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Diagnostics
Special Issues
Monkeypox Outbreak: Laboratory Diagnosis, Disease Surveillance and Interesting Cases
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Monkeypox Outbreak: Laboratory Diagnosis, Disease Surveillance and Interesting Cases

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 6812

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Federica Novazzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
2. Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital of Circolo and Estabilshment Macchi, Varese, Italy
Interests: clinical microbiology; SARS-COV-2 immunity; SARS-COV-2 variants; HCV; HIV; respiratory viruses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Daniela Dalla Gasperina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
2. Medical Center, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
Interests: drug resistance; clinical infectious diseases; transplant infectious diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The current global monkeypox emergency places attention on this old but recently emerging virus. Since early May 2022, cases of monkeypox have been reported from countries where the disease is not endemic, and cases continue to be reported in several endemic countries. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) has determined that the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. 

Variola virus belongs to the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and genus orthopoxvirus, which includes vaccinia (smallpox vaccine), monkeypox virus, and several other animal poxviruses that cross-react serologically.

To date, the highest morbidity due to the monkeypox virus has been observed in adults, but it would be useful to know how the virus behaves in the rest of the population, such as children and the immunocompromised.

This Special Issue welcomes all aspects relevant to the monitoring of monkeypox virus epidemiology and the possible impact of this virus on public health. Another goal is risk communication and community engagement to inform communities at risk and the broader general public about monkeypox. In particular, we encourage the submission of cases or clusters of viral variants in both small and large communities, as well as the detection of unusual epidemiological events. The purpose of this Special Issue is to bolster laboratory diagnosis, disease surveillance, readiness and response actions to prevent further infections.

Dr. Federica Novazzi
Dr. Daniela Dalla Gasperina
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 2611 KiB  
Article
Internal Validation of a Real-Time qPCR Kit following the UNE/EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 for Detection of the Re-Emerging Monkeypox virus
by Antonio Martínez-Murcia, Aaron Navarro, Adrian Garcia-Sirera, Laura Pérez and Gema Bru
Diagnostics 2023, 13(9), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091560 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1183
Abstract
Human mpox is caused by the Monkeypox virus, a microorganism closely related to the Variola virus, both belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus. Mpox had been considered a rare disease until a global outbreak occurred in 2022. People infected with the virus present [...] Read more.
Human mpox is caused by the Monkeypox virus, a microorganism closely related to the Variola virus, both belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus. Mpox had been considered a rare disease until a global outbreak occurred in 2022. People infected with the virus present similar symptoms to patients suffering smallpox and other rash illnesses, hindering diagnosis. The WHO indicated that no commercial PCR or serology kits are currently widely available. In the present study, the MPXV MONODOSE dtec-qPCR kit was validated following guidelines of the UNE/EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005. The parameters evaluated for the acceptance of the assay were in silico and in vitro specificity, quantitative phase analysis, reliability, and sensitivity. The assay passed validation criteria and yielded an efficiency of 95.8%, high repeatability, reproducibility, and a Limit of Detection and Quantification of at least 10 copies. Results from the validation of the MPXV dtec-qPCR kit were satisfactory. The use of the MONODOSE format (dehydrated single PCR-tubes, ready to use) provided considerable advantages allowing the detection of the Monkeypox virus to be accurately achieved. This detection kit may be considered a reliable, fast, simple, and universally available option. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monkeypox Outbreak: Laboratory Diagnosis, Disease Surveillance and Interesting Cases)
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16 pages, 5189 KiB  
Article
A Transfer Learning Approach for Clinical Detection Support of Monkeypox Skin Lesions
by Maram Fahaad Almufareh, Samabia Tehsin, Mamoona Humayun and Sumaira Kausar
Diagnostics 2023, 13(8), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13081503 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2006
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV). It is a contagious disease and has associated symptoms of skin lesions, rashes, fever, and respiratory distress lymph swelling along with numerous neurological distresses. This can be a deadly disease, and the latest [...] Read more.
Monkeypox (MPX) is a disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV). It is a contagious disease and has associated symptoms of skin lesions, rashes, fever, and respiratory distress lymph swelling along with numerous neurological distresses. This can be a deadly disease, and the latest outbreak of it has shown its spread to Europe, Australia, the United States, and Africa. Typically, diagnosis of MPX is performed through PCR, by taking a sample of the skin lesion. This procedure is risky for medical staff, as during sample collection, transmission and testing, they can be exposed to MPXV, and this infectious disease can be transferred to medical staff. In the current era, cutting-edge technologies such as IoT and artificial intelligence (AI) have made the diagnostics process smart and secure. IoT devices such as wearables and sensors permit seamless data collection while AI techniques utilize the data in disease diagnosis. Keeping in view the importance of these cutting-edge technologies, this paper presents a non-invasive, non-contact, computer-vision-based method for diagnosis of MPX by analyzing skin lesion images that are more smart and secure compared to traditional methods of diagnosis. The proposed methodology employs deep learning techniques to classify skin lesions as MPXV positive or not. Two datasets, the Kaggle Monkeypox Skin Lesion Dataset (MSLD) and the Monkeypox Skin Image Dataset (MSID), are used for evaluating the proposed methodology. The results on multiple deep learning models were evaluated using sensitivity, specificity and balanced accuracy. The proposed method has yielded highly promising results, demonstrating its potential for wide-scale deployment in detecting monkeypox. This smart and cost-effective solution can be effectively utilized in underprivileged areas where laboratory infrastructure may be lacking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monkeypox Outbreak: Laboratory Diagnosis, Disease Surveillance and Interesting Cases)
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Review

