Editorial

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4 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves: Present and Future

by Reza K. Amineh

Electronics 2020, 9(5), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050808 - 15 May 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 9321

Abstract

Electromagnetic (EM) waves carry energy through propagation in space [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

Research

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12 pages, 5844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Material Identification Using a Microwave Sensor Array and Machine Learning

by Luke Harrsion, Maryam Ravan, Dhara Tandel, Kunyi Zhang, Tanvi Patel and Reza K. Amineh

Electronics 2020, 9(2), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020288 - 08 Feb 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4210

Abstract

In this paper, a novel methodology is proposed for material identification. It is based on the use of a microwave sensor array with the elements of the array resonating at various frequencies within a wide range and applying machine learning algorithms on the [...] Read more.

In this paper, a novel methodology is proposed for material identification. It is based on the use of a microwave sensor array with the elements of the array resonating at various frequencies within a wide range and applying machine learning algorithms on the collected data. Unlike the previous microwave sensing systems which are mainly based on a single resonating sensor, the proposed methodology allows for material characterization over a wide frequency range which, in turn, improves the accuracy of the material identification procedure. The performance of the proposed methodology is tested via the use of easily available materials such as woods, cardboards, and plastics. However, the proposed methodology can be extended to other applications such as industrial liquid identification and composite material identification, among others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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16 pages, 989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of X-Bandpass Waveguide Chebyshev Filter Based on CSRR Metamaterial for Telecommunication Systems

by Mahmoud AbuHussain and Ugur C. Hasar

Electronics 2020, 9(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010101 - 06 Jan 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8763

Abstract

This paper presents a new design of a fifth order bandpass waveguide filter with Chebyshev response which operates in the X-band at 10 GHz center frequency. By using a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) upper and lower sections that are placed on the [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new design of a fifth order bandpass waveguide filter with Chebyshev response which operates in the X-band at 10 GHz center frequency. By using a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) upper and lower sections that are placed on the same transverse plane and are not on the same parallel line, CSRR sections are shifted from each other. A simple model of lumped elements RLC is introduced and calculated as well. The model of the proposed bandpass waveguide filter is synthesized and designed by using computer simulation technology (CST). Hereafter, by selecting proper physical parameters and optimizing the overall CSRR geometrical dimensions by taking into consideration the coupling effect between resonators, a shortened length of the overall filter, and a wider bandwidth over the conventional one are obtained. As a result, the proposed filter is compared with the conventional bandpass waveguide filter that is coupled by inductive irises with Chebyshev response, in addition to other studies that have used the metamaterial technique. The proposed filter reduces the overall physical length by

31 %

and enhances the bandwidth up to

37.5 %

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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14 pages, 7089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Imaging of the Internal Structure of Permafrost in the Tibetan Plateau Using Ground Penetrating Radar

by Yao Wang, Zhihong Fu, Xinglin Lu, Shanqiang Qin, Haowen Wang and Xiujuan Wang

Electronics 2020, 9(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010056 - 30 Dec 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2726

Abstract

The distribution of the permafrost in the Tibetan Plateau has dramatically changed due to climate change, expressed as increasing permafrost degradation, thawing depth deepening and disappearance of island permafrost. These changes have serious impacts on the local ecological environment and the stability of [...] Read more.

