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Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 28580

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Dr. Abu ul Hassan Sarwar Rana

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Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
Interests: advanced manufacturing; machine learning; renewable energy; materials science; electrical machines and robotics; project management; industrial management; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fazal Ijaz

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Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
Interests: data science; machine learning; data structures and algorithms; systems engineering; neural networks; data mining; project management; tensor flow; predictive modelling; artificial intelligence; hadoop; apache spark; software development; empirical researchbig data
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Shoyebmohamad F. Shaikh

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Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Interests: nanoengineering; biosensors; gas sensors; solar cells; nanoscale coatings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are planning to open a Special Issue in the MDPI journal Coatings, entitled, “Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications.” Thick or thin film coatings are traditionally used to deposit advanced functional materials on the specified surfaces for multiple applications. Some of the famous processes used for nanomaterials’ deposition include chemical vapor deposition, e-beam evaporation, vacuum depositions, and molecular beam epitaxy. However, because of their simplicity and perfection, solution processed routes are the most pervasively used coating techniques in commercial, industrial, and academic scales.

The prime focus of this Special Issue is to highlight the novel trends in solution processed coatings and the characterizations of coated functional materials. The solution processed techniques include coatings via sol-gel, hydrothermal, solvothermal, microwave-assisted, sonochemical, magnetron sputtering, dip coatings, spin coating, spray pyrolysis, and any other method that involves a solution processed route for synthesis. The post-coating characterizations are also important to check the chemical, physical, electrical, mechanical, and optoelectronic characteristics of the deposited materials. The fabricated materials are applicable in the realm of nanoscience and nanotechnology, sustainability, solar cells, biomedical devices, healthcare, batteries, sensors, robotics, advanced manufacturing, photonics, and optoelectronics.

We encourage the industrial and academic scientists to submit their experimental and theoretical results in the form of original articles, review papers, and short communications. The topics of this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

Thin and thick film coatings via solution processed route
Advanced functional nanomaterials and composite materials
Material characterizations (SEM, TEM, XRD, PL, Raman, I-V, Hall, XPS, AFM, C-V and more)
Micro and nanoscale devices fabricated via solution processed route
New ways of solution processed coatings

Dr. Abu ul Hassan Sarwar Rana
Dr. Muhammad Fazal Ijaz
Dr. Shoyebmohamad F. Shaikh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Coatings
Nanomaterials
Composite materials
Surface science
Solution processed route
Device fabrication and characterization
Optoelectronics
Alloys and compounds
Sustainability
Sol-gel
Hydrothermal
Solvothermal
Electrochemistry
Spray pyrolysis
Dip coating
Spin coating
Biosensors
Healthcare
Photodetectors
Photonics

Published Papers (11 papers)

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14 pages, 3357 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hybrid ZnO Flowers-Rods Nanostructure for Improved Photodetection Compared to Standalone Flowers and Rods

by Abdullah M. Al-Enizi, Shoyebmohamad F. Shaikh, Asiya M. Tamboli, Afifa Marium, Muhammad Fazal Ijaz, Mohd Ubaidullah, Meera Moydeen Abdulhameed and Satish U. Ekar

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121464 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1806

Abstract

Different Zinc Oxide (ZnO) morphologies have been used to improve photodetector efficiencies for optoelectronic applications. Herein, we present the very novel hybrid ZnO flower-rod (HZFR) morphology, to improve photodetector response and efficiency when compared to the prevalently used ZnO nanorods (NRs) and ZnO nanoflowers (NFs). The HZFR was fabricated via sol-gel microwave-assisted hydrothermal methods. HZFR achieves the benefits of both NFs, by trapping a greater amount of UV light for the generation of e-h pairs, and NRs, by effectively transporting the generated e-h pairs to the channel. The fabricated photosensors were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and a Keithley 4200A-SCS parameter analyzer for their morphology, structural characteristics, optical performance, and electrical characteristics, respectively. The transient current response, current-voltage characteristics, and responsivity measurements were set as a benchmark of success to compare the sensor response of the three different morphologies. It was found that the novel HZFR showed the best UV sensor performance with the fastest response time (~7 s), the highest on-off ratio (52), and the best responsivity (126 A/W) when compared to the NRs and NFs. Hence, it was inferred that the HZFR morphology would be a great addition to the ZnO family for photodetector applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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19 pages, 4036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecofriendly Water-Based Solution Processing: Preliminary Studies of Zn-ZrO₂ Thin Films for Microelectronics Applications

by Aneeqa Bashir, Hina Siddiqui, Shahzad Naseem and Arshad Saleem Bhatti

Coatings 2021, 11(8), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080901 - 28 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2092

