Research

12 pages, 4670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extending the Design Life of the Palm Jumeirah Revetment Considering Climate Change Effects

by Khaled Elkersh, Serter Atabay, Abdullah Gokhan Yilmaz, Yomna Morad and Nour Nouar

Hydrology 2023, 10(5), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10050111 - 13 May 2023

Viewed by 2697

This paper presents potential upgrades to the Palm Jumeirah Island’s outer revetment to extend its design life for 50 years, considering the sea level rise (SLR) associated with climate change. The paper proposes several upgrade options to ensure that the hydraulic stability and [...] Read more.

This paper presents potential upgrades to the Palm Jumeirah Island’s outer revetment to extend its design life for 50 years, considering the sea level rise (SLR) associated with climate change. The paper proposes several upgrade options to ensure that the hydraulic stability and wave overtopping discharges of the Palm Jumeirah revetment comply with the recommended design criteria based on industry guidelines. The performance of the existing revetment, in terms of the hydraulic stability and wave overtopping discharge criteria, is assessed using design wave heights (1- and 100-year events) extracted from an extreme wave analysis study on the Dubai coast. The results show that, based on the new design conditions, the existing structure should be upgraded to meet the armor stability criteria and recommended overtopping discharge values. Three different upgrade solutions are designed and analyzed to satisfy the required hydraulic stability and overtopping conditions. The suggested upgrade options are an extra armor layer, a flat berm, and a submerged breakwater offshore. The proposed upgrade solutions are preliminary designs that would require verification in terms of their geotechnical stability and physical model testing to evaluate their performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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14 pages, 8403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment of Sea Level Rise for Karasu Coastal Area, Turkey

by Ali Eliawa, Aslı Numanoğlu Genç, Hakan Tora and Hadi Hakan Maraş

Hydrology 2023, 10(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10010013 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1735

Abstract

Sea Level Rise (SLR) due to global warming is becoming a more pressing issue for coastal zones. This paper presents an overall analysis to assess the risk of a low-lying coastal area in Karasu, Turkey. For SLR scenarios of 1 m, 2 m, [...] Read more.

Sea Level Rise (SLR) due to global warming is becoming a more pressing issue for coastal zones. This paper presents an overall analysis to assess the risk of a low-lying coastal area in Karasu, Turkey. For SLR scenarios of 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m by 2100, inundation levels were visualized using Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The eight-side rule is applied as an algorithm through Geographic Information System (GIS) using ArcMap software with high-resolution DEM data generated by eleven 1:5000 scale topographic maps. The outcomes of GIS-based inundation maps indicated 1.40%, 6.02%, and 29.27% of the total land area by 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m SLR scenarios, respectively. Risk maps have shown that water bodies, low-lying urban areas, arable land, and beach areas have a higher risk at 1 m. In a 2 m scenario, along with the risk of the 1 m scenario, forests become at risk as well. For the 3 m scenario, almost all the territorial features of the Karasu coast are found to be inundated. The effect of SLR scenarios based on population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is also analyzed. It is found that the 2 and 3 m scenarios lead to a much higher risk compared to the 1 m scenario. The combined hazard–vulnerability data shows that estuarine areas on the west and east of the Karasu region have a medium vulnerability. These results provide primary assessment data for the Karasu region for the decision-makers to enhance land use policies and coastal management plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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11 pages, 2769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Level Fluctuations in the Middle and Late Holocene in the Curonian Lagoon, Southeastern Baltic: Results of the Macrofossil and Phytolith Analyses

by Olga Druzhinina, Maxim Napreenko, Tatiana Napreenko-Dorokhova, Alexandra Golyeva and Leyla Bashirova

Hydrology 2023, 10(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10010011 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1355