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12 pages, 851 KiB  
Review
Monkeypox: An Unfamiliar Virus—Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Treatment with Special Emphasis on Oral Health
by Visha Shailesh Pandya, Vini Mehta, Mohammas Miraj, Sharifa M. Alasiry, Wdad Alanazy, Tintu Thomas Uthup, Riyaz Ahamed Shaik, Cesare D’Amico, Maura Mancini, Francesca Gorassini, Luca Fiorillo and Aida Meto
Diagnostics 2022, 12(11), 2749; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112749 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1757
Abstract
With the recent increased prevalence of human outbreaks, monkeypox has been recognized for decades as an infectious disease with substantial pandemic potential. The majority of cases of this virus have been observed in the European region (11,865), with few cases in the Western [...] Read more.
With the recent increased prevalence of human outbreaks, monkeypox has been recognized for decades as an infectious disease with substantial pandemic potential. The majority of cases of this virus have been observed in the European region (11,865), with few cases in the Western Pacific (54). Various governing health agencies are striving to restrain the fatal monkeypox virus (MPXV). Health practitioners around the world are learning about the many clinical manifestations of this infection, and its potential therapies. Despite the plethora of new evidence and rising cases, the essential questions remain unsolved. Thus, in this review, we have modernized the outlook for monkeypox, which will be helpful for various medical practitioners. In the light of continuing outbreaks around the world, we have also presented our assessment of the readiness of India against this outbreak, with a special focus on its effects on oral health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monkeypox Outbreak: Laboratory Diagnosis, Disease Surveillance and Interesting Cases)
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Other

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5 pages, 223 KiB  
Commentary
What a Transfusion Physician Should Know about Monkeypox Virus: Barriers to and Risks for Transmission, and Possible Mitigation Strategies
by Daniele Focosi and Massimo Franchini
Diagnostics 2022, 12(9), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092200 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1319
Abstract
The ongoing monkeypox pandemic is posing new challenges to the transfusion community. While to date most regulatory agencies recommend deferrals for cases and contacts, we summarize here arguments for introduction of universal PCR testing of MPXV in blood donations and donated tissue/organs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monkeypox Outbreak: Laboratory Diagnosis, Disease Surveillance and Interesting Cases)
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