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Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences
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Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences

A special issue of Healthcare (ISSN 2227-9032).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (2 October 2023) | Viewed by 10886

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Ana M. Martín

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Psicología Cognitiva, Social y Organizacional, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
Interests: psychology and law; child-to-parent violence; environmental crime; animal abuse; juvenile offenders; risk/protective factors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last few decades, child-to-parent violence has become a cause for great concern among both the public and academics in several countries. Cases tried by the courts in relation to CPV are on the rise, in spite of the judicial system’s efforts to control the situation. Families with CPV cases require intervention not only by judicial but also social and/or mental health services. In order to achieve this, professionals are requesting the development of specific CPV programs as generic interventions for conduct disorders have not proven effective. These programs should be based on evidence of the risk and protective factors whose impact may be different in judicial, clinical and community samples. The risk factor most consistently related to CPV is exposure to violence, particularly at home. However, research also indicates that CPV occurs in a cultural context in which the victim is always blamed, and in which CPV is considered solely the result of a parenting failure. These social beliefs are internalized by abusers, victims, and the professionals to whom they turn for help. CPV is a social issue that should be addressed from different levels of analysis, and social policies may benefit from a combination of interventions at the individual, family and community level.

This Special Issue of the Healthcare aims to gather systematic research on CPV, performed from different levels of analysis. Papers combining high academic standards and implications for intervention and assessment are welcome. A special call is made for longitudinal studies, given their relevance in the research of causal relations between risk/protective factors and CPV.

Prof. Dr. Ana M. Martín
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Healthcare is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • child-to-parent violence
  • adolescent-to-parent-violence
  • parent abuse
  • parent blaming
  • CPV intervention
  • protective/risk factors

Published Papers (9 papers)

