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Electronics
Special Issues
New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications
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New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 37382

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yeon Ho Chung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
Interests: visible light communications; optical camera communications; ultraviolet communications; underwater ultraviolet communications; optical scattering communications; advanced wireless communications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A new 5G system was launched for enhanced mobile broadband with ultra-reliable and low-latency services in 2019. This new system will enable massive device connections and create new radio services for years to come. Recently, a few leading wireless industries have initiated beyond-5G or 6G developments to deliver even broader services, such as holographic radios, intelligent radios, AI-based wireless communications, and terahertz communications. In light of these broader services, there is one thing in common: moving toward light spectra from radio spectra.

Inevitably, a light-based or hybrid of radio frequency and light will significantly benefit the evolution of current wireless communications, visible light communications, invisible light (ultraviolet or infrared) communications, and other optical wireless communications with artificial intelligence incorporated. To meet these demands and objectives, there will be enormous challenges ahead in both wireless communications and optical scattering (or optical wireless) communications. Specifically, the challenges include privacy and security concerns, spectrum scheduling, power management, interference control, and real-time service deployment in the field of wireless and optical wireless communications. In this view, this Special Issue is timely for identifying challenges and issues, while providing possible solutions. In this Special Issue, we solicit state-of-the-art approaches and key technologies for the design, development, and deployment of future wireless and optical communication systems.

Topics include but are not limited to:

  • Security issues for high-speed interference-free multiuser wireless communications;
  • Challenges in design and deployment of robust FSO systems;
  • Advanced future perspectives in FSO;
  • Low-latency, high-reliability optical communications for heterogeneous network;
  • Interference issues for multiuser optical communications;
  • Challenges in optical scattering communications;
  • Terahertz communications;
  • Holographic data transmission;
  • Orbital angular momentum for wireless and optical communications;
  • Efficient computing and low-complexity AI algorithms for optical communications;
  • Machine learning, AI, Deep learning, ANN approaches for error-free communications;
  • Indoor/outdoor visible light communications;
  • Ultraviolet communications for indoor/outdoor applications;
  • Underwater optical communications;
  • Air-to-sea (or ground) communications;
  • Drone (UAV) communications;
  • Cooperative optical communications;
  • High-speed and low-latency vehicle-to-vehicle communications.

Prof. Dr. Yeon Ho Chung
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Terahertz communications
  • Intelligent communications
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Non-line-of-sight transmission
  • UAV communications
  • Optical scattering communications
  • Underwater optical communications
  • Vehicle-to-vehicle communications

