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Fishes
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Infections of Aquatic Animals
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Infections of Aquatic Animals

A special issue of Fishes (ISSN 2410-3888). This special issue belongs to the section "Welfare, Health and Disease".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 9291

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Danny Morick

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
Interests: virus; bacteria; fish; disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in both coastal and inland areas involving interventions in the rearing process to increase production. Aquaculture and mariculture are growing rapidly worldwide, more so than any other animal-food-producing sector. Aquaculture production has increased from 9% of fishery resources in 1980 to almost 50% today. The most important limiting factor in global aquaculture is emerging infectious diseases, especially viral diseases. Viral diseases in fish are continually and rapidly spreading in fish farms, causing enormous economic losses. This Special Issue will promote original knowledge about marine biology, while also relating to marine ecology and public health issues.

Dr. Danny Morick
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fishes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • virus
  • bacteria
  • fish
  • disease
  • sea

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 16298 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Viral Diversity of Artemia Cysts from Saline Lakes in Kazakhstan Using Viral Metagenomics Analysis
by Marat Kumar, Kobey Karamendin, Zhanara Mazhibayeva, Yermukhammet Kassymbekov, Temirlan Sabyrzhan, Kuanysh Isbekov, Saule Assylbekova and Aidyn Kydyrmanov
Fishes 2023, 8(10), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100487 - 28 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1320
Abstract
Artemia (brine shrimp) holds significant value as a live feed for larval fish and crustaceans, owing to their distinctive dietary requirements. However, it is vital to acknowledge that Artemia also carries potential risk as a vector of infection. We conducted a metagenomic analysis [...] Read more.
Artemia (brine shrimp) holds significant value as a live feed for larval fish and crustaceans, owing to their distinctive dietary requirements. However, it is vital to acknowledge that Artemia also carries potential risk as a vector of infection. We conducted a metagenomic analysis to explore the virome present in Artemia cysts collected from inland salt lakes across four distinct regions in Kazakhstan. This study identified the presence of dsDNA phages and RNA virus sequences, with a predominant representation from the Reoviridae, Nodaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Tombusviridae, and Solemoviridae families. In general, this study has significantly enhanced our understanding of the virome of Artemia cysts in the saline lakes of Kazakhstan; however, the interactions between these putative viruses and brine shrimp and other aquatic animals need further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections of Aquatic Animals)
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7 pages, 1777 KiB  
Communication
Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) Has Been Present in Chilean Salmon Aquaculture since at Least 1994
by Marco Rozas-Serri, Ricardo Ildefonso, Victoria Jaramillo, Estefanía Peñaloza, Camila Leiva, Soraya Barrientos, Darling Coñuecar, Lucerina Maldonado, Ariel Muñoz, Andrea Peña, Felipe Aranis and Carolina Senn
Fishes 2023, 8(5), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050229 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1433
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) was first described in farmed Atlantic salmon in Chile in 2011. However, as PRV induces long-lasting infections, it is not known when Chilean farmed salmon may have started to show PRV positivity. [...] Read more.
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) was first described in farmed Atlantic salmon in Chile in 2011. However, as PRV induces long-lasting infections, it is not known when Chilean farmed salmon may have started to show PRV positivity. This study aimed to evaluate the presence/absence of PRV-1 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded Atlantic salmon heart tissues (FFPE) cultured in Chile during 1992 and 1999. The most frequent histopathological findings in the 42 FFPE blocks were mild focal cardiomyocyte degeneration (57.1%) and a mild focal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate (21.4%) in the ventricular stratum spongiosum of the heart. One of the 42 heart samples analyzed by RT-qPCR was positive for PRV-1 (2.4%). All samples were negative for other viral and bacterial pathogens that can induce similar histological changes in the heart. Taken together, our results show that PRV-1 has been present in Chile—as a low-virulence genogroup—since at least 1994, 17 years before the first HSMI outbreak in 2011. Finally, archaeovirology can be a valid alternative to contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of diseases in aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections of Aquatic Animals)
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17 pages, 1425 KiB  
Article
Description of a Novel Fish Pathogen, Plesiomonas shigelloides subsp. oncorhynchi, Isolated from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): First Genome Analysis and Comparative Genomics
by Muhammed Duman, Elena García Valdés, Hilal Ay, Soner Altun and Izzet Burcin Saticioglu
Fishes 2023, 8(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040179 - 28 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2102
Abstract
Plesiomonas shigelloides is the only species in its genus, and has zoonotic importance due to the serious implications resulting from the consumption of contaminated seafood. This is the first report on the genomic features of the whole-genome sequence (WGS) of P. shigelloides strain [...] Read more.