Abstract

This paper demonstrates the high yield and cost effectiveness of a simple and ecofriendly water-based solution processing, to produce Zinc-doped Zirconia (Zn-ZrO₂) composite thin films, onto glass substrates, with excellent optical properties that make them of great interest for optical and microelectronics technologies. The effect of Zn variation (given as 10, 15, 20 at.%) on the crystallization, microstructure, and optical properties of ZrO₂ film was examined. The addition of Zn did not restructure the ZrO₂ lattice, as the results indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy revealed neither any mixed or individual phases; rather, all the films retained the amorphousness. Nonetheless, Zn did control the grain formation at the film surfaces, thereby changing the surface morphology. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evidenced homogeneous, compact, crack-free, and dense films with surface roughness below 2 nm indicating smooth surfaces. The films were highly transparent (>80%) with tunable optical band gap Eg (5.21 to 4.66 eV) influenced by Zn dopant. Optical constants such as refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), and dielectric constant (ε) were obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and a correlation was established with respect to the doping level. A high value of n > 2 value indicated high packing density in these films, and it decreased slightly from 2.98 to 2.60 (at 632 nm); whereas, optical losses were brought down with increasing Zn indicated by decreasing k values. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed UV emissions more pronounced than the blue emissions indicating good structural quality of all the films. Nonetheless, added defects from Zn had suppressed the PL emission. The technique presented in this work, thus, manifests as high performance and robust and has the potential comparable to the sophisticated counter techniques. Furthermore, the Zn-ZrO₂ films are promising for a low-cost solution to processed microelectronics and optical technologies after reaching high performance targets with regards to the electrical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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14 pages, 1809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UV-A Treatment of ZrO₂ Thin Films Fabricated by Environmental Friendlier Water-Based Solution Processing: Structural and Optical Studies

by Aneeqa Bashir, Mehwish Farooq, Abdul Malik, Shahzad Naseem and Arshad Saleem Bhatti

Coatings 2021, 11(7), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070821 - 07 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2224

Abstract

An environmentally friendlier solution processing has been introduced to fabricate zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) films on quartz substrates, using spin coating of simple water-based solution. The films cured with UV-A = 330 nm for different times (40, 80, 120 min) were investigated for structural and optical properties and compared with thermally annealed film (at 350 °C). XRD and Raman spectroscopy showed amorphous structure in all the samples with no significant phase transformation with UV-A exposure. AFM microscopy showed smooth and crack free films with surface roughness ≤2 nm that reduced with UV-A exposure. Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy demonstrated optical transmittance ≥88% and energy band gap variations as 4.52–4.70 eV. Optical constants were found from spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The refractive index (n) values, measured at 470 nm increased from 1.73 to 2.74 as the UV-A exposure prolonged indicating densification and decreasing porosity of the films. The extinction coefficient k decreased from 0.32 to 0.19 indicating reduced optical losses in the films under the UV-A exposure. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited more pronounced UV emissions which grew intense with UV-A exposure thereby improving the film quality. It is concluded that UV-A irradiation can significantly enhance the optical properties of ZrO₂ films with minimal changes induced in the structure as compared to thermally treated film. Moreover, the present work indicates that water-based solution processing has the potential to produce high-quality ZrO₂ films for low cost and environmental friendlier technologies. The work also highlights the use of UV-A radiations as an alternate to high temperature thermal annealing for improved quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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18 pages, 5710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation and Optimization of Nano Lipid Based Oral Delivery Systems for Arthritis

by Sadaf Jamal Gilani, May Nasser Bin-Jumah, Syed Sarim Imam, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed Asadullah Jahangir and Ameeduzzafar Zafar

Coatings 2021, 11(5), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050548 - 06 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2376