The distribution of the permafrost in the Tibetan Plateau has dramatically changed due to climate change, expressed as increasing permafrost degradation, thawing depth deepening and disappearance of island permafrost. These changes have serious impacts on the local ecological environment and the stability of engineering infrastructures. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used to detect permafrost active layer depth, the upper limit of permafrost and the thawing of permafrost with the season’s changes. Due to the influence of complex structure in the permafrost layer, it is difficult to effectively characterize the accurate structure within the permafrost on the radar profile. In order to get the high resolution GPR profile in the Tibetan Plateau, the reverse time migration (RTM) imaging method was applied to GPR real data. In this paper, RTM algorithm is proven to be correct through the groove’s model of forward modeling data. In the Beiluhe region, the imaging result of GPR RTM profiles show that the RTM of GPR makes use of diffracted energy to properly position the reflections caused by the gravels, pebbles, cobbles and small discontinuities. It can accurately determine the depth of the active layer bottom interface in the migration section. In order to prove the accuracy of interpretation results of real data RTM section, we set up the three dielectric constant models based on the real data RTM profiles and geological information, and obtained the model data RTM profiles, which can prove the accuracy of interpretation results of three-line RTM profiles. The results of three-line RTM bears great significance for the study of complex structure and freezing and thawing process of permafrost at the Beiluhe region on the Tibetan Plateau. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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12 pages, 3017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Phantom Investigation to Quantify Huygens Principle Based Microwave Imaging for Bone Lesion Detection

by Banafsheh Khalesi, Behnaz Sohani, Navid Ghavami, Mohammad Ghavami, Sandra Dudley and Gianluigi Tiberi

Electronics 2019, 8(12), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121505 - 09 Dec 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4513

Abstract

This paper demonstrates the outcomes of a feasibility study of a microwave imaging procedure based on the Huygens principle for bone lesion detection. This study has been performed using a dedicated phantom and validated through measurements in the frequency range of 1–3 GHz [...] Read more.

This paper demonstrates the outcomes of a feasibility study of a microwave imaging procedure based on the Huygens principle for bone lesion detection. This study has been performed using a dedicated phantom and validated through measurements in the frequency range of 1–3 GHz using one receiving and one transmitting antenna in free space. Specifically, a multilayered bone phantom, which is comprised of cortical bone and bone marrow layers, was fabricated. The identification of the lesion’s presence in different bone layers was performed on images that were derived after processing through Huygens’ principle, the S21 signals measured inside an anechoic chamber in multi-bistatic fashion. The quantification of the obtained images was carried out by introducing parameters such as the resolution and signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). The impact of different frequencies and bandwidths (in the 1–3 GHz range) in lesion detection was investigated. The findings showed that the frequency range of 1.5–2.5 GHz offered the best resolution (1.1 cm) and SCR (2.22 on a linear scale). Subtraction between S21 obtained using two slightly displaced transmitting positions was employed to remove the artefacts; the best artefact removal was obtained when the spatial displacement was approximately of the same magnitude as the dimension of the lesion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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10 pages, 2871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter with a Notch Band and Wide Upper Bandstop Performances

by Min-Hang Weng, Che-Wei Hsu, Siang-Wen Lan and Ru-Yuan Yang

Electronics 2019, 8(11), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111316 - 08 Nov 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2539

Abstract

This paper presents an ultra-wideband bandpass filter (UWB-BPF) with a notch band and a wide upper stopband. Two pairs of half-wavelength high-impedance line resonators tightly and strongly coupled to the input/output lines are used to provide the wideband responses. The first UWB responses [...] Read more.

This paper presents an ultra-wideband bandpass filter (UWB-BPF) with a notch band and a wide upper stopband. Two pairs of half-wavelength high-impedance line resonators tightly and strongly coupled to the input/output lines are used to provide the wideband responses. The first UWB responses of 3.4–5.0 GHz and the second UWB of 6.0–10.0 GHz are designed independently first and then combined together for the application of a direct-sequence ultra-wideband bandpass (DS-UWB) system. Without using any extra bandstop structure, a notch band at 5.2 GHz can be obtained. The fabricated UWB-BPF with a compact circuit size exhibits good passband performances including insertion losses of 1 ± 0.3 and 2 ± 0.4 dB for first and second passbands, respectively, a high isolation at 5.2 GHz with an attenuation level of 22.7 dB, and wide upper stopband responses from 11 GHz to 19 GHz, simultaneously. The measured results also exhibit good agreement with the simulated results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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14 pages, 22236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Propagation Characteristics along an Array of Silver Nanorods Using Dielectric Constants from Experimental Data and the Drude-Lorentz Model

by Chujing Zong and Dan Zhang

Electronics 2019, 8(11), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111280 - 03 Nov 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2155

Abstract

In this study, the Fourier series expansion method (FSEM) was employed to calculate the complex propagation constants of plasma structures consisting of infinitely long, silver nanorod arrays in the range of 180–1900 nm, and the characteristics of the complex propagation constant were analyzed [...] Read more.