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a study on fluctuations in the water level of the Curonian Lagoon (in the Baltic Sea). To date, the genesis of this inland bay as part of the complex postglacial development of the southeastern Baltic is poorly [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of a study on fluctuations in the water level of the Curonian Lagoon (in the Baltic Sea). To date, the genesis of this inland bay as part of the complex postglacial development of the southeastern Baltic is poorly understood. The data from lithological, geochronological, and phytolith analyses, as well as assessments of plant and animal macroremains from the lagoonal sediments, provide a reconstruction of local coastal biocenoses and water level dynamics in the Middle and Late Holocene time. This study reveals the fairly dynamic evolution of the coastal zone of the Curonian Lagoon over the past 7000 years, as indicated by the traced succession of plant communities from forest to near-shore, open-water biocenoses and the alternations of the drying out and inundation of the area under consideration. Thus far, a connection with two stages of the Baltic Sea water level fluctuations has been traced: the regressional stage, which took place approximately 5600 cal years BP, and the Late Subatlantic transgression, which started at approximately 1100 cal BP. This study demonstrates that phytolith (microbiomorphic) analysis is a promising method for the study of temperate-latitude lagoonal sediments, providing information not only on the local plant communities, but also on the changes in the hydrological regime of the area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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11 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extreme Wave Analysis for the Dubai Coast

by Khaled Elkersh, Serter Atabay and Abdullah Gokhan Yilmaz

Hydrology 2022, 9(8), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080144 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2385

Abstract

This paper aims to present the result of commonly used extreme wave analysis distribution methods applied to a long-term wave hindcast at a point in the Arabian Gulf near the coastline of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The wave data were hindcasted for a [...] Read more.

This paper aims to present the result of commonly used extreme wave analysis distribution methods applied to a long-term wave hindcast at a point in the Arabian Gulf near the coastline of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The wave data were hindcasted for a total period of 40 years, starting from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 2018. This analysis aims to support the design, repair, and maintenance of coastal structures near the Dubai coast. A 2.5 m threshold is selected using the Peak Over Threshold method to filter the storm data for the extreme wave analysis. Different distribution methods are used for this analysis such as Log-normal, Gumbel, Weibull, Exponential, and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD). The significant wave heights are predicted for different return periods. The GPD distribution appears to fit the data best compared to the other distribution methods. Many coastal projects are being planned near the Dubai coastline. Hence, the analysis presented in this paper would be useful in designing safe and efficiently designed projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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14 pages, 4211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Sea Level Rise Inundation Impacts, Tidal Flooding and Extreme Wind Events along the Abu Dhabi Coastline

by Aaron C. H. Chow and Jiayun Sun

Hydrology 2022, 9(8), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080143 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3829

Abstract

This paper describes the development of a two-dimensional, basin-scale tidal model with waves and wave run-up to determine the inundation impacts on the Abu Dhabi coastline due to the combined effect of sea level rise, tidal flooding, storm surge and waves. The model [...] Read more.

This paper describes the development of a two-dimensional, basin-scale tidal model with waves and wave run-up to determine the inundation impacts on the Abu Dhabi coastline due to the combined effect of sea level rise, tidal flooding, storm surge and waves. The model combines a hydrodynamics model (DELFT3D), a spectral wave model (SWAN) and wave run-up. A high horizontal resolution (down to about 30 m) is employed in the vicinity of Abu Dhabi—a city built on a system of mangrove islands along the Arabian Gulf coast—to enable prediction of impact at the scale of the local infrastructure, such as individual highway links. The model confirms that, with a rise in sea level of 0.5 m, the islands along the outer coast of Abu Dhabi will experience inundation due to tidal flooding, wind, and high Shamal-induced waves. The incorporation of the wind and waves results in a prediction of more than double the area found underwater within the study area (from 82 to 188 km²). The inner water channel regions of Abu Dhabi, while mostly unaffected by wind-driven wave events, are still vulnerable to tidal flooding. Finally, the paper demonstrates the use of the model to predict whether protection of one segment of the city’s coastline will adversely affect the inundation potential of nearby unprotected segments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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16 pages, 5190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Google Earth Engine for Monitoring Marine Mucilage: Izmit Bay in Spring 2021

by Taskin Kavzoglu and Merve Goral

Hydrology 2022, 9(8), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080135 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2882

Abstract

Global warming together with environmental pollution threatens marine habitats and causes an increasing number of environmental disasters. Periodic monitoring of coastal water quality is of critical importance for the effective management of water resources and the sustainability of marine ecosystems. The use of [...] Read more.

