Research

15 pages, 4421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proxy-Based Adaptive Transmission of MP-QUIC in Internet-of-Things Environment

by Muhammad Hafidh Firmansyah, Joong-Hwa Jung and Seok-Joo Koh

Electronics 2021, 10(17), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172175 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2514

With the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, the efficient transmission of IoT data has been crucially required. The IETF has recently developed the QUIC protocol for UDP-based multiplexed and secure transport. The Multipath QUIC (MP-QUIC) is also being discussed [...] Read more.

With the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, the efficient transmission of IoT data has been crucially required. The IETF has recently developed the QUIC protocol for UDP-based multiplexed and secure transport. The Multipath QUIC (MP-QUIC) is also being discussed as an extension of QUIC in the multipath network environment. In this paper, we propose a proxy-based adaptive MP-QUIC transmission for throughput enhancement in the IoT environment. In the proposed scheme, a proxy device is employed between IoT clients and IoT server to aggregate the traffics of many clients in the access network. The proxy will transport a large among of traffics to the server, adaptively to the network conditions, by using multiple paths in the backbone network. For this purpose, the proxy device employs a path manager to monitor the current network conditions and a connection manager to manage the MP-QUIC connections with the IoT server over the backbone network with multiple paths. For effective MP-QUIC transmission, the proxy will transmit the prioritized packets to the server using the best path with the lowest round-trip time (RTT), whereas the non-prioritized packets are delivered over the other paths for traffic load balancing in the network. From the testbed experimentations with the MP-QUIC implementation and ns-3 simulation modules, we see that the proposed scheme can outperform the normal QUIC (using a single path) and the existing MP-QUIC scheme (using the round-robin policy) in terms of response delay and total transmission delay. Such performance gaps tend to increase as the link delays and packet loss rates get larger in the network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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27 pages, 7783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MFVL HCCA: A Modified Fast-Vegas-LIA Hybrid Congestion Control Algorithm for MPTCP Traffic Flows in Multihomed Smart Gas IoT Networks

by Mumajjed Ul Mudassir and M. Iram Baig

Electronics 2021, 10(6), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060711 - 18 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2042

Abstract

Multihomed smart gas meters are Internet of Things (IoT) devices that transmit information wirelessly to a cloud or remote database via multiple network paths. The information is utilized by the smart gas grid for accurate load forecasting and several other important tasks. With [...] Read more.

Multihomed smart gas meters are Internet of Things (IoT) devices that transmit information wirelessly to a cloud or remote database via multiple network paths. The information is utilized by the smart gas grid for accurate load forecasting and several other important tasks. With the rapid growth in such smart IoT networks and data rates, reliable transport layer protocols with efficient congestion control algorithms are required. The small Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stacks designed for IoT devices still lack efficient congestion control schemes. Multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) based congestion control algorithms are among the recent research topics. Many coupled and uncoupled congestion control algorithms have been proposed by researchers. The default congestion control algorithm for MPTCP is coupled congestion control by using the linked-increases algorithm (LIA). In battery powered smart meters, packet retransmissions consume extra power and low goodput results in poor system performance. In this study, we propose a modified Fast-Vegas-LIA hybrid congestion control algorithm (MFVL HCCA) for MPTCP by considering the requirements of a smart gas grid. Our novel algorithm operates in uncoupled congestion control mode as long as there is no shared bottleneck and switches to coupled congestion control mode otherwise. We have presented the details of our proposed model and compared the simulation results with the default coupled congestion control for MPTCP. Our proposed algorithm in uncoupled mode shows a decrease in packet loss up to 50% and increase in average goodput up to 30%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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20 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BAT—Block Analytics Tool Integrated with Blockchain Based IoT Platform

by Chathurangi Edussuriya, Kasun Vithanage, Namila Bandara, Janaka Alawatugoda, Manjula Sandirigama, Upul Jayasinghe, Nathan Shone and Gyu Myoung Lee

Electronics 2020, 9(9), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091525 - 18 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4433

