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Diagnostics
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Artificial Intelligence in Human Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends
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Artificial Intelligence in Human Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 July 2023) | Viewed by 11271

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Mehedi Masud

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia
Interests: data science; data security; eHealth
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of rapid action when a new disease emerges. Fast and reliable diagnosis can protect us from the causes of morbidity and mortality. Despite significant improvements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, the advent of new diseases poses a pressing challenge to society, underlining the demand for improved countermeasures and fast diagnosis and treatment. Artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates the intelligent, rapid processing and analysis of huge and complex data. In AI, human intellectual processes are simulated by a computer-based system. Machine learning (ML) is a sub-discipline of AI. ML-based systems has the ability to learn from samples in data using statistical models without explicit programming. Deep learning (DL) is a subset of ML that leverages artificial neural networks.

AI has the ability to process the massive amount of medical and biological data that are generated daily. Without AI-based systems, this task could not be achieved due to sheer scale and complexity of it. By strategically applying ML and DL techniques, the healthcare industry and professionals can respond to the threat of emergent diseases. The strength of AI-based models has been exploited in a wide range of applications from public health to disease prediction to drug development.

In this Special Issue, we seek new advances and future trends, recent research, and applications of human disease prediction and diagnosis using Artificial Intelligence.

Prof. Dr. Mehedi Masud
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • computational intelligence
  • Explainable Artificial Intelligence (EAI)
  • deep learning and transfer learning for smart healthcare
  • AI-based diagnosis
  • next-generation telehealth/telecare
  • ambient assisted living

