rachel Jewkes, Magnolia Ngcobo-Sithole, Esnat Chirwa and Andrew Gibbs

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(15), 7923; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157923 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

Children who experience violence from a parent are more likely to experience and perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV) later in life. Drawing on cross-sectional data among married women enrolled in the baseline of a randomized control trial in Afghanistan, we assess risk factors for women’s use of violence against their children, focused on women’s own adverse childhood experiences and experiences of IPV, poverty, poor mental health and gender attitudes. Analysis uses logistic regression and structural equation modelling (SEM). In total 744 married women reported on their use of violence against a child, with 71.8% (n = 534) reporting this in the past month. In regression models, their own experiences of witnessing their mother being physically abused, poverty during childhood, current food insecurity, their husband using corporal punishment on their child, current IPV experience, and other violence in the home were all associated with increased likelihood of women reporting corporal punishment. In the SEM, three pathways emerged linking women’s childhood trauma and poverty to use of corporal punishment. One pathway was mediated by poor mental health, a second was mediated by wider use of violence in the home and a third from food insecurity mediated by having more gender inequitable attitudes. Addressing the culture of violence in the home is critical to reducing violence against children, as well as enabling treatment of parental mental health problems and generally addressing gender equity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

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17 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“If It Goes Horribly Wrong the Whole World Descends on You”: The Influence of Fear, Vulnerability, and Powerlessness on Police Officers’ Response to Victims of Head Injury in Domestic Violence

by Jenny Richards, Janet Smithson, Nicholas J. Moberly and Alicia Smith

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 7070; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137070 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3409

Abstract

Domestic violence (DV) victims face significant barriers to accessing healthcare. This is particularly concerning in cases of brain injury (BI), which is difficult to diagnose and risks severe long-term consequences for DV victims. Police may be able to identify head injury (HI) and signpost victims to healthcare. This research investigated potential barriers to police supporting victim health needs by exploring police attitudes towards DV and considering how police interpret and respond to stories of HI in DV victims. Individual interviews were conducted with 12 police officers from forces in South and Central England. This included the use of a clinical vignette. Thematic analysis highlighted three global themes: ‘seesaw of emotions’, ‘police vulnerability’, and ‘head injury is fearful’. Police officers’ vulnerability to external blame was the predominant influence in their responses to HI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

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17 pages, 422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Women Facing Psychological Abuse: How Do They Respond to Maternal Identity Humiliation and Body Shaming?

by Marina B. Martínez-González, Diana Carolina Pérez-Pedraza, Judys Alfaro-Álvarez, Claudia Reyes-Cervantes, María González-Malabet and Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6627; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126627 - 20 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8672

Abstract

This research analyzes the decisions made by women facing simulated situations of psychological abuse. Seventy-three women (36.9 ± 13.6 years) who had been victims of domestic violence participated. The analysis was based on their coping strategies, early maladaptive schemes, and their decisions in response to vignettes describing the following domestic violence situations: humiliation to women’s maternal identity with children as witnesses and body shaming. We used Student’s t and Mann–Whitney tests to compare the results between groups. The participants presented some coping strategies (social support seeking, wishful thinking, and professional support seeking) and several early maladaptive schemes (emotional deprivation, defectiveness/shame, social isolation/alienation, failure to achieve, attachment, and subjugation) associated with their reactions facing a situation of humiliation with children as witnesses. When the humiliation was against the body image, their reactions were associated with some coping strategies (wishful thinking, professional support seeking, autonomy, negative auto-focus coping, and positive reappraisal) and one maladaptive scheme (defectiveness/shame). Women who reacted avoidantly showed higher social and professional support seeking but experienced higher indicators of discomfort and deterioration of self-esteem than those who opted for assertive decisions. The presence of children as witnesses seems to be a factor of stress in the configuration of coping strategies and maladaptive schemes in female victims of domestic violence. The evolution of early maladaptive schemes and coping strategies requires observation to avoid the risk of isolation and permanence in victimizing relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