Global warming together with environmental pollution threatens marine habitats and causes an increasing number of environmental disasters. Periodic monitoring of coastal water quality is of critical importance for the effective management of water resources and the sustainability of marine ecosystems. The use of remote sensing technologies provides significant benefits for detecting, monitoring, and analyzing rapidly occurring and displaced natural phenomena, including mucilage events. In this study, five water indices estimated from cloud-free and partly cloudy Sentinel-2 images acquired from May to July 2021 were employed to effectively map mucilage aggregates on the sea surface in the Izmit Bay using the cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Results showed that mucilage aggregates started with the coverage of about 6 km² sea surface on 14 May, reached the highest level on 24 May and diminished at the end of July. Among the applied indices, the Adjusted Floating Algae Index (AFAI) was superior for producing the mucilage maps even for the partly cloudy image, followed by Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) and Mucilage Index (MI). To be more specific, indices using green channel were found to be inferior for extracting mucilage information from the satellite images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

20 pages, 2139 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Overview of Coastal Vulnerability Indices with Reference to Physical Characteristics of the Croatian Coast of Istria

by Zaviša Šimac, Nina Lončar and Sanja Faivre

Hydrology 2023, 10(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10010014 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1959

Abstract

Coastal areas are dynamic and complex systems exposed to waves, high tides, and storm surges. Often, these areas are densely populated and have essential socio-economic values for the region and country. Any changes or disruptions can cause a tremendous social burden. Coastal Vulnerability [...] Read more.

Coastal areas are dynamic and complex systems exposed to waves, high tides, and storm surges. Often, these areas are densely populated and have essential socio-economic values for the region and country. Any changes or disruptions can cause a tremendous social burden. Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is one of the most used and straightforward methods to assess coastal vulnerability. This paper aims to analyse and summarise the current state of published coastal vulnerability indices. The analysis seeks to develop a regional vulnerability index for the eastern Adriatic coast, specifically for the Istrian peninsula. A total of 18 published papers were reviewed. A detailed survey was performed on three groups of variables that represent (a) the physical features of the coast, (b) the amount of influence of wave energy on the coast, and (c) exposed socio-economic factors. While choosing Physical and ecological variables is relatively straightforward, choosing Socio-economic variables is particularly challenging. The number of variables differs significantly from one author to another. As a result of the huge variety of global coastal characteristics and different research approaches, there is no universal CVI. Therefore, analysed indices are not suited for the calculation of the vulnerability of the Istrian coast without modification. A 5 × 5 m cell dimension was proposed as the most suitable for analysing the physical vulnerability of the Croatian coast of Istria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

19 pages, 3509 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Sea-Level Rise in Pakistan: Recommendations for Strengthening Evidence-Based Coastal Decision-Making

by Jennifer H. Weeks, Syeda Nadra Ahmed, Joseph D. Daron, Benjamin J. Harrison, Peter Hogarth, Tariq Ibrahim, Asif Inam, Arshi Khan, Faisal Ahmed Khan, Tariq Masood Ali Khan, Ghulam Rasul, Nadia Rehman, Akhlaque A. Qureshi and Sardar Sarfaraz

Hydrology 2023, 10(11), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10110205 - 25 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3881

Abstract

Pakistan is vulnerable to a range of climate hazards, including sea-level rise. The Indus Delta region, situated in the coastal Sindh province, is particularly at risk of sea-level rise due to low-lying land and fragile ecosystems. In this article, expertise is drawn together [...] Read more.

Pakistan is vulnerable to a range of climate hazards, including sea-level rise. The Indus Delta region, situated in the coastal Sindh province, is particularly at risk of sea-level rise due to low-lying land and fragile ecosystems. In this article, expertise is drawn together from the newly established Pakistan Sea-Level Working Group, consisting of policy experts, scientists, and practitioners, to provide recommendations for future research, investment, and coastal risk management. An assessment of the current scientific understanding of sea-level change and coastal climate risks in Pakistan highlights an urgent need to improve the availability and access to sea-level data and other coastal measurements. In addition, reflecting on the policy environment and the enablers needed to facilitate effective responses to future sea-level change, recommendations are made to integrate coastal climate services into the National Adaptation Plan and develop a National Framework for Climate Services. Such a framework, alongside collaboration, co-production, and capacity development, could help support required improvements in coastal observations and monitoring and continuously deliver useful, usable, and accessible sea-level information for use by practitioners and decision-makers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Effects on Coastal Management)

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