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the novel paradigm of connectivity and the driving force behind state-of-the-art applications and services. However, the exponential growth of the number of IoT devices and services, their distributed nature, and scarcity of resources has increased the number [...] Read more.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the novel paradigm of connectivity and the driving force behind state-of-the-art applications and services. However, the exponential growth of the number of IoT devices and services, their distributed nature, and scarcity of resources has increased the number of security and privacy concerns ranging from the risks of unauthorized data alterations to the potential discrimination enabled by data analytics over sensitive information. Thus, a blockchain based IoT-platform is introduced to address these issues. Built upon the tamper-proof architecture, the proposed access management mechanisms ensure the authenticity and integrity of data. Moreover, a novel approach called Block Analytics Tool (BAT), integrated with the platform is proposed to analyze and make predictions on data stored on the blockchain. BAT enables the data-analysis applications to be developed using the data stored in the platform in an optimized manner acting as an interface to off-chain processing. A pharmaceutical supply chain is used as the use case scenario to show the functionality of the proposed platform. Furthermore, a model to forecast the demand of the pharmaceutical drugs is investigated using a real-world data set to demonstrate the functionality of BAT. Finally, the performance of BAT integrated with the platform is evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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25 pages, 4615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Agent Approach Using LoRaWAN Devices: An Airport Case Study

by André Sales Mendes, Diego M. Jiménez-Bravo, María Navarro-Cáceres, Valderi Reis Quietinho Leithardt and Gabriel Villarrubia González

Electronics 2020, 9(9), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091430 - 02 Sep 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5034

Abstract

The current situation with COVID-19 is changing our courses of action toward ensuring health security. This is particularly crucial in airports, which usually receive more than 300,000 travellers in one single day. In this work, we present an Internet of Things (IoT) network [...] Read more.

The current situation with COVID-19 is changing our courses of action toward ensuring health security. This is particularly crucial in airports, which usually receive more than 300,000 travellers in one single day. In this work, we present an Internet of Things (IoT) network to monitor the status of toilets and improve their maintenance. The system is based on IoT networks with different sensors to control soap levels, room capacity, distances, temperature, and humidity. This information is processed by a multi-agent system that detects possible anomalies and makes decisions accordingly. A case study in a real environment is developed in order to demonstrate the usefulness of the system. The results show that the proposed method can be used to successfully manage and control airport toilets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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22 pages, 13073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Framework of IoT Services over Unidirectional Visible Lights Communication Networks

by So-Yong Kim, Cheol-Min Kim and Seok-Joo Koh

Electronics 2020, 9(9), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091349 - 20 Aug 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2534

Abstract

Visible Light Communication (VLC) has been noted as an emerging technology for communications in wireless local area networks. VLC provides some distinctive features over the conventional wireless access technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or ZigBee. The most prominent feature of VLC is that [...] Read more.

Visible Light Communication (VLC) has been noted as an emerging technology for communications in wireless local area networks. VLC provides some distinctive features over the conventional wireless access technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or ZigBee. The most prominent feature of VLC is that it can provide more exact location information, since it is based on a particular light. In addition, VLC can reduce the frequency interferences from numerous wireless channels, since it uses a completely different radio frequency channel from the conventional wireless access technologies. Thus, VLC can be used for Internet-of-Things (IoT) services. Nevertheless, up to now, not enough studies on how to provide IoT services over VLC networks have been conducted. In this paper, we propose a framework to provide IoT services in VLC networks. In particular, we will consider the unidirectional VLC network, in which the downlink channel from the VLC transmitter to the VLC receiver is given by using VLC communication, whereas the uplink channel from the VLC receiver to the VLC transmitter is implemented by using another wireless access technology, such as Wi-Fi. This is because most of the VLC receivers, such as mobile phones, cannot support the uplink VLC communication. Based on the framework of IoT services over unidirectional VLC, in this paper, we also propose the VLC–IoT protocol (VIP) which is an application layer protocol for data transport with the session management functionality that can be used to effectively provide IoT services among IoT servers, VLC transmitters and VLC receivers in the networks. The proposed VIP protocol is implemented by using the Cooja simulator. For performance analysis, the proposed scheme is compared with the existing CoAP-based scheme that does not provide the session management. From a variety of simulation experiments, we see that the proposed scheme can provide lower data transmission and handover delays, compared to the existing scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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19 pages, 13644 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

CoAP-Based Streaming Control for IoT Applications

by Joong-Hwa Jung, Moneeb Gohar and Seok-Joo Koh

Electronics 2020, 9(8), 1320; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081320 - 16 Aug 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3548

Abstract

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a representative messaging protocol for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It is noted that a lot of IoT-based streaming applications have been recently deployed. Typically, CoAP uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its underlying protocol for lightweight [...] Read more.