13 pages, 992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparison of Men in Treatment and Their (Ex-) Partners Accounts

by Berta Vall, Anna Sala-Bubaré, Marianne Hester and Alessandra Pauncz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5859; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115859 - 29 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2644

Abstract

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health and widespread problem, and perpetrator programmes are in a unique position to work towards the end of gender-based violence. However, in order to promote safe perpetrator work, it is crucial to focus on the impact of IPV on the victims and survivors. In this context, little research has triangulated data by including both, victim’s perspectives on the impact that IPV has on them and also men’s level of awareness of the impact of their violent behaviour. In this paper, results from the “Impact Outcome Monitoring Toolkit (Impact Toolkit)” from one perpetrator treatment programme in the UK are presented. Participants were 98 in total; 49 men that were following treatment in a perpetrator program and their (ex-) partners. The differences in their perceptions of the IPV, but also on the impact of this abusive behavior on the victims, is described. Finally, recommendations for research and practice are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

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15 pages, 367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sexist Myths Emergency Healthcare Professionals and Factors Associated with the Detection of Intimate Partner Violence in Women

by Encarnación Martínez-García, Verónica Montiel-Mesa, Belén Esteban-Vilchez, Beatriz Bracero-Alemany, Adelina Martín-Salvador, María Gázquez-López, María Ángeles Pérez-Morente and María Adelaida Alvarez-Serrano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115568 - 23 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2697

Abstract

This study analysed the capacity of emergency physicians and nurses working in the city of Granada (Spain) to respond to intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, and the mediating role of certain factors and opinions towards certain sexist myths in the detection of cases. This is a cross-sectional study employing the physician readiness to manage intimate partner violence survey (PREMIS) between October 2020 and January 2021, with 164 surveys analysed. Descriptive and analytical statistics were applied, designing three multivariate regression models by considering opinions about different sexist myths. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were considered for the detection of cases. In the past six months, 34.8% of professionals reported that they had identified some cases of IPV, particularly physicians (OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.14–5.16; OR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.26–5.56). Those who did not express opinions towards sexist myths related to the understanding of the victim or the consideration of alcohol/drug abuse as the main causes of violence and showed a greater probability of detecting a case (NS) (OR = 1.26 and OR = 1.65, respectively). In order to confirm the indicia found, further research is required, although there tends to be a common opinion towards the certain sexual myth of emergency department professionals not having an influence on IPV against women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

11 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dating Violence: Idealization of Love and Romantic Myths in Spanish Adolescents

by Adelina Martín-Salvador, Karima Saddiki-Mimoun, María Ángeles Pérez-Morente, María Adelaida Álvarez-Serrano, María Gázquez-López, Encarnación Martínez-García and Elisabet Fernández-Gómez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(10), 5296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105296 - 16 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3439

Abstract

Dating violence is a significant problem among adolescents. It encompasses a variety of violent behavior, from verbal abuse to physical and sexual abuse, from threats to rape and murder. Among young people, idealization of love and romantic myths are very common as a consequence of our culture and society, which lead them to develop dysfunctional relationships that somehow favor and facilitate partner violence and sexist ideas in daily life. Education is the basic tool to eradicate discrimination and violence against women. The objective of this study is to explore the false myths of romantic love in adolescents and their related factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 16–19-year-old teenagers (n = 180), through questionnaires and by employing the romantic love myths scale, the ambivalent sexism inventory, and the love attitudes scale. Adolescents accepted to a greater degree the love myths associated with idealization than those related to abuse with scale values of Med = 2.72, SD = 0.55, and Med = 1.34, SD = 0.68, respectively. Designed models predict love idealization on the basis of benevolent sexism (β = 0.03; CI 95% = 0.021–0.039), religion (β = 0.198; CI 95% = 0.047–0.349), passionate love (β = 0.038; CI 95% = 0.015–0.061), practical love (β = 0.024; CI 95% = 0.001–0.047), and friendly love (β = 0.036; CI 95% = 0.014–0.058). Hostile sexism and undergraduate studies were associated with the myths that relate love and abuse (β = 0.19; CI 95% = 0.007–0.031, β = 0.208; CI 95% = 0.001–0.414, respectively). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