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic synovitis that leads to tissue dysfunction as well as loss of complete function. There are several synthetic NSAIDs, glucocorticoids and biological drugs that are commonly used to treat arthritis. These drugs have severe life-threatening side effects. The use of a bioactive compound (Apigenin) could be an alternative to synthetic conventional delivery systems. It is a poorly water-soluble drug having a wide range of pharmacological activities. It has been reported for potential anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. In the present study, Apigenin (APG) solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solid lipid (glyceryl mono stearate, GMS), surfactant (d -α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, TPGS) and sonication time (ST). The optimized APG SLNs showed a particle size of 161.7 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 80.44 ± 4.11%. It was further coated with 0.1% w/v chitosan (APG-CH-SLNs) and showed the particle size, PDI and zeta potential of 185.4 nm, 0.45 + 26.7 mV, respectively. The significant (p < 0.001) enhancement in drug release, permeation and mucoadhesive study was observed after chitosan coating. The antioxidant study results depicted an increase in antioxidant property. Finally, the anti-arthritic biochemical parameters revealed marked changes in the results in comparison to arthritic control animals. From the study, it was concluded that APG-loaded mucoadhesive lipid nanoparticles are an alternative to the synthetic oral delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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12 pages, 5595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Facile Urea-Assisted Thermal Decomposition Process of TiO₂ Nanoparticles and Their Photocatalytic Activity

by Sandip Madhukar Deshmukh, Mohaseen S. Tamboli, Hamid Shaikh, Santosh B. Babar, Dipak P. Hiwarale, Ankush Gautam Thate, Asiya F. Shaikh, Mohammad Asif Alam, Sanjay M. Khetre and Sambhaji R. Bamane

Coatings 2021, 11(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020165 - 31 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2109

Abstract

In the present work, we have reported a facile and large-scale synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) through urea-assisted thermal decomposition of titanium oxysulphate. We have successfully synthesized TiO₂ NPs by using this effective route with different weight ratios of titanium oxysulphate: urea. The structures and properties of TiO₂ NPs were confirmed by scanning electron microscope) (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultra violet–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and photoluminescence (Pl) techniques. XRD demonstrated that TiO₂ NPs holds of anatase crystal phase with crystallizing size 14–19 nm even after heating at 600 °C. TGA, SEM, and TEM images reveal urea’s role, which controls the size, morphology, and aggregation of TiO₂ NPs during the thermal decomposition. These TiO₂ NPs were employed for photodegradation of Methyl Orange (MO) in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. An interesting find was that the TiO₂ NPs exhibited better photocatalytic activity and excellent recycling stability over several photodegradation cycles. Furthermore, the present method has a great perspective to be used as an efficient method for large-scale synthesis of TiO₂ NPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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17 pages, 5489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan Coated Luteolin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Optimization, In Vitro-Ex Vivo Assessments and Cytotoxicity Study in Breast Cancer Cells

by Sadaf Jamal Gilani, May Bin-Jumah, Md. Rizwanullah, Syed Sarim Imam, Khalid Imtiyaz, Sultan Alshehri and Mohd. Moshahid Alam Rizvi

Coatings 2021, 11(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020158 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3479

Abstract

In the present study, luteolin (LTN)-encapsulated chitosan (CS) coated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were formulated using the melt emulsification ultrasonication technique. NLCs were optimized by using the 3³-QbD approach for improved in vitro efficacy against breast cancer cell lines. The optimized LTN-CS-NLCs were successfully characterized by different in vitro and ex vivo experiments as well as evaluated for cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. The prepared LTN-CS-NLCs showed particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (%EE) in the range between 101.25 nm and 158.04 nm, 0.11 and 0.20, and 65.55% and 95.37%, respectively. Coating of NLCs with CS significantly increased the particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and zeta potential changes positively. Moreover, slow-release rate of LTN was achieved during 24 h of study for LTN-CS-NLCs. In addition, optimized LTN-CS-NLCs showed significantly higher mucoadhesion, gastrointestinal stability, and intestinal permeation compared to non-coated LTN-NLCs and LTN suspension. Furthermore, LTN-CS-NLCs showed statistically enhanced antioxidant potential as well as dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells compared to uncoated LTN-NLCs and pure LTN. On the basis of the above findings, it may be stated that chitosan-coated LTN-NLCs represents a great potential for breast cancer management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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23 pages, 5148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spilanthes acmella Leaves Extract for Corrosion Inhibition in Acid Medium

by Akbar Ali Samsath Begum, Raja Mohamed Abdul Vahith, Vijay Kotra, Mohammed Rafi Shaik, Abdelatty Abdelgawad, Emad Mahrous Awwad and Mujeeb Khan

Coatings 2021, 11(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010106 - 18 Jan 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3109