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 715 KiB  
Article
Empowering Lower Limb Disorder Identification through PoseNet and Artificial Intelligence
by Hafeez Ur Rehman Siddiqui, Adil Ali Saleem, Muhammad Amjad Raza, Santos Gracia Villar, Luis Alonso Dzul Lopez, Isabel de la Torre Diez, Furqan Rustam and Sandra Dudley
Diagnostics 2023, 13(18), 2881; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13182881 - 08 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1018
Abstract
A novel approach is presented in this study for the classification of lower limb disorders, with a specific emphasis on the knee, hip, and ankle. The research employs gait analysis and the extraction of PoseNet features from video data in order to effectively [...] Read more.
A novel approach is presented in this study for the classification of lower limb disorders, with a specific emphasis on the knee, hip, and ankle. The research employs gait analysis and the extraction of PoseNet features from video data in order to effectively identify and categorize these disorders. The PoseNet algorithm facilitates the extraction of key body joint movements and positions from videos in a non-invasive and user-friendly manner, thereby offering a comprehensive representation of lower limb movements. The features that are extracted are subsequently standardized and employed as inputs for a range of machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forest, Extra Tree Classifier, Multilayer Perceptron, Artificial Neural Networks, and Convolutional Neural Networks. The models undergo training and testing processes using a dataset consisting of 174 real patients and normal individuals collected at the Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Sadiq Abad. The evaluation of their performance is conducted through the utilization of K-fold cross-validation. The findings exhibit a notable level of accuracy and precision in the classification of various lower limb disorders. Notably, the Artificial Neural Networks model achieves the highest accuracy rate of 98.84%. The proposed methodology exhibits potential in enhancing the diagnosis and treatment planning of lower limb disorders. It presents a non-invasive and efficient method of analyzing gait patterns and identifying particular conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Human Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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23 pages, 5948 KiB  
Article
Interpretable Machine Learning for Personalized Medical Recommendations: A LIME-Based Approach
by Yuanyuan Wu, Linfei Zhang, Uzair Aslam Bhatti and Mengxing Huang
Diagnostics 2023, 13(16), 2681; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13162681 - 15 Aug 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1824
Abstract
Chronic diseases are increasingly major threats to older persons, seriously affecting their physical health and well-being. Hospitals have accumulated a wealth of health-related data, including patients’ test reports, treatment histories, and diagnostic records, to better understand patients’ health, safety, and disease progression. Extracting [...] Read more.
Chronic diseases are increasingly major threats to older persons, seriously affecting their physical health and well-being. Hospitals have accumulated a wealth of health-related data, including patients’ test reports, treatment histories, and diagnostic records, to better understand patients’ health, safety, and disease progression. Extracting relevant information from this data enables physicians to provide personalized patient-treatment recommendations. While collaborative filtering techniques and classical algorithms such as naive Bayes, logistic regression, and decision trees have had notable success in health-recommendation systems, most current systems primarily inform users of their likely preferences without providing explanations. This paper proposes an approach of deep learning with a local interpretable model–agnostic explanations (LIME)-based interpretable recommendation system to solve this problem. Specifically, we apply the proposed approach to two chronic diseases common in older adults: heart disease and diabetes. After data preprocessing, we use six deep-learning algorithms to form interpretations. In the heart-disease data set, the actual model recommendation of multi-layer perceptron and gradient-boosting algorithm differs from the local model’s recommendation of LIME, which can be used as its approximate prediction. From the feature importance of these two algorithms, it can be seen that the CholCheck, GenHith, and HighBP features are the most important for predicting heart disease. In the diabetes data set, the actual model predictions of the multi-layer perceptron and logistic-regression algorithm were little different from the local model’s prediction of LIME, which can be used as its approximate recommendation. Moreover, from the feature importance of the two algorithms, it can be seen that the three features of glucose, BMI, and age were the most important for predicting heart disease. Next, LIME is used to determine the importance of each feature that affected the results of the calculated model. Subsequently, we present the contribution coefficients of these features to the final recommendation. By analyzing the impact of different patient characteristics on the recommendations, our proposed system elucidates the underlying reasons behind these recommendations and enhances patient trust. This approach has important implications for medical recommendation systems and encourages informed decision-making in healthcare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Human Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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21 pages, 2818 KiB  
Article
A Cardiac Deep Learning Model (CDLM) to Predict and Identify the Risk Factor of Congenital Heart Disease
by Prabu Pachiyannan, Musleh Alsulami, Deafallah Alsadie, Abdul Khader Jilani Saudagar, Mohammed AlKhathami and Ramesh Chandra Poonia
Diagnostics 2023, 13(13), 2195; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13132195 - 28 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a critical global public health concern, particularly when it comes to newborn mortality. Low- and middle-income countries face the highest mortality rates due to limited resources and inadequate healthcare access. To address this pressing issue, machine learning presents [...] Read more.
