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Electronics
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Millimeter Wave Technology in 5G
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Millimeter Wave Technology in 5G

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2020) | Viewed by 18923

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Joongheon Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
Interests: streaming; millimeter-wave; 5G; stochastic optimization; deep learning

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, wireless data transmission and media streaming in the millimeter-wave frequency range have received a lot of attention by the wireless communications and consumer electronics communities. In IEEE 802.11-family research communities, such as IEEE 802.15.3c, IEEE 802.11ad (a.k.a., Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig)), and recently, IEEE 802.11ay, the 60 GHz frequency range has been of great interest. IEEE 802.15.3c and IEEE 802.11ad are focused on indoor wireless uncompressed video streaming, whereas IEEE 802.11ay is focused on outdoor backhaul networking and related topics. On the other hand, in mobile communications research communities, such as 5G, 24 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz frequency ranges have been actively discussed as frequencies that are suitable to combat non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and high mobility scenarios.

In order to overcome the disadvantages of millimeter-wave technologies, such as short distance communications due to high path-loss and weakness in NLOS and blockage situations, many advanced communications and networking technologies from the low-layer to the high-layer have been proposed using the concept of the OSI 7 layer. In this Special Issue, we are particularly interested in describing, defining, and quantifying the potential problems of millimeter-wave wireless technologies as well as looking at solutions, prototypes and demonstrators, including antenna design, massive antenna design, radio frequency platform design, channel modeling, and measurements. Furthermore, besides the low-layer techniques, many algorithms for higher layers are of interest, for example, relaying, routing, scheduling, and adaptive video coding over millimeter-wave channels.

Dr. Joongheon Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • millimeter-wave
  • outdoor backhaul
  • video streaming
  • physical layer
  • 5G
  • scheduling
  • routing
  • relaying