Plesiomonas shigelloides is the only species in its genus, and has zoonotic importance due to the serious implications resulting from the consumption of contaminated seafood. This is the first report on the genomic features of the whole-genome sequence (WGS) of P. shigelloides strain V-78, recovered from diseased rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The genome of P. shigelloides V-78 consists of 4,478,098 base pairs (bp), which encode 3730 proteins, and has a G + C content of 51.1%. The bioinformatics analysis of WGS of V-78 confirmed the presence of 121 tRNA genes and 42 rRNA genes (15 genes for 5S rRNA, 13 genes for 16S rRNA, and 14 genes for 23S rRNA). Comprehensive genome analyses revealed that the strain encodes for secondary metabolites, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes. The strain V-78 has 31 known antibiotic resistance models, which encode many antimicrobial resistances. In addition, strain V-78 has 42 different virulence genes, such as adhesion, secretion system, and motility. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization value against P. shigelloides NCTC 10360 was 74.2%, while the average nucleotide identity value was 97.1%. Based on the scrutinized analysis of genomic data, strain V-78 should be considered a novel subspecies of P. shigelloides, for which Plesiomonas shigelloides subsp. oncorhynchi is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections of Aquatic Animals)
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13 pages, 1133 KiB  
Article
Molecular Identification of Photobacterium damselae in Wild Marine Fish from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
by Danny Morick, Yuval Maron, Nadav Davidovich, Ziv Zemah-Shamir, Yaarit Nachum-Biala, Peleg Itay, Natascha Wosnick, Dan Tchernov and Shimon Harrus
Fishes 2023, 8(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020060 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2334
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by marine bacterial pathogens inflict increasing economic losses to fisheries and aquaculture, while also posing a growing risk to public health and affected species conservation. In this study, four wild marine fish species were collected at five fishing sites in [...] Read more.
Infectious diseases caused by marine bacterial pathogens inflict increasing economic losses to fisheries and aquaculture, while also posing a growing risk to public health and affected species conservation. In this study, four wild marine fish species were collected at five fishing sites in Israel, divided into two regions—north (Acre, Haifa, Shefayim) and center-south (Tel-Aviv and Ashdod), and screened for Photobacterium damselae. An initial screening was carried out using PCR analysis with specifically designed primers on DNA extracted from livers and kidneys. P. damselae-positive samples had their 16S rRNA amplicons sequenced. Later, an attempt to specify relevant sub-species was performed, using a three-layered gene screen: Car, ureC and toxR. Of 334 fish samples, 47 (14%) were found to be P. damselae-positive, of which 20 were identified as P. damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp), two as P. damselae subsp. damselae (Phdd) and 25 could not be identified to subspecies. Our results strengthen the view that fish residing in a polluted environment are receptive of pathogenic microorganisms. To assess how the presence of pathogens may affect population management and conservation, this research should be followed by studies aimed at: (i) quantifying levels of pollutants that may affect pathogen emergence, and (ii) creating a standard pollution-level index as a basis for setting criteria, above which authorities should take measures of precaution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections of Aquatic Animals)
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14 pages, 5014 KiB  
Article
Tenacibaculum ovolyticum 16S rDNA Quantitative-PCR Assay Development and Field Testing
by Joseph P. Nowlan, Brianna M. Heese, Matthew J. Wilson, Scott R. Britney, John S. Lumsden and Spencer Russell
Fishes 2022, 7(6), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060303 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1389
Abstract
In British Columbia (BC; Canada) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) production, Tenacibaculum members are associated with ‘mouthrot’ and disease identification is based on gross observation and clinical data. Genomic similarities (i.e., putative virulence factors) between T. ovolyticum and other better-characterized agents of [...] Read more.
In British Columbia (BC; Canada) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) production, Tenacibaculum members are associated with ‘mouthrot’ and disease identification is based on gross observation and clinical data. Genomic similarities (i.e., putative virulence factors) between T. ovolyticum and other better-characterized agents of mouthrot could imply potential pathogenicity. While T. ovolyticum has not been directly linked to salmon mortality events in BC, it has been isolated from diseased marine fish. To investigate T. ovolyticum’s pathogenicity in situ, a T. ovolyticum 16S rDNA qPCR assay targeting a ~155 bp amplicon was developed. The assay was used to screen 67 biotic and 33 abiotic samples collected from a BC Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) net-pen site before, during, and after a mouthrot outbreak. The assay was specific, quantifiable and detectable for T. ovolyticum over 6-log and 8-log units, respectively. However, cycle quotients differed between the BC isolate and type strain of T. ovolyticum, suggesting that qualitative use of the qPCR assay in field samples would be more accurate. Only two out of 100 samples were T. ovolyticum-positive, indicating limited involvement in this particular outbreak. However, the ecological role of T. ovolyticum and its involvement in the pathogenesis of other mouthrot outbreaks in Atlantic salmon is unknown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections of Aquatic Animals)
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