In this study, the Fourier series expansion method (FSEM) was employed to calculate the complex propagation constants of plasma structures consisting of infinitely long, silver nanorod arrays in the range of 180–1900 nm, and the characteristics of the complex propagation constant were analyzed in depth. According to the results of FSEM using dielectric constants from Johnson experimental data, a multi-mode frequency band appears in the propagation stage, which can be adopted to achieve a multi-mode communication, multi-mode transceiver, integrated filter with single multi-mode combination. In the meantime, the comparison between the three sets of results with only single mode transmission of the generalized multipole technique (GMT) using dielectric constants from Johnson experimental data, FSEM using dielectric constants from Palik experimental data, and FSEM using dielectric function from Drude–Lorentz model suggested that the results of the four sets of complex propagation constants were well consistent with each other. Furthermore, a finite array of only 40 silver nanorods was studied, and the ability of guided waves when a finite array is excited by a plane wave at a specific wavelength was explored. According to different guiding abilities—propagation, attenuation, and cut off, it can be applied to waveguides, sensor, filters, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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14 pages, 12505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LED Arrays of Laser Printers as Valuable Sources of Electromagnetic Waves for Acquisition of Graphic Data

by Ireneusz Kubiak and Joe Loughry

Electronics 2019, 8(10), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101078 - 23 Sep 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4043

Abstract

Classified information may be derivable from unintended electromagnetic signals. This article presents a technical analysis of LED arrays used in monochrome computer printers and their contribution to unintentional electromagnetic emanations. Analyses were based on realistic type sizes and distribution of glyphs. Usable pictures [...] Read more.

Classified information may be derivable from unintended electromagnetic signals. This article presents a technical analysis of LED arrays used in monochrome computer printers and their contribution to unintentional electromagnetic emanations. Analyses were based on realistic type sizes and distribution of glyphs. Usable pictures were reconstructed from intercepted radio frequency (RF) emanations. We observed differences in the legibility of information receivable at a distance that we attribute to different ways used by printer designers to control the LED arrays, particularly the difference between relatively high voltage single-ended waveforms and lower-voltage differential signals. To decode the compromising emanations required knowledge of—or guessing—printer operating parameters including resolution, printing speed, and paper size. Measurements were carried out across differences in construction and control of the LED arrays in tested printers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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14 pages, 9674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of IT Devices Production Quality on the Level of Protection of Processed Information against the Electromagnetic Infiltration Process

by Ireneusz Kubiak

Electronics 2019, 8(9), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091054 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Due to the variety and multiplicity of electronic devices, the issue of electromagnetic environment protection is becoming more and more important. We often hear about how necessary it is for electronic devices to meet appropriate requirements. Meeting these requirements determines whether a device [...] Read more.

Due to the variety and multiplicity of electronic devices, the issue of electromagnetic environment protection is becoming more and more important. We often hear about how necessary it is for electronic devices to meet appropriate requirements. Meeting these requirements determines whether a device can be marketed. Unfortunately, the electrical parameters of electronic components have a very wide range of tolerances. For this reason, measured values of electromagnetic disturbances generated by devices of the same type are not always identical. Differences between those values may reach up to several dB. This problem also concerns electromagnetic emissions correlated with the processed information, which are very sensitive to electromagnetic infiltration process. Issues related to the problem of protection of electromagnetic environment are shown on the basis of research results obtained for several devices of the same type. Mentioned level differences of electromagnetic emissions can decide about a classification of device from viewpoint of protection of information against electromagnetic penetration process. These differences may be a treat to information security. Higher levels of valuable emissions force an application of additional methods limiting an effectiveness of electromagnetic penetration process. This particularly applies to IT devices with a wide range of applications, e.g., laptops and desktop computers. In this paper, this phenomenon was presented on the basis of tests of several devices of the same type. Also, there were carried out analyses of influence of increase levels of valuable emissions on a security zone radius. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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20 pages, 9400 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Low-Cost and Compact Three-Dimensional Microwave Holographic Imaging System

by Hailun Wu and Reza K. Amineh

Electronics 2019, 8(9), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091036 - 15 Sep 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3135

