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Sustainable Coatings by Electrodeposition: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
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Sustainable Coatings by Electrodeposition: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2021) | Viewed by 20029

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Uta Klement

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial and Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
Interests: materials characterization; electron microscopy; coatings; thermal spray; electrodeposition

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

How to reduce negative human impact by integrating sustainability with technological progress is becoming one of the major challenges in modern society. This is also addressed in one of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, which deals with “Responsible Consumption and Production” (Goal 12). With respect to protective coatings, we are still confronted with finding replacements for cadmium and hard chromium, because the proposed alternative materials (CoP, CoW, NiP, …) contain large amounts of Co and Ni, whose production is already being targeted as hazardous in recent environmental legislations. Also, the use of elements like phosphorus is critical, as it is essential as a nutrient for plants, animals, and humans, and is non-replaceable. Hence, concerns have arisen about the availability of future phosphorus supplies in the EU and worldwide. Electrodeposition of magnetic alloys with outstanding magnetic properties, free from rare-earth and noble-metals and containing neither Ni nor Co (or little amounts of both elements), is also not straightforward.

Here, the importance in the development of sustainable coatings through the use of electrodeposition comes in and requires synergistic efforts by the scientific community. The use of environmentally-friendly chemical baths, as well as the design and characterization of novel more sustainable coatings is an important research topic that we like to shed light on in this special issue. Of course, this includes property evaluation, as well as discussion of first applications and remaining challenges of sustainable coatings produced by electrodeposition.

In particular, topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Environmentally-friendly chemical baths for electrodeposition
  • Production and charaterization of sustainable alloy systems
  • Property determination and application tests