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13 pages, 779 KiB  
Article
Psychosocial Adjustment Factors Associated with Child–Parent Violence: The Role of Family Communication and a Transgressive Attitude in Adolescence
by Ana Romero-Abrio, Gonzalo Musitu-Ochoa, Juan Carlos Sánchez-Sosa and Juan Evaristo Callejas-Jerónimo
Healthcare 2024, 12(7), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070705 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 540
Abstract
According to official sources, the amounts of children-to-parent violence (CPV) in most advanced countries have been on an increasing trend for more than a decade, which generates great social concern. This phenomenon has also aroused enormous interest among researchers, who have identified risk [...] Read more.
According to official sources, the amounts of children-to-parent violence (CPV) in most advanced countries have been on an increasing trend for more than a decade, which generates great social concern. This phenomenon has also aroused enormous interest among researchers, who have identified risk and protective factors related to adolescent CPV in numerous studies. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between offensive family communication and CPV in adolescence, and the moderating role that two psychosocial adjustment factors may be playing: a positive attitude towards the transgression of rules and psychological distress. A total of 7787 adolescents between 11 and 16 years of age (M = 13.37, SD = 1.34) from secondary schools in the state of Nuevo León (Mexico) participated in the study (51.5% boys, 48.5% girls). Structural equation modelling was performed using structural equation modelling software (EQS). The results showed that offensive family communication has a direct and significant relationship with CPV. It was also observed that there is an indirect relationship between both variables, through the relationships of psychological distress and a positive attitude towards the transgression of rules. The multigroup analysis performed showed gender differences in some of these relationships. Finally, the results and their implications in the field of family intervention are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
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11 pages, 280 KiB  
Article
Prevalence of Dangerousness to the Public, Criminogenic Risk Factors and Psychopathic Traits in Child-to-Parent Offenders and Contrast with Non-Child-to-Parent Offenders
by Ricardo Fandiño, Juan Basanta, Francisca Fariña and Ramón Arce
Healthcare 2024, 12(6), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060622 - 9 Mar 2024
Viewed by 618
Abstract
Aim: Child-to-parent offenders (CPOs) are commonly specialist offenders and with high rates of recidivism. Thus, a field study was designed to estimate the prevalence of recidivism in the reference measures of recidivism i.e., dangerousness, risk factors and psychopathy, and compare CPOs with non-child-to-parent [...] Read more.
Aim: Child-to-parent offenders (CPOs) are commonly specialist offenders and with high rates of recidivism. Thus, a field study was designed to estimate the prevalence of recidivism in the reference measures of recidivism i.e., dangerousness, risk factors and psychopathy, and compare CPOs with non-child-to-parent juvenile offenders (non-CPOs). Method: A total of 136 juvenile offenders (76.5% boys), 76 CPOs and 60 non-CPOs, aged from 14 to 18 years old, were measured in terms of dangerousness, risk factors and psychopathic traits. Results: For CPOs, the results show a more than common prevalence (>0.50), 75.0%, 95% CI [0.653, 0.847]) of dangerousness (caseness); a significant prevalence (>0.05) of diagnostic psychopathy (25.0%, 95% CI [0.150, 0.350]); and a common prevalence (=0.50), 55.3%, 95% CI [0.441, 0.665]) of classifications of high- and very high-risk factors. Comparatively, no significant differences were observed between CPOs and non-CPOs in terms of mental health problems (dangerousness); meanwhile CPOs exhibited significantly more interpersonal and affective psychopathic traits and significantly higher risks in family circumstances/parenting, and personality and behavior risk factors. Conclusions: The implications for prevention and intervention programs with CPOs are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
15 pages, 484 KiB  
Article
Predicting the Risk of Re-Offending in Child-to-Parent Violence Using the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth
by Elena Ortega-Campos, Leticia De la Fuente-Sánchez, Flor Zaldívar-Basurto, Mery Estefanía Buestán-Játiva and Juan García-García
Healthcare 2023, 11(22), 2952; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11222952 - 12 Nov 2023
Viewed by 882
Abstract
Child-to-parent violence occurs when children engage in violent behaviour towards family members; the principal victim is often the mother. The risk assessment instruments used to identify the risk and protective factors in youth offenders who perpetrate child-to-parent violence are not specific to this [...] Read more.
Child-to-parent violence occurs when children engage in violent behaviour towards family members; the principal victim is often the mother. The risk assessment instruments used to identify the risk and protective factors in youth offenders who perpetrate child-to-parent violence are not specific to this type of offense. This study aims to describe the child-to-parent violence group in relation to the risk and protective factors they present in comparison with the group of young people who committed an assault offence. The sample for this study consists of two groups of youth offenders. The first group committed child-to-parent violence, and the second group has committed a violent crime against individuals to whom they are not related. Young people who commit child-to-parent violence have higher scores on the SAVRY risk factors and lower scores on the SAVRY protective factor than young people who have committed an assault offence. The results reveal the importance of identifying the risk and protective factors presented by youth offenders who commit child-to-parent violence in order to create specific intervention programs for the needs and strengths presented by this group of young people. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
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12 pages, 628 KiB  
Article