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 2280 KiB  
Article
Cell ID and Angle of Departure Estimation for Millimeter-wave Cellular Systems in Line-of-Sight Dominant Conditions Using Zadoff-Chu Sequence Based Beam Weight
by Yeong Jun Kim and Yong Soo Cho
Electronics 2020, 9(2), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020335 - 15 Feb 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2167
Abstract
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands is considered for fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems because abundant spectrum is available for mobile broadband communications. In mmWave communication systems, accurate beamforming is important to compensate for high attenuation in the mmWave frequency band and to extend the transmission range. [...] Read more.
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands is considered for fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems because abundant spectrum is available for mobile broadband communications. In mmWave communication systems, accurate beamforming is important to compensate for high attenuation in the mmWave frequency band and to extend the transmission range. However, with the existing beamformers in mmWave cellular systems, the mobile station (MS) cannot identify the source (base station; BS) of the received beam because there are many neighboring BSs transmitting their training signals, requiring a large overhead. This paper proposes a new beam weight generation method for transmitting (Tx) beamformers at the BS in mmWave cellular systems during a beam training period. Beam weights are generated for Tx beamformers at neighboring BSs, so that a mobile station (MS) can estimate the source (cell ID; CID) and angle of departure (AoD) for each BS in multi-cell environments. A CID and AoD estimation method for mmWave cellular systems in a line-of-sight (LOS) dominant condition is presented using the beam weights generated by Zadoff-Chu sequence. A simulation is conducted in a LOS dominant condition to show that the performances of CID detection and AoD estimation are similar for both the proposed and conventional methods. In the conventional methods, the DFT-based beamforming weight is used for Tx beamformer at the BS and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm is used for AoD estimation at the MS. The proposed method significantly reduces the processing time (1.6–6.25%) required for beam training compared to the conventional method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave Technology in 5G)
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18 pages, 1277 KiB  
Article
Two-Stage 3D Codebook Design and Fast Beam Search Algorithm for Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems
by Zhangyou Peng and Wen Li
Electronics 2020, 9(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020302 - 09 Feb 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3484
Abstract
For 3D beam access in massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, this paper proposes a feasible two-stage 3D codebook design and corresponding fast beam training algorithm. The complete codebook consists of a primary codebook and an auxiliary codebook—the primary codebook produces a basic directional [...] Read more.
For 3D beam access in massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, this paper proposes a feasible two-stage 3D codebook design and corresponding fast beam training algorithm. The complete codebook consists of a primary codebook and an auxiliary codebook—the primary codebook produces a basic directional beam using a smaller number of phase shifts to maintain lower hardware complexity. The small auxiliary codebook creates finer beams centered on each main beam. In addition, a beam search scheme for two-level codebook design is proposed. The main beam search is performed using a modified binary search algorithm based on the signal-to-noise ratio threshold; with the refined auxiliary codebook, the auxiliary beam search is completed using a basic binary search. The simulation results verify the performance advantages of our proposed codebook in terms of beamforming gain and beam access accuracy in MIMO systems. In addition, the comparison of beam training complexity shows that our specially designed two-stage beam search scheme has significant advantages over other existing solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave Technology in 5G)
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18 pages, 919 KiB  
Article
Low-Complexity Joint Channel Estimation for Multi-User mmWave Massive MIMO Systems
by Jianhe Du, Jiaqi Li, Jing He, Yalin Guan and Heyun Lin
Electronics 2020, 9(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020301 - 09 Feb 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2833
Abstract
For multi-user millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, the precise acquisition of channel state information (CSI) is a huge challenge. With the increase of the number of antennas at the base station (BS), the traditional channel estimation techniques encounter the problems [...] Read more.
For multi-user millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, the precise acquisition of channel state information (CSI) is a huge challenge. With the increase of the number of antennas at the base station (BS), the traditional channel estimation techniques encounter the problems of pilot training overhead and computational complexity increasing dramatically. In this paper, we develop a step-length optimization-based joint iterative scheme for multi-user mmWave massive MIMO systems to improve channel estimation performance. The proposed estimation algorithm provides the BS with full knowledge of all channel parameters involved in up- and down-links. Compared with existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm has higher channel estimation accuracy with low complexity. Moreover, the proposed scheme performs well even with a small number of training sequences and a large number of users. Simulation results are shown to demonstrate the performance of the proposed channel estimation algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave Technology in 5G)
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26 pages, 4495 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Future 5G-IoT Millimeter-Wave Network Performance at 38 GHz for Urban Microcell Outdoor Environment
by Faizan Qamar, MHD Nour Hindia, Kaharudin Dimyati, Kamarul Ariffin Noordin, Mohammed Bahjat Majed, Tharek Abd Rahman and Iraj Sadegh Amiri
Electronics 2019, 8(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050495 - 03 May 2019
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 6104
Abstract
The advent of fifth-generation (5G) systems and their mechanics have introduced an unconventional frequency spectrum of high bandwidth with most falling under the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. The benefit of adopting these bands of the frequency spectrum is two-fold. First, most of these [...] Read more.
The advent of fifth-generation (5G) systems and their mechanics have introduced an unconventional frequency spectrum of high bandwidth with most falling under the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. The benefit of adopting these bands of the frequency spectrum is two-fold. First, most of these bands appear to be unutilized and they are free, thus suggesting the absence of interference from other technologies. Second, the availability of a larger bandwidth offers higher data rates for all users, as there are higher numbers of users who are connected in a small geographical area, which is also stated as the Internet of Things (IoT). Nevertheless, high-frequency band poses several challenges in terms of coverage area limitations, signal attenuation, path and penetration losses, as well as scattering. Additionally, mmWave signal bands are susceptible to blockage from buildings and other structures, particularly in higher-density urban areas. Identifying the channel performance at a given frequency is indeed necessary to optimize communication efficiency between the transmitter and receiver. Therefore, this paper investigated the potential ability of mmWave path loss models, such as floating intercept (FI) and close-in (CI), based on real measurements gathered from urban microcell outdoor environments at 38 GHz conducted at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur campus. The measurement data were obtained by using a narrow band mmWave channel sounder equipped with a steerable direction horn antenna. It investigated the potential of the network for outdoor scenarios of line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) with both schemes of co- (vertical-vertical) and cross (vertical-horizontal) polarization. The parameters were selected to reflect the performance and the variances with other schemes, such as average users cell throughput, throughput of users that are at cell-edges, fairness index, and spectral efficiency. The outcomes were examined for various antenna configurations as well as at different channel bandwidths to prove the enhancement of overall network performance. This work showed that the CI path loss model predicted greater network performance for the LOS condition, and also estimated significant outcomes for the NLOS environment. The outputs proved that the FI path loss model, particularly for V-V antenna polarization, gave system simulation results that were unsuitable for the NLOS scenario. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave Technology in 5G)
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12 pages, 918 KiB  
Article
Sparse-Based Millimeter Wave Channel Estimation With Mutual Coupling Effect
by Zhenxin Cao, Haiyang Geng, Zhimin Chen and Peng Chen
Electronics 2019, 8(3), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030358 - 25 Mar 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3630
Abstract
The imperfection of antenna array degrades the communication performance in the millimeter wave (mmWave) communication system. In this paper, the problem of channel estimation for the mmWave communication system is investigated, and the unknown mutual coupling (MC) effect between antennas is considered. By [...] Read more.
The imperfection of antenna array degrades the communication performance in the millimeter wave (mmWave) communication system. In this paper, the problem of channel estimation for the mmWave communication system is investigated, and the unknown mutual coupling (MC) effect between antennas is considered. By exploiting the channel sparsity in the spatial domain with mmWave frequency bands, the problem of channel estimation is converted into that of sparse reconstruction. The MC effect is described by a symmetric Toeplitz matrix, and the sparse-based mmWave system model with MC coefficients is formulated. Then, a two-stage method is proposed by estimating the sparse signals and MC coefficients iteratively. Simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the channel estimation performance in the scenario with unknown MC effect and the estimation performance for both direction of arrival (DOA) and direction of departure (DoD) can be improved by about 8 dB by reducing the MC effect about 4 dB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave Technology in 5G)
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