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16 pages, 443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attachment Style and Emotional Regulation as Protective and Risk Factors in Mutual Dating Violence among Youngsters: A Moderated Mediation Model

by Jessica Morales-Sanhueza, Guadalupe Martín-Mora-Parra and Isabel Cuadrado-Gordillo

Healthcare 2024, 12(6), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060605 - 07 Mar 2024

Viewed by 759

Abstract

Violence in intimate partner relationships among young adults has become a global health problem given its prevalence and its negative effects on physical and psychological well-being. The severity of the problem has given rise to a large body of research that has attempted [...] Read more.

Violence in intimate partner relationships among young adults has become a global health problem given its prevalence and its negative effects on physical and psychological well-being. The severity of the problem has given rise to a large body of research that has attempted to find the variables associated with victimization in young couples (for example, attachment style, emotional regulation skills or empathy, among others). Moreover, traditionally, many of these investigations have only considered the point of view of female victims within a gender violence approach. However, in recent times, more and more evidence of the existence of mutual violence in young relationships has been found. These findings, combined with simplistic explanations of the phenomenon, have proven to be insufficient to prevent it. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate how some variables linked to dating violence interact with each other, modifying the mutual violence young people suffer and exercise. Considering this, different instruments were administered (the Experience in Close Relationships Scale (ECR-R); Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS-E); Basic Empathy Scale (BES); and Multidimensional Couple Violence Scale (EMVN)) to a sample of 557 young Chileans. The analysis of the results, based on the construction of a moderated mediation model, reveals that difficulties in emotional regulation are a predictor of violence in intimate partner relationships, whose direct and indirect effects on the violence exercised can be moderated by that partner’s attachment style. The findings also reveal that there is no association between empathy and violence, and they highlight that both men and women are victims and aggressors at the same time. This demonstrate the need to consider prevention and intervention strategies aimed at both sexes, since intimate partner violence is mutual and reciprocal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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17 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preschool Emotional Problems in the Post-Pandemic Era between Parental Risk and Protective Factors

by Laura Elvira Prino, Angelica Arace, Paola Zonca, Protima Agostini and Donatella Scarzello

Healthcare 2023, 11(21), 2862; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212862 - 30 Oct 2023

Viewed by 913

Abstract

The psychosocial adaptation of children born or experiencing their early years during the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain. In order to implement prevention strategies, it is, therefore, a priority to deeply analyze children’s mental health in this post-pandemic phase and to identify family risk [...] Read more.

The psychosocial adaptation of children born or experiencing their early years during the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain. In order to implement prevention strategies, it is, therefore, a priority to deeply analyze children’s mental health in this post-pandemic phase and to identify family risk and protective factors. Indeed, recent studies reveal that children’s emotional distress increased with the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in situations of high parental stress. The study investigates associations between some parental characteristics (coping strategies, parental burnout, resilience, perception of social support, and promotion of children’s social-emotional competence) and children’s emotional symptoms, considering gender differences. A total of 358 parents of children aged 2 to 6 years participated in this study. Regression analyses show that parental burnout is a predictor of emotional symptoms; moreover, for females, higher levels of emotional symptoms are associated with parental maladaptive coping strategies, whereas for males, the parent’s ability to promote children’s emotional competence is a protective factor. Results emphasize the importance of supporting parental well-being as a critical factor in shielding children from the repercussions of adverse situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

13 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vulnerability to Suicide Ideation: Comparative Study between Adolescents with and without Psychosocial Risk

by Marta Brás, Patrícia Elias, Francisca Ferreira Cunha, Cátia Martins, Cristina Nunes and Cláudia Carmo

Healthcare 2023, 11(19), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11192663 - 01 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 803

Abstract

Adolescents are characterized as a risk group for suicide, being the fourth leading cause of death in young people. The main aim was to compare vulnerability to suicidal ideation in a sample of young people with and without psychosocial risk. The total sample [...] Read more.