Prof. Dr. Uta Klement
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 38744 KiB  
Article
Tartrate-Based Electrolyte for Electrodeposition of Fe–Sn Alloys
by Simona Mrkonjić Zajkoska, Edmund Dobročka, Selma Hansal, Rudolf Mann, Wolfgang E. G. Hansal and Wolfgang Kautek
Coatings 2019, 9(5), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050313 - 10 May 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3595
Abstract
Magnetic properties of the sustainable Fe–Sn alloys are already known. However, there is lack of information in the field of Fe–Sn electrodeposition. In the present study, a novel Fe(III)–Sn(II) electrolyte with tartaric acid as a single complexing agent is introduced. The influence of [...] Read more.
Magnetic properties of the sustainable Fe–Sn alloys are already known. However, there is lack of information in the field of Fe–Sn electrodeposition. In the present study, a novel Fe(III)–Sn(II) electrolyte with tartaric acid as a single complexing agent is introduced. The influence of the pH and the current density on the structural properties of the Fe–Sn deposit was studied. The stability of the electrolytes as a main attribute of sustainability was tested. The ferromagnetic phases Fe5Sn3 and Fe3Sn were electrodeposited for the first time, and it was found that the mechanism of the Fe–Sn deposition changes from normal to anomalous at a pH value 3.0 and a current density of approximately 30 mA/cm2. A possible reason for the anomalous deposition of Fe–Sn is the formation of Fe-hydroxides on the cathode surface. Two electrolyte stability windows exist: The first stability window is around a pH value of 1.8 where bimetallic Fe–Sn tartrate complexes were formed, and second one is around a pH value of 3.5 where most of the Sn ions were present in the form of [Sn(tart)2]2− and Fe in the form of [Fe(tart)]+ complexes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Coatings by Electrodeposition: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)
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15 pages, 4171 KiB  
Article
Modified Electrodeposited Cobalt Foam Coatings as Sensors for Detection of Free Chlorine in Water
by Modestas Vainoris, Natalia Tsyntsaru and Henrikas Cesiulis
Coatings 2019, 9(5), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050306 - 08 May 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3941
Abstract
Metal foams offer a substantial specific surface area and sturdy frame, which makes them great candidates for various applications such as catalysts, sensors, heat sinks, etc. Cobalt and its various compounds are being considered as a cheaper alternative for precious and rare metal [...] Read more.
Metal foams offer a substantial specific surface area and sturdy frame, which makes them great candidates for various applications such as catalysts, sensors, heat sinks, etc. Cobalt and its various compounds are being considered as a cheaper alternative for precious and rare metal catalysts. The cobalt foams have been electrodeposited under galvanostatic and current pulse modes; the porous surface was created using a dynamic hydrogen bubble template. In order to obtain the highest porosity, four different solutions were tested, as well as a wide current density window (0.6–2.5 A/cm²), in addition many different combinations of pulse durations were applied. The effects of surfactant (isopropanol) on porosity were also investigated. The morphology of obtained foams was examined by SEM coupled with EDS, and XRD spectroscopy. True surface area was estimated based on the values of a double electric layer capacitance that was extracted from EIS data. Cobalt foams were modified using K3[Fe(CN)6] solution and cyclic voltammetry to form a cobalt hexacyanoferrate complex on the foam surface. In order to find optimal modification conditions, various potential scan rates and numbers of cycles were tested as well. Free chlorine sensing capabilities were evaluated using chronoamperometry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Coatings by Electrodeposition: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)
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12 pages, 3721 KiB  
Article
Electrodeposition of Nanocrystalline Fe-P Coatings: Influence of Bath Temperature and Glycine Concentration on Structure, Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior
by Natalia Kovalska, Natalia Tsyntsaru, Henrikas Cesiulis, Annet Gebert, Jordina Fornell, Eva Pellicer, Jordi Sort, Wolfgang Hansal and Wolfgang Kautek
Coatings 2019, 9(3), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030189 - 13 Mar 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4276
Abstract
A detailed electrochemical study and investigation of a Fe-P glycine bath as a function of the temperature and glycine concentrations and current density, and their resulting corrosion and mechanical behavior is presented. A low addition of glycine to the electrolyte led to a [...] Read more.
A detailed electrochemical study and investigation of a Fe-P glycine bath as a function of the temperature and glycine concentrations and current density, and their resulting corrosion and mechanical behavior is presented. A low addition of glycine to the electrolyte led to a drastic increase of the P content. At low Fe-P deposition rates, heterogeneous rough deposits with morphological bumps and pores were observed. By increasing the Fe-P deposition rate, the number of pores were reduced drastically, resulting in smooth coatings. Increasing the P content led to the formation of nanocrystalline grains from an “amorphous-like” state. Coatings with higher P contents exhibited better corrosion resistance and hardening, most likely attributed to grain boundary strengthening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Coatings by Electrodeposition: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)
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15 pages, 4520 KiB  
Article
Design of Highly Active Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Based on Mo-Rich Alloys Electrodeposited from Ammonium Acetate Bath
by Edita Vernickaitė, Oksana Bersirova, Henrikas Cesiulis and Natalia Tsyntsaru
Coatings 2019, 9(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9020085 - 30 Jan 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4189
Abstract
The given research was driven by prospects to design Mo-rich coatings with iron group metals electrodeposited from a highly saturated ammonium acetate bath. The obtained coatings could be employed as prominent electrodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It was found that the [...] Read more.
The given research was driven by prospects to design Mo-rich coatings with iron group metals electrodeposited from a highly saturated ammonium acetate bath. The obtained coatings could be employed as prominent electrodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It was found that the Mo content in Ni–Mo alloys can be tuned from 30 to 78 at.% by decreasing the molar ratio [Ni(II)]:[Mo(VI)] in the electrolyte from 1.0 to 0.25 and increasing the cathodic current density from 30 to 100 mA/cm2. However, dense cracks and pits are formed due to hydrogen evolution at high current densities and that diminishes the catalytic activity of the coating for HER. Accordingly, smoother and crack-free Ni–54 at.% Mo, Co–52 at.% Mo and Fe–54 at.% Mo alloys have been prepared at 30 mA/cm2. Their catalytic behavior for HER has been investigated in a 30 wt.% NaOH solution at temperatures ranging from 25 to 65 °C. A significant improvement of electrocatalytic activity with increasing bath temperature was noticed. The results showed that the sequence of electrocatalytic activity in alkaline media decreases in the following order: Co–52 at.% Mo > Ni–54 at.% Mo > Fe–54 at.% Mo. These peculiarities might be linked with different catalytic behavior of formed intermetallics (and active sites) in electrodeposited alloys. The designed electrodeposited Mo-rich alloys have a higher catalytic activity than Mo and Pt cast metals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Coatings by Electrodeposition: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)
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13 pages, 5002 KiB  
Article
Improvement in the Wear Resistance under Dry Friction of Electrodeposited Fe-W Coatings through Heat Treatments
by Antonio Mulone, Aliona Nicolenco, Naroa Imaz, Vanesa Martinez-Nogues, Natalia Tsyntsaru, Henrikas Cesiulis and Uta Klement
Coatings 2019, 9(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9020066 - 24 Jan 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3416
Abstract
The influence of the microstructural transformations upon heat treatments on the wear resistance of Fe-W coatings is studied. The coatings are electrodeposited from a glycolate-citrate plating bath with 24 at.% of W, and the wear resistance is investigated under dry friction conditions using [...] Read more.
The influence of the microstructural transformations upon heat treatments on the wear resistance of Fe-W coatings is studied. The coatings are electrodeposited from a glycolate-citrate plating bath with 24 at.% of W, and the wear resistance is investigated under dry friction conditions using ball-on-disc sliding tests. The samples were annealed in Ar atmosphere at different temperatures up to 800 °C. The microstructural transformations were studied by means of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) technique. Except for the coating annealed at 800 °C, all the tested coatings suffered severe tribo-oxidation which resulted in the formation of deep cracks, i.e., ~15 μm in depth, within the wear track. The precipitation of the secondary phases, i.e., Fe2W and FeWO4, on the surface of the sample annealed at 800 °C increased the resistance to tribo-oxidation leading to wear tracks with an average depth of ~3 μm. Hence, the Fe-W coating annealed at 800 °C was characterized with a higher wear resistance resulting in a wear rate comparable to electrodeposited hard chromium coatings, i.e., 3 and 4 × 10−6 mm3/N m, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Coatings by Electrodeposition: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)
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