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a critical global public health concern, particularly when it comes to newborn mortality. Low- and middle-income countries face the highest mortality rates due to limited resources and inadequate healthcare access. To address this pressing issue, machine learning presents an opportunity to develop accurate predictive models that can assess the risk of death from CHD. These models can empower healthcare professionals by identifying high-risk infants and enabling appropriate care. Additionally, machine learning can uncover patterns in the risk factors associated with CHD mortality, leading to targeted interventions that prevent or reduce mortality among vulnerable newborns. This paper proposes an innovative machine learning approach to minimize newborn mortality related to CHD. By analyzing data from infants diagnosed with CHD, the model identifies key risk factors contributing to mortality. Armed with this knowledge, healthcare providers can devise customized interventions, including intensified care for high-risk infants and early detection and treatment strategies. The proposed diagnostic model utilizes maternal clinical history and fetal health information to accurately predict the condition of newborns affected by CHD. The results are highly promising, with the proposed Cardiac Deep Learning Model (CDLM) achieving remarkable performance metrics, including a sensitivity of 91.74%, specificity of 92.65%, positive predictive value of 90.85%, negative predictive value of 55.62%, and a miss rate of 91.03%. This research aims to make a significant impact by equipping healthcare professionals with powerful tools to combat CHD-related newborn mortality, ultimately saving lives and improving healthcare outcomes worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Human Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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24 pages, 2094 KiB  
Article
Automatic and Early Detection of Parkinson’s Disease by Analyzing Acoustic Signals Using Classification Algorithms Based on Recursive Feature Elimination Method
by Khaled M. Alalayah, Ebrahim Mohammed Senan, Hany F. Atlam, Ibrahim Abdulrab Ahmed and Hamzeh Salameh Ahmad Shatnawi
Diagnostics 2023, 13(11), 1924; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13111924 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4486
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition generated by the dysfunction of brain cells and their 60–80% inability to produce dopamine, an organic chemical responsible for controlling a person’s movement. This condition causes PD symptoms to appear. Diagnosis involves many physical and psychological [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition generated by the dysfunction of brain cells and their 60–80% inability to produce dopamine, an organic chemical responsible for controlling a person’s movement. This condition causes PD symptoms to appear. Diagnosis involves many physical and psychological tests and specialist examinations of the patient’s nervous system, which causes several issues. The methodology method of early diagnosis of PD is based on analysing voice disorders. This method extracts a set of features from a recording of the person’s voice. Then machine-learning (ML) methods are used to analyse and diagnose the recorded voice to distinguish Parkinson’s cases from healthy ones. This paper proposes novel techniques to optimize the techniques for early diagnosis of PD by evaluating selected features and hyperparameter tuning of ML algorithms for diagnosing PD based on voice disorders. The dataset was balanced by the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) and features were arranged according to their contribution to the target characteristic by the recursive feature elimination (RFE) algorithm. We applied two algorithms, t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) and principal component analysis (PCA), to reduce the dimensions of the dataset. Both t-SNE and PCA finally fed the resulting features into the classifiers support-vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbours (KNN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and multilayer perception (MLP). Experimental results proved that the proposed techniques were superior to existing studies in which RF with the t-SNE algorithm yielded an accuracy of 97%, precision of 96.50%, recall of 94%, and F1-score of 95%. In addition, MLP with the PCA algorithm yielded an accuracy of 98%, precision of 97.66%, recall of 96%, and F1-score of 96.66%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Human Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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26 pages, 48566 KiB  
Article
SAA-UNet: Spatial Attention and Attention Gate UNet for COVID-19 Pneumonia Segmentation from Computed Tomography
by Shroog Alshomrani, Muhammad Arif and Mohammed A. Al Ghamdi
Diagnostics 2023, 13(9), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091658 - 08 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1526
Abstract
The disaster of the COVID-19 pandemic has claimed numerous lives and wreaked havoc on the entire world due to its transmissible nature. One of the complications of COVID-19 is pneumonia. Different radiography methods, particularly computed tomography (CT), have shown outstanding performance in effectively [...] Read more.
The disaster of the COVID-19 pandemic has claimed numerous lives and wreaked havoc on the entire world due to its transmissible nature. One of the complications of COVID-19 is pneumonia. Different radiography methods, particularly computed tomography (CT), have shown outstanding performance in effectively diagnosing pneumonia. In this paper, we propose a spatial attention and attention gate UNet model (SAA-UNet) inspired by spatial attention UNet (SA-UNet) and attention UNet (Att-UNet) to deal with the problem of infection segmentation in the lungs. The proposed method was applied to the MedSeg, Radiopaedia 9P, combination of MedSeg and Radiopaedia 9P, and Zenodo 20P datasets. The proposed method showed good infection segmentation results (two classes: infection and background) with an average Dice similarity coefficient of 0.85, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.93 and a mean intersection over union (IOU) of 0.78, 0.90, 0.86, and 0.87, respectively, on the four datasets mentioned above. Moreover, it also performed well in multi-class segmentation with average Dice similarity coefficients of 0.693, 0.89, 0.87, and 0.93 and IOU scores of 0.68, 0.87, 0.78, and 0.89 on the four datasets, respectively. Classification accuracies of more than 97% were achieved for all four datasets. The F1-scores for the MedSeg, Radiopaedia P9, combination of MedSeg and Radiopaedia P9, and Zenodo 20P datasets were 0.865, 0.943, 0.917, and 0.926, respectively, for the binary classification. For multi-class classification, accuracies of more than 96% were achieved on all four datasets. The experimental results showed that the framework proposed can effectively and efficiently segment COVID-19 infection on CT images with different contrast and utilize this to aid in diagnosing and treating pneumonia caused by COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Human Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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