13 pages, 1261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in Witnessing and the Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence from the Perspective of Children in Finland

by Johanna Hietamäki, Marjukka Huttunen and Marita Husso

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4724; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094724 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2964

Abstract

Background—Intimate partner violence (IPV) has both direct and longer-term effects on children’s well-being. Much of the research thus far has relied on caregiver reports of IPV and clinical samples of children. By contrast, minimal research has examined violence between parents from the perspective of children using nationwide samples. Objective—This study explored the frequency of IPV witnessed by children and gender variations regarding the victims, perpetrators, and witnesses. Methods—The data were derived from a sample of 11,364 children from the Finnish Child Victim Survey 2013. The children were between 11 and 17 years old and were enrolled in the Finnish school system. The main methods of analysis included crosstabulation and the chi-square test. Results—The results indicate that children witnessed more IPV against their mother (4.9%) than their father (3.5%). Girls reported having witnessed more violence against both their mother (7.0%) and father (5.1%) than boys did (mothers 2.7%, fathers 1.8%). Girls’ reports of IPV against both parents were twice or more than twice as common as boys’ reports. Conclusions—The above differences might result from gendered expectations and boys’ and girls’ different relationships to violence, as well as differences in the recognition and interpretation of violent incidents. Therefore, practitioners should adopt a gender-sensitive approach as a precondition and practice for working with children in social and health care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

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22 pages, 3032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Neighborhood Attributes of Recently Housed Partner Violence Survivors in Rapid Rehousing

by Charvonne N. Holliday, Kristin Bevilacqua, Karen Trister Grace, Langan Denhard, Arshdeep Kaur, Janice Miller and Michele R. Decker

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084177 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3767

Abstract

Survivors’ considerations for re-housing following intimate partner violence (IPV) are understudied despite likely neighborhood-level influences on women’s safety. We assess housing priorities and predictors of re-housing location among recent IPV survivors (n = 54) in Rapid Re-housing (RRH) in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. Choropleth maps depict residential location relative to census tract characteristics (neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and residential segregation) derived from American Community Survey data (2013–2017). Linear regression measured associations between women’s individual, economic, and social factors and NDI and segregation. In-depth interviews (n = 16) contextualize quantitative findings. Overall, survivors re-housed in significantly more deprived and racially segregated census tracts within their respective regions. In adjusted models, trouble securing housing (B = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.13, 1.34), comfortability with proximity to loved ones (B = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.48), and being unsure (vs unlikely) about IPV risk (B = −0.76, 95% CI: −1.39, −0.14) were significantly associated with NDI. Economic dependence on an abusive partner (B = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.56, −0.06) predicted re-housing in segregated census tracts; occasional stress about housing affordability (B = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.75) predicted re-housing in less segregated census tracts. Qualitative results contextualize economic (affordability), safety, and social (familiarity) re-housing considerations and process impacts (inspection delays). Structural racism, including discriminatory housing practices, intersect with gender, exacerbating challenges among survivors of severe IPV. This mixed-methods study further highlights the significant economic tradeoffs for safety and stability, where the prioritization of safety may exacerbate economic devastation for IPV survivors. Findings will inform programmatic policies for RRH practices among survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

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14 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protection against Sexual Violence in the Colombian Legal Framework: Obstacles and Consequences for Women Victims

by Sandra M. Parra-Barrera, Nieves Moyano, Miguel Ángel Boldova and María del Mar Sánchez-Fuentes

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084171 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2964