Abstract

With the significant growth in the use of non-metallic composite materials, the demands for new and robust non-destructive testing methodologies is high. Microwave imaging has attracted a lot of attention recently for such applications. This is in addition to the biomedical imaging applications [...] Read more.

With the significant growth in the use of non-metallic composite materials, the demands for new and robust non-destructive testing methodologies is high. Microwave imaging has attracted a lot of attention recently for such applications. This is in addition to the biomedical imaging applications of microwave that are also being pursued actively. Among these efforts, in this paper, we propose a compact and cost-effective three-dimensional microwave imaging system based on a fast and robust holographic technique. For this purpose, we employ narrow-band microwave data, instead of wideband data used in previous three-dimensional cylindrical holographic imaging systems. Three-dimensional imaging is accomplished by using an array of receiver antennas surrounding the object and scanning that along with a transmitter antenna over a cylindrical aperture. To achieve low cost and compact size, we employ off-the-shelf components to build a data acquisition system replacing the costly and bulky vector network analyzers. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the proposed imaging system. We also show the effect of number of frequencies and size of the objects on the quality of reconstructed images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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12 pages, 4929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polarization-Independent Tunable Ultra-Wideband Meta-Absorber in Terahertz Regime

by Shuxiang Liu, Li Deng, Meijun Qu and Shufang Li

Electronics 2019, 8(8), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080831 - 26 Jul 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2832

Abstract

In this paper, we demonstrate an ultra-broadband terahertz bilayer graphene-based absorption structure. It has two stacking graphene layers sandwiched by an Au cylinders array, backed by a metallic ground plane. Au cylinders are used to adjust the input impedance to be closely matched [...] Read more.

In this paper, we demonstrate an ultra-broadband terahertz bilayer graphene-based absorption structure. It has two stacking graphene layers sandwiched by an Au cylinders array, backed by a metallic ground plane. Au cylinders are used to adjust the input impedance to be closely matched to the free space, enabling an ultra-broadband absorption. The absorption spectrum of the bilayer graphene-based absorption structure with Au cylinder arrays shows a bandwidth of 7.1 THz, with the absorption exceeding 80%. The achieved ultra-wideband THz meta-absorber has high absorption, independence of polarization property, simultaneously, illustrating to be a promising candidate for teraherz broadband absorption application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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12 pages, 1878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Curved Goubau Line

by Louis WY Liu, Abhishek Kandwal, Qingsha Cheng, Hongjian Shi, Igbe Tobore and Zedong Nie

Electronics 2019, 8(6), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060662 - 12 Jun 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3791

Abstract

Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring at microwave frequencies is generally thought to be unreliable in terms of reproducibility of measurements. The failure to reproduce a blood glucose measurement from one experiment to another is in major part due to the unwanted interaction of leaky [...] Read more.

Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring at microwave frequencies is generally thought to be unreliable in terms of reproducibility of measurements. The failure to reproduce a blood glucose measurement from one experiment to another is in major part due to the unwanted interaction of leaky waves between the ambient environment and the blood glucose measuring device. In this work, we have overcome this problem by simply eliminating the leaky modes through the use of surface electromagnetic waves from a curved Goubau line. In the proposed methodology, a fixed volume of blood-filled skin tissue was first formed by vacuum suction and partially wound with a curved Goubau line which was coated with a 3 mm thick layer of gelatin/glycerin composite. Blood glucose levels were non-invasively determined using a network analyzer. At 4.5 GHz, a near-linear correlation exists between the measured S12 parameters and the blood glucose levels. The measured correlation was highly reproducible and consistent with the measurements obtained using the conventional invasive lancing approach. The findings of this work suggest the feasibility of non-invasive detection of left and right imbalances in the body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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9 pages, 3778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Design of an Energy Verification System for SC200 Proton Therapy Facility

by Pengyu Wang, Jinxing Zheng, Yuntao Song, Wuquan Zhang and Ming Wang

Electronics 2019, 8(5), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050541 - 13 May 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3967