Adolescents are characterized as a risk group for suicide, being the fourth leading cause of death in young people. The main aim was to compare vulnerability to suicidal ideation in a sample of young people with and without psychosocial risk. The total sample consisted of 137 adolescents, aged between 10 and 19 years (M = 14.76; SD = 1.40), and it was composed of two groups—the psychosocial risk group (n = 60) and general population group (n = 77). In both groups, suicidal ideation correlated positively with negative events and negatively with self-esteem and social support satisfaction. When comparing the two groups, the psychosocial risk group presented significantly higher mean values of negative life events (mainly separations/losses and physical and sexual abuse) and significantly lower mean values of satisfaction with social support (particularly with family and social activities). It was also found that, in the psychosocial risk group, negative life events were the only significant predictors of suicidal ideation. This study allowed identifying the role of risk and protective factors in suicidal ideation, according to the psychosocial risk of adolescents. The practical implications of the findings on adolescents’ mental health and the promotion of their well-being are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

15 pages, 1303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Emotion Regulation Strategies Mediate the Relationship of Parental Emotion Socialization with Adolescent and Emerging Adult Psychological Distress?

by Liliana Bujor and Maria Nicoleta Turliuc

Healthcare 2023, 11(19), 2620; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11192620 - 25 Sep 2023

Viewed by 937

Abstract

A child’s ability to cope with stress is shaped by experiences in a parent–child relationship. In this study, the direct effect of a parent’s response to anger and happiness in childhood on adolescents’ and emerging adults’ psychological distress and the indirect effect through [...] Read more.

A child’s ability to cope with stress is shaped by experiences in a parent–child relationship. In this study, the direct effect of a parent’s response to anger and happiness in childhood on adolescents’ and emerging adults’ psychological distress and the indirect effect through the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies—specifically, cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression—were measured. To achieve our research aim, we tested four parallel mediation models using the bootstrapping method. A group of 497 participants aged between 14 and 35 years (M = 18.62; SD = 3.32), 66% female (n = 332) and 34% male (n = 165), completed a questionnaire comprising self-reporting measures. The results indicate direct effects between emotion socialization and distress for seven independent variables. The mother’s and father’s positive responses to anger and happiness are significant negative predictors of distress; the negative responses of both parents to happiness, and the mother’s negative response to anger—but not the father’s—are significant positive predictors of distress. The findings also provide support for the mediating role of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal for the mother’s positive response to both anger and happiness, as well as for the mother’s negative response to the child’s expression of happiness. None of the father’s responses—positive or negative, in relation to anger or happiness—are mediated by emotion regulation strategies in relation to distress. Our findings have practical implication for a preventative intervention program focused on the psychological growth of adolescents by adaptative emotional responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Social Determinants and Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Use of Four Different Mental Health Services by Australian Adolescents Aged 13–17 Years: Results from a Nationwide Study

by Md Irteja Islam, Shumona Sharmin Salam, Enamul Kabir and Rasheda Khanam

Healthcare 2023, 11(18), 2537; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11182537 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

Aim: In this study, we aimed to identify the determinants of four different forms of mental health service usage (general health services, school counselling, telephone, and online services), and the number of mental health services accessed (single and multiple) by Australian adolescents aged [...] Read more.

Aim: In this study, we aimed to identify the determinants of four different forms of mental health service usage (general health services, school counselling, telephone, and online services), and the number of mental health services accessed (single and multiple) by Australian adolescents aged 13–17 years. We also measured socioeconomic inequality in mental health services’ usage following the concentration index approach within the same sample. Subject and Methods: The data came from the nationwide cross-sectional survey, Young Minds Matter (YMM): the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Random effect models were used to identify the factors associated with four different mental health services and the number of services accessed. Further, the Erreygers’ corrected concentration indices for binary variables were used to quantify the socioeconomic inequality in each mental health service. The four services were the general health service (GP, specialist, psychiatrist, psychologist, hospital including emergency), school services, telephone counselling and online services. Results: Overall, 31.9% of the total analytical sample (n = 2268) aged 13–17 years old visited at least one service, with 21.9% accessing a single service and 10% accessing multiple services. The highest percentage of adolescents used online services (20.1%), followed by general mental health services (18.3%), while school services (2.4%) were the least used service. Age, gender, family type and family cohesion statistically significantly increased the use of general health and multiple mental health service usage (p < 0.05). Area of residence was also found to be a significant factor for online service use. The concentration indices (CIs) were −0.073 (p < 0.001) and −0.032 (p < 0.001) for health and telephone services, respectively, which implies pro-rich socio-economic inequality. Conclusion: Adolescents from low-income families frequently used general mental health services and telephone services compared to those who belonged to high-income families. The study concluded that if we want to increase adolescents’ usage of mental health services, we need to tailor our approaches to their socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition, from a policy standpoint, a multi-sectoral strategy is needed to address the factors related to mental health services to reduce inequity in service utilisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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18 pages, 2319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge about COVID-19 between Children and Adolescents with and without High Intellectual Abilities

by Gabriela López-Aymes, María de los Dolores Valadez Sierra, África Borges, Grecia Emilia Ortiz Coronel, Juan Francisco Flores-Bravo, Celia Josefina Rodríguez-Cervantes and Norma A. Ruvalcaba-Romero