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 8173 KiB  
Article
Secure Visible Light Communication Technique Based on Asymmetric Data Encryption for 6G Communication Service
by Yong Up Lee
Electronics 2020, 9(11), 1847; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111847 - 04 Nov 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2134
Abstract
Security in residential and business establishments has become an area of considerable importance. To provide enhanced security using conventional visible light (VL) communication, the characteristics of which allow for easy access by nearby intruders, a new VL communication technique is proposed in this [...] Read more.
Security in residential and business establishments has become an area of considerable importance. To provide enhanced security using conventional visible light (VL) communication, the characteristics of which allow for easy access by nearby intruders, a new VL communication technique is proposed in this paper. The novel VL communication system is based on a data encryption method using asymmetric encryption, and it is proposed for use in smart indoor services in the 6th generation communication environment. The asymmetric encryption capability is studied by comparison with the conventional technique, the optimum key length for the public or private encryption codes is determined under the criterion of the minimum estimation error. Moreover, the error performance is analyzed with various RSA encryption keys and data lengths to verify the performance of the proposed technique. A real experiment is performed to evaluate the proposed technique using an implemented test bed, and the success rates of the VL communication technique with and without RSA coding are evaluated by a real experiment with a test bed under an indoor laboratory VL channel. We believe it is evident that the VL communication technique based on asymmetric encryption yields superior error performance compared to that without encryption for optimal lengths of the encryption key and data bits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications)
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10 pages, 1684 KiB  
Article
A Full-Duplex LED-to-LED Visible Light Communication System
by Hyunwoo Jung and Sung-Man Kim
Electronics 2020, 9(10), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101713 - 18 Oct 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3587
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated full-duplex light-emitting diode (LED)-to-LED visible light communication (VLC) using LEDs as the transmitter and receiver. Firstly, we investigated the performance dependency on the wavelengths of the LED transmitter and receiver by measuring the rise time and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Through [...] Read more.
We experimentally demonstrated full-duplex light-emitting diode (LED)-to-LED visible light communication (VLC) using LEDs as the transmitter and receiver. Firstly, we investigated the performance dependency on the wavelengths of the LED transmitter and receiver by measuring the rise time and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Through the investigation, we were able to choose the optimal LED color set for LED-to-LED VLC using Shannon’s channel capacity law. The bit error rate (BER) results of full-duplex and half-duplex LED-to-LED VLC systems with the optimal LED sets are shown to compare the performance. Furthermore, we discuss major distortions and signal losses in the full-duplex LED-to-LED VLC system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications)
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19 pages, 6758 KiB  
Article
Reduced Tilting Effect of Smartphone CMOS Image Sensor in Visible Light Indoor Positioning
by Md Habibur Rahman, Mohammad Abrar Shakil Sejan, Jong-Jin Kim and Wan-Young Chung
Electronics 2020, 9(10), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101635 - 03 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2469
Abstract
Visible light positioning (VLP) using complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors is a cost-effective solution to the increasing demand for an indoor positioning system. However, in most of the existing VLP systems with an image sensor, researchers assume that the receiving image sensor is [...] Read more.
Visible light positioning (VLP) using complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors is a cost-effective solution to the increasing demand for an indoor positioning system. However, in most of the existing VLP systems with an image sensor, researchers assume that the receiving image sensor is positioned parallel to the indoor floor without any tilting and, thus, have only focused on the high-precision positioning algorithm and ignored the proper light-emitting diode (LED)-ID recognition. To address these limitations, we present, herein, a smartphone CMOS image sensor and visible light-based indoor localization system for a receiver device in a tilted position, and we have applied a machine learning approach for optimized LED-ID detection. For detection of the LED-ID, we generated different features for different LED-IDs and utilize a machine learning method to identify each ID as opposed to using the conventional coding and decoding method. An image processing method was used for the image features extraction and selection. We utilized the rolling shutter mechanism of the smartphone CMOS image sensor in our indoor positioning system. Additionally, to improve the LED-ID detection and positioning accuracy with the tilting of the receiver, we utilized the embedded fusion sensors of the smartphone (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer, which can be used to extract the yaw, pitch, and roll angles). The experimental results for the proposed positioning system show that it can provide 2.49, 4.63, 8.46, and 12.20 cm accuracy with angles of 0, 5, 10, and 15°, respectively, within a 2 m × 2 m × 2 m positioning area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications)
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9 pages, 1374 KiB  
Article
Design of Streaming Data Transmission Using Rolling Shutter Camera-Based Optical Camera Communications
by Byung Wook Kim, Jong-Ho Yoo and Sung-Yoon Jung
Electronics 2020, 9(10), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101561 - 24 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2526
Abstract
This paper addresses a method to transmit streaming data via rolling shutter camera-based optical camera communications (OCC). Since the amount of data that can be contained within one frame is limited, and the continuity of received data cannot be guaranteed due to OCC [...] Read more.
This paper addresses a method to transmit streaming data via rolling shutter camera-based optical camera communications (OCC). Since the amount of data that can be contained within one frame is limited, and the continuity of received data cannot be guaranteed due to OCC environmental variations, we introduce the concept of dividing the streaming data into several fragmented sets that are transmitted sequentially. We propose a superframe to contain sequential packets of fragmented data and corresponding indices, so that sequential packets for streaming data can be continuously collected. When redundant frame transmission is considered, any packet lost due to OCC environmental conditions can be recovered. Experimental results show that the proposed method can be successfully used to transmit streaming data, with the number of redundant frames required to acquire all data packets based on image resolution. In addition, we describe how to identify missing packets from a network point of view to reduce the number of redundant frames needed to acquire all the data. This paper presents baseline results of communication performance when sending streaming data via a rolling shutter-based OCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications)
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14 pages, 5163 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Received Optical Power for Switching Hybrid FSO/RF System
by Renát Haluška, Peter Šuľaj, Ľuboš Ovseník, Stanislav Marchevský, Ján Papaj and Ľubomír Doboš
Electronics 2020, 9(8), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081261 - 06 Aug 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2723
Abstract
This study deals with the problem of fiber-free optical communication systems—known as free space optics—using received signal strength identifier (RSSI) prediction analysis for hard switching of optical fiber-free link to base radio-frequency (RF) link and back. Adverse influences affecting the atmospheric transmission channel [...] Read more.
This study deals with the problem of fiber-free optical communication systems—known as free space optics—using received signal strength identifier (RSSI) prediction analysis for hard switching of optical fiber-free link to base radio-frequency (RF) link and back. Adverse influences affecting the atmospheric transmission channel significantly impair optical communications, therefore attention was paid to the practical design, as well as to the implementation of the monitoring device that is used to record and process weather information along a transmission path. The article contains an analysis and methodology of the solution of the high availability of the optical link. Attention was paid to the technique of hard free space optics (FSO)/RF-switching with regard to the amount of received optical power detected and its relation to the quantities influencing the optical communication line. For this purpose, selected methods of machine learning were used, which serve to predict the received optical power. The process of analysis of prediction of received optical power is realized by regression models. The study presents the design of the optimal data input matrix model, which forms the basis for the training of the prediction models for estimating the received optical power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications)
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Review