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a representative messaging protocol for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It is noted that a lot of IoT-based streaming applications have been recently deployed. Typically, CoAP uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its underlying protocol for lightweight messaging. However, it cannot provide reliability, since it is based on UDP. Thus, the CoAP over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) was recently proposed so as to provide reliability. However, the existing schemes do not provide the error handling and flow controls suitably for IoT-based streaming applications. This tends to induce throughput degradation in wireless lossy networks. In this paper, we propose a CoAP-based streaming control (CoAP-SC) scheme, which is an extension of CoAP over UDP with error handling and flow control for throughput enhancement. The proposed CoAP-SC scheme is designed by considering the sequence number of data message, the use of ACK messages, and the buffer size of sending buffer. To do this, a new CoAP option is defined. For performance analysis, the proposed scheme is implemented and compared with the existing schemes. From the testbed experimentations in various network environments, we see that the proposed CoAP-SC scheme can provide better throughput than the existing CoAP-based schemes by performing the error handling and flow control operations effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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22 pages, 6763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agent-Based In-Vehicle Infotainment Services in Internet-of-Things Environments

by Dong-Kyu Choi, Joong-Hwa Jung, Hye-Been Nam and Seok-Joo Koh

Electronics 2020, 9(8), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081288 - 11 Aug 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2530

Abstract

With the growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology and the automobile industry, various In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) services have been developed, in which users can exploit a variety of IVI devices, such as navigation systems, cameras, speakers, headrest displays and heated seats. A typical IVI [...] Read more.

With the growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology and the automobile industry, various In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) services have been developed, in which users can exploit a variety of IVI devices, such as navigation systems, cameras, speakers, headrest displays and heated seats. A typical IVI system is based on the peer-to-peer model, in which the user will directly control each device. This tends to induce a large overhead and inconvenience to the user. To overcome the drawbacks of the peer-to-peer model, the centralized IVI (C-IVI) scheme was recently proposed in which an IVI master is employed to provide IVI services between users and devices. However, the centralized model gives lower performance, as the number of users and devices gets larger. To improve the performance of IVI services, in this paper, we propose an agent-based IVI (A-IVI) scheme. In the proposed A-IVI scheme, a new entity called ‘agent’ is introduced, based on the C-IVI model. Each IVI agent will be used to manage a group of devices and also to perform the communication with the IVI master, on behalf of the concerned devices. The proposed scheme can be used to provide scalability and perform enhancement. The IVI agents are also helpful for supporting a variety of constrained IVI devices, such as speakers or cameras, which may usually have too low power to perform IoT communications. The proposed A-IVI scheme is implemented by using the IoT messaging protocols. For performance comparison with the existing schemes, we performed testbed experimentations. From the results, we see that the proposed A-IVI scheme can provide better performance than the existing IVI systems in terms of transmission delays, throughput and master’s loads. It is expected that the proposed scheme may be used effectively for IVI systems with a large number of users/devices, as seen in public transportation, such as public trains or airplanes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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19 pages, 4949 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Trustworthy SIoT Aware Mechanism as an Enabler for Citizen Services in Smart Cities

by Ateeq Ur Rehman, Rizwan Ali Naqvi, Abdul Rehman, Anand Paul, Muhammad Tariq Sadiq and Dildar Hussain

Electronics 2020, 9(6), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9060918 - 01 Jun 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 3611

Abstract

In the recent era, new information technologies have a significant impact on social networks. Initial integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) into city operations has promoted information city, ease of communication and principles of smart communities. Subsequently, the idea of the Internet [...] Read more.

In the recent era, new information technologies have a significant impact on social networks. Initial integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) into city operations has promoted information city, ease of communication and principles of smart communities. Subsequently, the idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) with the specific focus of social IoT (SIoT) has contributed towards the smart cities (SC), which support the city operations with minimal human interaction. The user-generated data obtained by SIoT can be exploited to produce new useful information for creating citizen-centered smart services for SC. The aim of this research is twofold. Firstly, we used the concept of local and global trust to provide new services in SC based on popular online social networks (OSN) data used by the citizens. Secondly, the sustainability of the three different OSN is assessed. This paper investigates the social network domain with regard to the SC. Although in SC, OSN are increasing day by day, there is still an unresolved issue of trust among their users and also OSN are not much sustainable. In this research, we are analyzing the sustainability of different OSN for the SC. We employ datasets of three different social networks for our analyses. A local trust model is used to identify the central user within the local cluster while the global trust-based framework is used to identify the opinion leaders. Our analysis based on the datasets of Facebook, Twitter, and Slashdot unveil that filtration of these central-local users and opinion leaders result in the dispersion and significant reduction in a network. A novel model is being developed that outlines the relationship between local and global trust for the protection of OSN users in SC. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism uses the data posted by citizens on OSN to propose new services by mitigating the effect of untrusted users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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12 pages, 3990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partial Bicasting with Buffering for Proxy Mobile IPV6 Mobility Management in CoAP-Based IoT Networks

by Moneeb Gohar, Sajid Anwar, Moazam Ali, Jin-Ghoo Choi, Hani Alquhayz and Seok-Joo Koh

Electronics 2020, 9(4), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040598 - 31 Mar 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3246

Abstract

Constrained application protocol (CoAP) can be used for message delivery in wireless sensor networks. Although CoAP-based proxy mobile internet protocol (PMIP) was proposed for mobility management, it resulted in handover delay and packet loss. Therefore, an enhanced PMIP version 6, with partial bicasting [...] Read more.