Psychological Symptoms in Parents Who Experience Child-to-Parent Violence: The Role of Self-Efficacy Beliefs
by Aitor Jiménez-Granado, Liria Fernández-González, Joana del Hoyo-Bilbao and Esther Calvete
Healthcare 2023, 11(21), 2894; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212894 - 3 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 985
Abstract
Previous research suggests that parents involved in child-to-parent violence (CPV) experience shame, judgment, and a lack of social support, often accompanied by feelings of self-blame and helplessness as well as a deterioration in their perception of self-efficacy and their parenting skills. All of [...] Read more.
Previous research suggests that parents involved in child-to-parent violence (CPV) experience shame, judgment, and a lack of social support, often accompanied by feelings of self-blame and helplessness as well as a deterioration in their perception of self-efficacy and their parenting skills. All of these factors may impact parents’ mental health. However, there is a research gap concerning the consequences of CPV among parents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between CPV and psychological symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, hostility, obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, and somatization) in parents based on their perceptions of self-efficacy. The sample was composed of 354 participants: 177 parents (83.1% mothers) and their 177 children (53.4% boys; Mage = 13.27). CPV was reported by both parents and their children. In addition, parents reported their self-efficacy beliefs and psychological symptoms. The results showed that CPV was negatively associated with parents’ psychological symptomatology, except for somatization. Moreover, self-efficacy beliefs explain part of the indirect association between CPV behaviors and psychological symptoms in parents. Overall, our findings provide evidence for the potential impact of CPV on mental health in parents and suggest the relevance of reinforcing their self-efficacy beliefs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
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14 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
Normative Beliefs about Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: The Spanish Adaptations of the Beliefs about Child-to-Parent Abuse Questionnaire and the Abusive Behavior by Children-Indices
by Helena Cortina and Ana M. Martín
Healthcare 2023, 11(20), 2775; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202775 - 20 Oct 2023
Viewed by 685
Abstract
Ascertaining the true prevalence of adolescent-to-parent violence (APV) is challenging because the measurement of APV in research is complex. There is no consensus on which behaviors constitute APV or how frequently they need to occur to be considered abusive. This study aimed to [...] Read more.
Ascertaining the true prevalence of adolescent-to-parent violence (APV) is challenging because the measurement of APV in research is complex. There is no consensus on which behaviors constitute APV or how frequently they need to occur to be considered abusive. This study aimed to explore the normative beliefs about APV related to the perpetrator’s gender in a sample of Spanish parents, by developing Spanish adaptations of the BACPAQ and the ABC-I. The participants were 329 Spanish parents aged 19 to 81, and 77% were mothers. They answered the Spanish adaptation of the BACPAQ online after being contacted by university students using the snowball sampling technique. Results show that sons were judged more harshly than daughters; although, differences were statistically significant only for a few psychologically abusive behaviors. There was agreement with the original study on the abusive nature of most behaviors, especially regarding physical violence. Cultural differences were reflected in verbal, psychological, and economic violence, and Spanish parents used more stringent thresholds than Australians. Future research should tackle the difficulty of carrying out studies on APV using a single tool able to reflect normative beliefs about this type of domestic violence in different cultures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
17 pages, 533 KiB  
Article
Are All Child-to-Parent Violence Profiles Associated with Exposure to Family Violence? Findings from a Sample of Spanish Adolescents
by Esther Calvete
Healthcare 2023, 11(12), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121710 - 11 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1220
Abstract
Exposure to family violence (EFV) is proposed as a relevant antecedent of child-to-parent violence (CPV). However, both previous research and practitioner experience suggest that not all cases of CPV involve EFV. This study aimed to identify profiles of adolescents according to their degree [...] Read more.
Exposure to family violence (EFV) is proposed as a relevant antecedent of child-to-parent violence (CPV). However, both previous research and practitioner experience suggest that not all cases of CPV involve EFV. This study aimed to identify profiles of adolescents according to their degree of involvement in CPV and their EFV. A sample of 1647 adolescents (mean age = 14.30, SD = 1.21; 50.5% boys) completed measures of CPV, witnessing family violence, victimization by parents, permissive parenting, parental warmth, and several measures of cognitive and emotional characteristics. Latent profile analyses based on measures of CPV and family characteristics supported a four-profile solution. Profile 1 (82.2%) consisted of adolescents with very low scores on both CPV and exposure to family violence. Profile 2 (6.2%) was characterized by medium scores on psychological CPV and high EFV. Profile 3 (9.7%) was characterized by severe psychological CPV and very low EFV. Profile 4 (1.9%) included adolescents with the highest scores on CPV, including physical violence, and high EFV. These profiles were found to differ from each other according to several cognitive and emotional variables of the adolescents. Therefore, not all CPV profiles were associated with a history of EFV. The obtained profiles have implications for interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
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11 pages, 311 KiB  
Article
Child-to-Parent Violence Specialist and Generalist Perpetrators: Risk Profile and Gender Differences