Abstract

Sexual violence is a type of gender-based violence (GBV), as it is one of the different types of violence that is exerted against women. Sexual violence infringes fundamental human rights, and denies women’s dignity and self-determination, personal development, and well-being. Despite international treaties and a regulatory framework that legally protects Colombian women against sexual violence, it is necessary to know the effectiveness of this regulatory framework in Colombia. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to examine criminal legislation on crimes of sexual violence in Colombia with a dual purpose: first, to analyze procedural guarantees for women victims of sexual violence; second, to determine obstacles for victims of sexual violence in accordance with the legal framework. We used a legal interpretation method to perform an analysis and interpret the law. The results found that, although sexual violence is considered a type of crime, procedural guarantees are not effective as victims encounter serious obstacles with negative consequences, such as the violation of fundamental human rights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

14 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Violence Exerted, Received, and Perceived in Teen Dating Relationships

by Cordelia Estevez-Casellas, Mª Dolores Gómez-Medina and Esther Sitges

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052284 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4730

Abstract

Emotional intelligence plays a critical role in adolescence since it involves a change towards psychological, social, and sexual maturity; a stage in which the foundations of intimate social relationships are established. Emotional competences regulate the quality of these relationships in adolescence and can provide protection against or facilitate the use of violence within them. Based on the above, this study aims to analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence and violence exercised, received, and perceived by adolescents in dating relationships. A sample of 254 subjects (43.1% men and 56.9% women) between 12 and 18 years old was analyzed through the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaires of BarOn ICE:NA and Violence Exercised Perceived and Received by Adolescents VERA. The results of the research have shown that there is a significant and inverse relation between the dimensions of emotional intelligence and the violence exercised by adolescents in their dating relationships, and a positive and significant relation between emotional intelligence and the perception of violent behavior. For this reason, the importance of educating people about emotional intelligence from childhood within both the academic and family sphere is highlighted. This is fundamental to preventing the appearance of such violent behaviors and promoting an adequate adaptation to the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

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13 pages, 405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Sexual Attitudes, Sexual Assertiveness, and Sexual Functioning in Men and Women

by Juan Carlos Sierra, Ana I. Arcos-Romero, Ana Álvarez-Muelas and Oscar Cervilla

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020594 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3948

Abstract

Background: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm. The association between psychosexual (sexual assertiveness, erotophilia, and attitude towards sexual fantasies) and sexual function (sexual desire, sexual excitation, erection, orgasm capacity, and sexual satisfaction), and the experience of physical and non-physical IPV was assessed. Methods: Data from 3394 (1766 women, 1628 men) heterosexual adults completed the Spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse, scales measuring psychosexual and sexual function, and demographic characteristics were collected. Results: For men, poorer sexual health was associated with an experience of physical abuse (F = 4.41, p < 0.001) and non-physical abuse (F = 4.35, p < 0.001). For women, poorer sexual health was associated with physical abuse (F = 13.38, p < 0.001) and non-physical abuse (F = 7.83, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The experience of physical or non-physical abuse has a negative association with psychosexual and sexual functioning in both men and women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

11 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intimate Partner Violence and Resilience: The Experience of Women in Mother-Child Assisted Living Centers

by Chiara Rollero and Federica Speranza

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(22), 8318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228318 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2357

Abstract

Research has largely documented the damaging consequences of intimate partner violence. However, the literature presents an important gap in the identification of factors that may strengthen resilience in the victims, especially in the case of mothers and pregnant women. The present study aimed at investigating the experience of abused mothers engaged in an educative path in a Mother–Child Assisted Living Center. A qualitative descriptive methodology was used. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of eight women. Four main themes emerged from the interviews: (1) improvement in the mother–child relationship; (2) a process of personal change during the educative path; (3) the rebuilding of trust relationships; and (4) attitudes and hopes toward the future. Taken together, these findings highlight the process of resilience, conceived from a socioecological perspective as the ability to use resources rooted in interconnected systems. The implications of these findings are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children)

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