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38 pages, 2460 KiB  
Review
Visible Light Communications for Industrial Applications—Challenges and Potentials
by Yousef Almadani, David Plets, Sander Bastiaens, Wout Joseph, Muhammad Ijaz, Zabih Ghassemlooy and Sujan Rajbhandari
Electronics 2020, 9(12), 2157; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122157 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 8782
Abstract
Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a short-range optical wireless communication technology that has been gaining attention due to its potential to offload heavy data traffic from the congested radio wireless spectrum. At the same time, wireless communications are becoming crucial to smart manufacturing [...] Read more.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a short-range optical wireless communication technology that has been gaining attention due to its potential to offload heavy data traffic from the congested radio wireless spectrum. At the same time, wireless communications are becoming crucial to smart manufacturing within the scope of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is a developing trend of high-speed data exchange in automation for manufacturing technologies and is referred to as the fourth industrial revolution. This trend requires fast, reliable, low-latency, and cost-effective data transmissions with fast synchronizations to ensure smooth operations for various processes. VLC is capable of providing reliable, low-latency, and secure connections that do not penetrate walls and is immune to electromagnetic interference. As such, this paper aims to show the potential of VLC for industrial wireless applications by examining the latest research work in VLC systems. This work also highlights and classifies challenges that might arise with the applicability of VLC and visible light positioning (VLP) systems in these settings. Given the previous work performed in these areas, and the major ongoing experimental projects looking into the use of VLC systems for industrial applications, the use of VLC and VLP systems for industrial applications shows promising potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications)
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45 pages, 18225 KiB  
Review
Optical Camera Communications: Principles, Modulations, Potential and Challenges
by Willy Anugrah Cahyadi, Yeon Ho Chung, Zabih Ghassemlooy and Navid Bani Hassan
Electronics 2020, 9(9), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091339 - 19 Aug 2020
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 13525
Abstract
Optical wireless communications (OWC) are emerging as cost-effective and practical solutions to the congested radio frequency-based wireless technologies. As part of OWC, optical camera communications (OCC) have become very attractive, considering recent developments in cameras and the use of fitted cameras in smart [...] Read more.
Optical wireless communications (OWC) are emerging as cost-effective and practical solutions to the congested radio frequency-based wireless technologies. As part of OWC, optical camera communications (OCC) have become very attractive, considering recent developments in cameras and the use of fitted cameras in smart devices. OCC together with visible light communications (VLC) is considered within the framework of the IEEE 802.15.7m standardization. OCCs based on both organic and inorganic light sources as well as cameras are being considered for low-rate transmissions and localization in indoor as well as outdoor short-range applications and within the framework of the IEEE 802.15.7m standardization together with VLC. This paper introduces the underlying principles of OCC and gives a comprehensive overview of this emerging technology with recent standardization activities in OCC. It also outlines the key technical issues such as mobility, coverage, interference, performance enhancement, etc. Future research directions and open issues are also presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wireless and Free Space Optical Communications)
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