Healthcare 2023, 11(17), 2408; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11172408 - 28 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

Among the characteristics within people with high intellectual abilities, some that stand out are a better handling of information, asynchronous development, high awareness, and sensibility. Therefore, our goal was to learn if, due to these characteristics, the children and adolescents with high intellectual [...] Read more.

Among the characteristics within people with high intellectual abilities, some that stand out are a better handling of information, asynchronous development, high awareness, and sensibility. Therefore, our goal was to learn if, due to these characteristics, the children and adolescents with high intellectual abilities have a better understanding and comprehension about COVID-19 compared to those with average intellectual abilities. A qualitative study was conducted at the beginning of the lockdown with 649 children with and without high intellectual abilities. An online questionnaire was used and three open questions were analyzed with the ALCESTE software. The results showed that both groups had a similar handling of the information regarding COVID-19. Despite this, in the high ability group there is a greater social concern, which coincides with some characteristics associated with a more developed moral conscience. The results are then discussed in terms of the importance of designing actions that allow us to adequately follow the control and intervention strategies, as well as to propose improvements in the communication of relevant information before diverse crises to which the child population may be exposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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19 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Young People and the Future: School Students’ Concerns and Hopes for the Future after One Year of COVID-19 in Austria—Findings of a Mixed-Methods Pilot Study

by Sonja Fehkührer, Elke Humer, Stefan Kaltschik, Christoph Pieh, Thomas Probst, Gertraud Diestler and Andrea Jesser

Healthcare 2023, 11(16), 2242; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162242 - 09 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 928

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in enormous changes in everyday life and numerous burdens for adolescents. This pilot study focused on how young people look to the future in the face of these burdens. Responses to two open-ended questions on concerns and hopes for [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in enormous changes in everyday life and numerous burdens for adolescents. This pilot study focused on how young people look to the future in the face of these burdens. Responses to two open-ended questions on concerns and hopes for the future that were part of a larger online survey on the mental health of school students in Austria were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Subsequently, differences in the experiences of boys and girls, young people with and without a migration background and psychologically stressed and non-stressed young people were examined by applying a mixed-methods approach. Data collection took place from 3 February to 28 February 2021. From a total survey sample of 3052 adolescents aged 14–20, a representative sample according to gender and migration background (N = 500) was drawn. Qualitative content analysis revealed several areas of concern about the future, including school-related concerns, concerns about the further development of the pandemic and the associated restrictions, concerns related to a lack of locus of control, health-related concerns and concerns about social relationships. The analysis also indicated young people’s greatest hopes for the future, such as hopes related to further pandemic development, hopes regarding major life goals, school, social relationships and health. Young people’s experiences differ according to gender, migration background and the extent of psychological distress. This study contributes to research on the psychological well-being of adolescents during the pandemic and provides important insights into the subjective experience of young people. It aims to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the concerns and hopes for the future of young people in a time marked by various challenges. The results of the study should be used to develop ideas for measures, such as the expansion of school psychological services and low-threshold support services for students, such as school social work and counseling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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13 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Physical Activity and Depression among Korean Adolescents Due to COVID-19: Using Data from the 17th (2021) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey

by Yong-Sook Eo and Myo-Sung Kim

Healthcare 2023, 11(4), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040517 - 09 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1607

Abstract

This study aimed to identify changes in the health behavior and mental health of adolescents due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the characteristics related to changes in physical activity and depression among health behavior changes. Data were extracted from the 17th Korea [...] Read more.