Constrained application protocol (CoAP) can be used for message delivery in wireless sensor networks. Although CoAP-based proxy mobile internet protocol (PMIP) was proposed for mobility management, it resulted in handover delay and packet loss. Therefore, an enhanced PMIP version 6, with partial bicasting in CoAP-based internet of things (IoT) networks, is proposed. Here, when an IoT device moved into a new network, the corresponding mobile access gateway (MAG) updated the local mobility anchor (LMA) binding. Further, LMA initiated the “partial” bicasting of data packets to the new and the previous MAGs. The data packets were buffered at the new MAG during handover and were forwarded to Mobile Node (MN) after the handover operations. The proposed scheme was compared with the existing scheme, using ns-3 simulations. We demonstrated that the proposed scheme reduced handover delays, packet losses, end-to-end delay, throughput, and energy consumption, compared to the existing scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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36 pages, 13854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TLS-VaD: A New Tool for Developing Centralized Link-Scheduling Algorithms on the IEEE802.15.4e TSCH Network

by Iman Hedi Santoso, Kalamullah Ramli and Suryadi M.T.

Electronics 2019, 8(12), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121555 - 17 Dec 2019

Viewed by 3142

Abstract

A simulator plays an important role in network protocol research, as it enables researchers to develop protocols more flexibly. Many simulators have been developed to support research in this field, including NS-2, NS-3, OPNET, OMNeT, and Cooja. Although, as a research support tools, [...] Read more.

A simulator plays an important role in network protocol research, as it enables researchers to develop protocols more flexibly. Many simulators have been developed to support research in this field, including NS-2, NS-3, OPNET, OMNeT, and Cooja. Although, as a research support tools, NS3 and Cooja have already been equipped with an Internet of things (IoT) module, their support for research on IoT centralized scheduling is still limited. Therefore, this study is aimed to develop a tool for IoT centralized scheduling research, where the IoT technology is based on the IEEE802.15.4e time synchronized channel hopping (TSCH) standard. The tool is called the TSCH Link-Scheduling visualization and data processing (TLS-VaD). The results of validity tests show that TLS-VaD works well; therefore, this tool can be used in the performance measurement of centralized scheduling algorithms on TSCH networks. As an example of the application, this research used TLS-VaD to test the performance of three scheduling algorithms: Iman Ramli Bursty Transmission Scheduling Algorithm (IRByTSA), first top scheduling algorithm (FTSA), and first leaf scheduling algorithm (FLSA). The test results using TLS-VaD shows that IRByTSA had better performance compared to FLSA and FTSA, because it saved more power and was able to generate scheduling decisions relatively quickly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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19 pages, 7058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Smart IoT Device for Detecting and Responding to Earthquakes

by Jangsoo Lee, Irshad Khan, Seonhwa Choi and Young-Woo Kwon

Electronics 2019, 8(12), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121546 - 15 Dec 2019

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 11997

Abstract

The advancement of hardware and software technologies makes it possible to use smartphones or Internet of things for monitoring environments in realtime. In recent years, much effort has been made to develop a smartphone based earthquake early warning system, where low-cost acceleration sensors [...] Read more.

The advancement of hardware and software technologies makes it possible to use smartphones or Internet of things for monitoring environments in realtime. In recent years, much effort has been made to develop a smartphone based earthquake early warning system, where low-cost acceleration sensors inside a smartphones are used for capturing earthquake signals. However, because a smartphone comes with a powerful CPU, spacious memory, and several sensors, it is waste of such resources to use it only for detecting earthquakes. Furthermore, because a smartphone is mostly in use during the daytime, the acquired data cannot be used for detecting earthquakes due to human activities. Therefore, in this article, we introduce a stand-alone device equipped with a low-cost acceleration sensor and least computing resources to detect earthquakes. To that end, we first select an appropriate acceleration sensor by assessing the performance and accuracy of four different sensors. Then, we design and develop an earthquake alert device. To detect earthquakes, we employ a simple machine learning technique which trains an earthquake detection model with daily motions, noise data recorded in buildings, and earthquakes recorded in the past. Furthermore, we evaluate the four acceleration sensors by recording two realistic earthquakes on a shake-table. In the experiments, the results show that the developed earthquake alert device can successfully detect earthquakes and send a warning message to nearby devices, thereby enabling proactive responses to earthquakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Services, Applications, Platform, and Protocols)

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