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to provide an energy verification method for the nozzle of the SC200 proton therapy facility to ensure safe redundancy of treatment. This paper first introduces the composition of the energy selection system of the SC200 proton therapy [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to provide an energy verification method for the nozzle of the SC200 proton therapy facility to ensure safe redundancy of treatment. This paper first introduces the composition of the energy selection system of the SC200 proton therapy facility. Secondly, according to IEC60601 standard, the energy verification requirement that correspond to 1 mm error in water is presented. The allowable difference between the measured magnetic field and the reference are calculated based on the energy verification requirements to select the field resolution of the Hall probe. To ensure accuracy and stability, two Hall probes are mounted on the dipole to monitor the magnetic field strength to verify the proton beam energy in real time. In addition, the test results of the residual field of the dipole show that the probe system meets the accuracy requirements of energy verification. Furthermore, the maximum width of the slit of the energy selection system in accordance with the IEC standard at the corresponding energy is calculated and compared with the actual position of the movable slit to verify the momentum divergence of the proton beam. Finally, we present an energy verification method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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11 pages, 1591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of Endfire Radiating Open-Ended Waveguide Using Thin Surface Plasmon Structure

by Abhishek Kandwal, Zedong Nie, Jingzhen Li, Yuhang Liu, Louis WY. Liu and Ranjan Das

Electronics 2019, 8(5), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050504 - 07 May 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3421

Abstract

This paper proposes a technique to enhance the bandwidth and gain of an endfire radiating open-ended waveguide using a thin slow-wave surface plasmon structure. Mounted in the E-plane of the stated waveguide, a thin corrugated slow-wave structure has been used in conjunction with [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a technique to enhance the bandwidth and gain of an endfire radiating open-ended waveguide using a thin slow-wave surface plasmon structure. Mounted in the E-plane of the stated waveguide, a thin corrugated slow-wave structure has been used in conjunction with a waveguide transition to generate an endfire electromagnetic beam. An efficient mode conversion from waveguide transition to the corrugate plate resulted in the improved performance of the design. An impedance bandwidth from 8 GHz to 18 GHz has been achieved along with a gain enhancement from 7 dBi to 14.8 dBi using the proposed hybrid design. Endfire radiations have been obtained with a beam width of less than 25° through the proposed hybrid design with an efficiency of about 96 percent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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13 pages, 8392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transversely Compact Single-Ended and Balanced Bandpass Filters with Source–Load-Coupled Spurlines

by Fang Yan, Yong Mao Huang, Tao Huang, Shuai Ding, Kenian Wang and Maurizio Bozzi

Electronics 2019, 8(4), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040416 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2766

Abstract

Multi-function wireless systems demand multi-channel transmit/receive (TR) modules, particularly as multiple functions are required to operate simultaneously. In each channel, passive components, including bandpass filters, must be compact, or at least transversely compact; thus, the entire circuitry of the channel will be slender, [...] Read more.