This study aimed to identify changes in the health behavior and mental health of adolescents due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the characteristics related to changes in physical activity and depression among health behavior changes. Data were extracted from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey of 54,835 adolescents. We classified the adolescents into three groups according to changes in physical activity and depression: no change, increased, or decreased. Independent variables included changes in health behavior due to COVID-19, demographic characteristics, health-related behavior, and mental health. Data were analyzed using the χ2-test and multiple logistic regressions using the SPSS Statistics 27 program. Changes in physical activity and depression showing negative changes due to the pandemic were related to factors such as having breakfast, current smoking, current drinking, stress, loneliness, despair, suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts. The related factors differed between the increased and decreased groups. The results of this study confirm that it is necessary to develop programs to promote the health of youth by considering the factors that affect physical activity and depression, which in turn influences the status of their health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

11 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Academic Helplessness and Life Satisfaction in Korean Adolescents: The Moderated Mediation Effects of Leisure Time Physical Activity

by Mihye Kim, Kyulee Shin and Sanghyun Park

Healthcare 2023, 11(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030298 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1991

Abstract

This study examined whether depression mediates a relationship between academic helplessness and life satisfaction and whether the mediating effect differs depending on participation in leisure time physical activity (LTPA) from a sample of 2384 middle school students in South Korea. Identifying these factors [...] Read more.

This study examined whether depression mediates a relationship between academic helplessness and life satisfaction and whether the mediating effect differs depending on participation in leisure time physical activity (LTPA) from a sample of 2384 middle school students in South Korea. Identifying these factors could help in developing intervention strategies for promoting life satisfaction. Structural equation modeling analyses were employed to understand how various factors influence adolescents’ life satisfaction. First, the effect of academic helplessness on life satisfaction was mediated by depression. Second, the mediating effect of depression was moderated according to participation in LTPA: the size of the negative mediating effect of depression on the relationship between academic helplessness and life satisfaction was reduced in the LTPA group compared to the non-LTPA group. The current findings suggest that encouraging engagement in physical activity may be a crucial vehicle for affecting academic helplessness, depression, and life satisfaction among early adolescents. Implications and future directions are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

24 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Association between Physical Activity, Self-Compassion, and Mental Well-Being after COVID-19: In the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model Revised with Self-Compassion (EXSEM-SC) Perspective

by Ming-Yu Claudia Wong, Hong-Wang Fung and Guangzhe Frank Yuan

Healthcare 2023, 11(2), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020233 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

During the great life-altering challenges brought by Coronavirus 2019, school closures and lack of access to exercise and social interactions may have increased students’ negative emotions. The current research acts as a follow-up study to the development of the EXSEM-SC, using the Repeated [...] Read more.

During the great life-altering challenges brought by Coronavirus 2019, school closures and lack of access to exercise and social interactions may have increased students’ negative emotions. The current research acts as a follow-up study to the development of the EXSEM-SC, using the Repeated Measures Panel Analysis Framework (RMPAF) to examine the stability of the model in revealing the relationship between physical activity, self-compassion, and mental well-being among Hong Kong adolescents. It is also aimed at examining the changes in physical activity, self-compassion, and mental well-being among Hong Kong adolescents between, before, and after the peak of COVID-19 using the EXSEM-SC Model. The RMPAF has involved 572 (60% Female, Mage = 13.63, SD =1.31) Hong Kong secondary school students. Furthermore, using the abductive qualitative approach, a total of 25 (Mage = 14.84, SD = 1.40) students were involved in the in-depth interviews to further investigate the relationships within the EXSEM-SC. The quantitative results showed that the relationship between physical activity and self-compassion could be demonstrated by the EXSEM-SC, with a satisfactory goodness-of-fit index in the SEMs, as well as satisfying model construct consistency. Moreover, it showed no significant differences in the level of physical activity, self-compassion, and mental well-being during and after the peak of COVID-19. The qualitative results demonstrated two new categories within the EXSEM-SC variables, which are personality traits and injuries experiences. With the stability of the EXSEM-SC model among adolescents, it is expected that the physical activity intervention, which is based on the EXSEM-SC model, could also aim at easing Hong Kong adolescent’s mental health issues. In addition, in terms of generating a long-term impact among students, the physical activity and self-compassionate intervention should be promoted among schools. However, the quantitative properties of the two new categories in the qualitative outcomes should be involved in future investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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13 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Mental Health among Malaysian University Music Students: Roles of Fear of COVID-19, Nomophobia, Loneliness, Sleep Quality, and Socioeconomic Status

by Chunmei Zhuang and Hashem Salarzadeh Jenatabadi

Healthcare 2023, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010018 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2333

Abstract

Previous mental health studies have shown higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms among university music students. In general, some similar findings have been observed for Malaysian music university students. In diagnosing the complications of mental health, there is consensus that it [...] Read more.