by Ismael Loinaz, Maialen Irureta and César San Juan
Healthcare 2023, 11(10), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11101458 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1223
Abstract
Like other forms of domestic violence, child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a social and health-related problem. The identification of risk factors has preventive and therapeutic implications. This paper analyzes the risk profiles and gender differences of 206 CPV cases between 12 and 28 years [...] Read more.
Like other forms of domestic violence, child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a social and health-related problem. The identification of risk factors has preventive and therapeutic implications. This paper analyzes the risk profiles and gender differences of 206 CPV cases between 12 and 28 years of age (58% males) from clinical and judicial contexts in Spain, assessed using the Child to Parent Violence Risk (CPVR) Assessment tool. Two profiles were compared according to the extent of their violence: those using only CPV (specialist, 64.1%) and those also using other types of violence (generalist, 35.9%), as coded by professionals working with the cases. Generalist perpetrators had a significantly higher prevalence in terms of the bidirectionality of the violence (being victims at home), bullying victimization, empathy problems, anger management issues, attitudes justifying violence, antisocial behavior, failure of previous interventions, violence between parents, cohabitation problems other than CPV, problematic education style, and inversion of the hierarchy. Females were less likely to be generalists, and, in the case of female specialists, violence from parents and issues in the family context may have been among the main explanations for their violence. The results suggest differences between groups, which is consistent with previous research, but also the need for more accurate typological classification methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
13 pages, 1008 KiB  
Article
Exposure to Violence during Childhood and Child-to-Parent Violence: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement
by Nazaret Bautista-Aranda, Lourdes Contreras and M. Carmen Cano-Lozano
Healthcare 2023, 11(10), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11101402 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1946
Abstract
This study examines the influence of exposure to family violence during childhood on child-to-parent violence (CPV) through moral disengagement. The sample included 1868 Spanish adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years (57.9% female, Mage = 14.94, SD = 1.37). Participants completed the [...] Read more.
This study examines the influence of exposure to family violence during childhood on child-to-parent violence (CPV) through moral disengagement. The sample included 1868 Spanish adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years (57.9% female, Mage = 14.94, SD = 1.37). Participants completed the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire, the Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale, and the Exposure to Violence Scale during childhood. Results showed that exposure to family violence during childhood (vicarious and direct violence) contribute independently and positively to CPV. Moreover, the relationship between vicarious and direct exposure to family violence and CPV is mediated by moral disengagement. The structural model was replicated for both CPV towards the father and CPV towards the mother. The results highlight the importance of early exposure to family violence and moral disengagement in violent behavior towards parents. It is necessary to stage an early intervention with children who have been exposed to family violence in order to prevent an intergenerational transmission of violent behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
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21 pages, 3513 KiB  
Systematic Review
Instruments of Child-to-Parent Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Luis Burgos-Benavides, M. Carmen Cano-Lozano, Andrés Ramírez and Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Díaz
Healthcare 2023, 11(24), 3192; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11243192 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1261
Abstract
This systematic review and reliability generalization meta-analysis synthesized psychometric literature on instrumentation assessing child-to-parent violence published through September 2023 across four databases. In the screening, we identified studies reporting Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency estimates for the child-to-parent violence scales. The eligible reliability coefficients [...] Read more.
This systematic review and reliability generalization meta-analysis synthesized psychometric literature on instrumentation assessing child-to-parent violence published through September 2023 across four databases. In the screening, we identified studies reporting Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency estimates for the child-to-parent violence scales. The eligible reliability coefficients ranged from 0.610 to 0.930, mostly exceeding the minimum threshold of 0.700. Random-effects models calculated pooled Cronbach’s alphas separately for global, father-specific, and mother-specific subscales. The results demonstrated cumulative values of 0.83 (global: standard error = 0.0129), 0.800 (fathers: standard error = 0.0203), and 0.81 (mothers: standard error = 0.0179), denoting largely adequate reliability. However, significant between-study heterogeneity was observed. While the mean alpha levels seem acceptable for most tools, substantial variability coupled with the possibility of some studies violating reliability assumptions indicates that a conservative interpretation is warranted. Ongoing scale refinement and additional psychometric evaluations will strengthen the rigor methodology in this developing research domain. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, as there is a high level of heterogeneity, and it is possible that some studies have not verified the assumptions underlying Cronbach’s alpha. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: Psychological and Contextual Influences)
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