Multi-function wireless systems demand multi-channel transmit/receive (TR) modules, particularly as multiple functions are required to operate simultaneously. In each channel, passive components, including bandpass filters, must be compact, or at least transversely compact; thus, the entire circuitry of the channel will be slender, and consequently multiple channels can be parallel-arranged conveniently. In this work, single-ended and balanced bandpass filters for multi-channel applications are presented. As a unique resonator, the U-shaped stepped impedance resonator (USIR) can achieve size miniaturization compared with its corresponding uniform impedance resonator (UIR) counterpart. Hence, with the utilization of USIRs, the proposed bandpass filters are able to acquire compact transverse sizes. Moreover, by using the source–load coupling scheme, two transmission zeros (TZs) are respectively generated at the lower and upper sides of the passbands, which is useful for improvement of the selectivity performance. In addition, spurlines are introduced at the input and output ports to produce another TZ to further enhance the stopband performance, which cannot be acquired by the UIR or stepped impedance resonator (SIR). To verify the aforementioned idea, one single-ended and one balanced bandpass filter are implemented, with experimental results in good agreement with the corresponding simulations. Meanwhile, as compared with some similar works, the proposed balanced filter achieves compact transverse size, sharp selectivity skirt, and wide stopbands up to the fourth-order harmonic with suppression over 20 dB, which illustrates its suitability for differential signal transmission application in microwave circuits and systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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21 pages, 9614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Experimental Test of Electrical Characteristics on Bonding Wire

by Wenchao Tian, Hao Cui and Wenbo Yu

Electronics 2019, 8(3), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030365 - 26 Mar 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6619

Abstract

In this paper, electrical characteristic analysis and corresponding experimental tests on gold bonding wire are presented. Firstly, according to EIA (Electronic Industries Association)/JEDEC97 standards, this paper establishes the electromagnetic structure model of gold bonding wire. The parameters, including flat length ratio, diameter, span [...] Read more.

In this paper, electrical characteristic analysis and corresponding experimental tests on gold bonding wire are presented. Firstly, according to EIA (Electronic Industries Association)/JEDEC97 standards, this paper establishes the electromagnetic structure model of gold bonding wire. The parameters, including flat length ratio, diameter, span and bonding height, were analyzed. In addition, the influence of three kinds of loops of bonding wire is discussed in relation to the S parameters. An equivalent circuit model of bonding wire is proposed. The effect of bonding wire on signal transmission was analyzed by eye diagram as well. Secondly, gold bonding wire design and measurement experiments were implemented based on radio frequency (RF) circuit theory analysis and test methods. Meanwhile, the original measurement data was compared with the simulation model data and the error was analyzed. At last, the data of five frequency points were processed to eliminate the fixture error as much as possible based on port embedding theory. The measurement results using port extension method were compared with the original measurement data and electromagnetic field simulation data, which proved the correctness of the simulation results and design rules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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Review

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17 pages, 10344 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Carbon-Based Composite Microwave Antennas

by Nikolai A. Dugin, Tatiana M. Zaboronkova, Catherine Krafft and Grigorii R. Belyaev

Electronics 2020, 9(4), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040590 - 31 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4008

Abstract

Applications of metamaterials to microwave antennas are reviewed over the past decade. The manufacturing of microwave antennas using graphene-containing carbon composite materials was developed and prototypes of dipole and horn antennas made from such materials were created. The radiation properties of the designed [...] Read more.

Applications of metamaterials to microwave antennas are reviewed over the past decade. The manufacturing of microwave antennas using graphene-containing carbon composite materials was developed and prototypes of dipole and horn antennas made from such materials were created. The radiation properties of the designed antennas and their metal analogs were measured and compared. The standing wave ratios, the radiation patterns and the amplitude-frequency characteristics were analyzed for horn antennas at frequencies

1.6

GHz and 5 GHz and for dipole antennas in the frequency range 0.2–0.6 GHz. The polarization characteristics of the horn antennas were studied. The effects of different carbon composite materials’ structures (fiber or fabric) on the antennas’ parameters were estimated. It is shown that antennas made from graphene-containing composite materials are able to operate efficiently and exhibit almost the same radiation properties as conventional metal antennas of the same geometry and size. However, the carbon-based antennas have much smaller weights and enhanced stability in a wide range of temperatures. In the future, such antennas should replace the conventional ones for many applications, especially for the excitation and reception of electromagnetic waves in space plasmas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electromagnetic Waves)

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