Previous mental health studies have shown higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms among university music students. In general, some similar findings have been observed for Malaysian music university students. In diagnosing the complications of mental health, there is consensus that it is essential to develop and evaluate a model oriented toward mental health illness prevention and treatment. To date, a suitable pattern for estimating mental health in terms of anxiety, stress, and depression among music university students is lacking. To fill this gap, we collected the necessary data from 691 music and 871 general students who were students for one year. The introduced pattern includes socioeconomic status, fear of COVID-19, nomophobia, sleep quality, loneliness, and mental health. Our data analysis proved that the levels of anxiety, depression, and stress of music students were lower than those of general students. Unlike some previous studies, in this study, the fear of COVID-19 and nomophobia didn’t have the most significant impact on mental health. The most significant impacts were related to sleep quality and loneliness. These findings have the potential to inform health promotion and services in the music education system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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11 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Learning Burnout on Sleep Quality in Primary School Students: The Mediating Role of Mental Health

by Lulu Qin, Si Chen, Bangan Luo and Yiwei Chen

Healthcare 2022, 10(10), 2076; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102076 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

Due to the growth of research on sleep, mental health, and learning burnout on healthy growth and its related public health significance of adolescents, this study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of mental health and learning burnout on sleep [...] Read more.

Due to the growth of research on sleep, mental health, and learning burnout on healthy growth and its related public health significance of adolescents, this study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of mental health and learning burnout on sleep among primary school students. The sleep quality (subjective sleep quality, sleep time, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, and daytime dysfunction), mental health, and learning burnout (exhaustion, learning cynicism, and reduced efficacy) of 900 students of grades 3–6 in primary schools were assessed in 2020. The PSQI scores of participants were 4.19 ± 2.545, of which a number of 322 (39.03%) students had sleep disturbance (PSQI scores ≧ 5). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that screen time (OR = 1.518, 95% CI: 1.164–1.980), ranking status (OR = 0.659, 95% CI: 0.480–0.907), learning burnout (OR = 1.088, 95% CI: 1.067–1.108), and mental health (OR = 4.672, 95% CI: 1.954–11.173) were the influencing factors for sleep quality of grade 3–6 students. According to the mediation effect analyses, mental health played a mediating effect (58.73% of the total effect) on the relationship between learning burnout and sleep quality. In conclusion, primary school students in Hunan of China have prominent sleep problems, and the daytime dysfunction caused by sleep problems is the most serious. Learning burnout positively predicted poorer sleep quality, and mental health played a mediating effect on the relationship between learning burnout and sleep quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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13 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Practice of Physical Exercise and Sports in Portuguese Trans Youth: A Case Study

by Joana Oliveira, Roberta Frontini, Miguel Jacinto and Raul Antunes

Healthcare 2023, 11(5), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050668 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

The following case study aims to analyze the experience of a Portuguese trans individual regarding their practice of physical exercise (PE) and sports in Portuguese gyms and sports clubs. A 30-min interview was conducted through the Zoom platform. Before the interview, four questionnaires—Satisfaction [...] Read more.

The following case study aims to analyze the experience of a Portuguese trans individual regarding their practice of physical exercise (PE) and sports in Portuguese gyms and sports clubs. A 30-min interview was conducted through the Zoom platform. Before the interview, four questionnaires—Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index—were also applied, all in their Portuguese version. The interview was digitally video recorded after consent was obtained, transcribed verbatim, and subject to thematic analysis. Findings suggest positive values for satisfaction with life and quality of life. The values of positive affect were higher than those of negative affect, and there was an absence of depressive and anxious symptomatology. In the qualitative analysis, mental health was the main motive for the practice, while locker rooms separated by gender and university life were the main barriers mentioned. Mixed changing rooms were identified as facilitators of PE practice. This study highlights the importance of developing strategies for the creation of mixed changing rooms and sports teams in order to promote a comfortable and safe practice for all individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Survey on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents)

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