Abstract

In the present study, the corrosion inhibition effect of Spilanthes acmella aqueous leaves extract (SA-LE) on mild steel was investigated in 1.0 M HCl solution at different temperature using weight loss, Tafel polarization, linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements. Adsorption of inhibitor on the surface of the mild steel obeyed both Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherms. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were also calculated to determine the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with an increase in the inhibitor concentration i.e., Spilanthes acmella aqueous leaves extract, however, the inhibition efficiency decreased with an increase in the temperature. The phytochemical constituents with functional groups including electronegative hetero atoms such as N, O, and S in the extract adsorbed on the metal surface are found responsible for the effective performance of the inhibitor, which was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic (UV-Vis) studies. Protective film formation against corrosion was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle studies. The result shows that the leaves extract acts as corrosion inhibitor and is able to promote surface protection by blocking active sites on the metal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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19 pages, 7882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chitosan Coating on PLGA Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Thymoquinone: In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and Cancer Cell Line Assessments

by Sultan Alshehri, Syed Sarim Imam, Md Rizwanullah, Khalid Umar Fakhri, Mohd Moshahid Alam Rizvi, Wael Mahdi and Mohsin Kazi

Coatings 2021, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010006 - 23 Dec 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 2892

Abstract

In the present study, thymoquinone (TQ)-encapsulated chitosan- (CS)-coated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were formulated using the emulsion evaporation method. NPs were optimized by using 3³-QbD approach for improved efficacy against breast cancer. The optimized thymoquinone loaded chitosan coated Poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (TQ-CS-PLGA-NPs) were successfully characterized by different in vitro and ex vivo experiments as well as evaluated for cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. The surface coating of PLGA-NPs was completed by CS coating and there were no significant changes in particle size and entrapment efficiency (EE) observed. The developed TQ-CS-PLGA-NPs showed particle size, polydispersibility index (PDI), and %EE in the range between 126.03–196.71 nm, 0.118–0.205, and 62.75%–92.17%. The high and prolonged TQ release rate was achieved from TQ-PLGA-NPs and TQ-CS-PLGA-NPs. The optimized TQ-CS-PLGA-NPs showed significantly higher mucoadhesion and intestinal permeation compared to uncoated TQ-PLGA-NPs and TQ suspension. Furthermore, TQ-CS-PLGA-NPs showed statistically enhanced antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells compared to uncoated TQ-PLGA-NPs and pure TQ. On the basis of the above findings, it may be stated that chitosan-coated TQ-PLGA-NPs represent a great potential for breast cancer management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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11 pages, 4382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimycobacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activities of Mesoporous Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles for Healthcare

by Jivan R. Kote, Ambadas S. Kadam, Mohd Ubaidullah, Abdullah M. Al-Enizi, Mohammed A. Al-Abdrabalnabi, Ayman Nafady, Muhammad Imran and Rajaram S. Mane

Coatings 2020, 10(12), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121242 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2062

Abstract

Nanobiotechnology has offered great attention in drug delivery and the development of various medicines used to treat microorganism infections. The present investigation deals with antimycobacterial activity, in-vitro hemolysis assay, and antioxidant activity of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs). NiO NPs, with controlled size and shape, prepared by a simple and inexpensive successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method was scanned using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) digital images for surface morphology confirmation. Spherical irregular island-type NPs of about 24 nm diameter are obtained. The X-ray diffraction pattern demonstrates the synthesis of polycrystalline and cubic in phase NiO NPs. The Raman spectrum has revealed the presence of two vibration bands cantered at 550 and 1095 cm⁻¹ for one photon longitudinal optical, and two longitudinal optical modes, respectively. The as-prepared NiO NPs endow 10 µg/mL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, MTCC-300) and 10 µg/mL against Mycobacterium phlei (M. phlei, MTCC-1723) inhibitory concentrations. The hemolytic activity of NiO NPs has also been explored. The antioxidant result demonstrates 63.44% for NiO NPs over 88.23% for standard, i.e., di(phenyl)-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl) viminoazaniun antioxidant. Taken together, NiO NPs act as a potential candidate against mycobacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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10 pages, 8291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Development and Validation of a Portable Gas Sensor Module: A Facile Approach for Monitoring Greenhouse Gases

by Supriya A. Mane, Digambar Y. Nadargi, Jyoti D. Nadargi, Omar M. Aldossary, Mohaseen S. Tamboli and Vinayak P. Dhulap

Coatings 2020, 10(12), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121148 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4141

Abstract

We report the unique design and prototype of a portable gas sensor module for monitoring greenhouse gases. The commercially available gas sensors (MQ-02, MQ-135, and TGS2602) were adopted in designing the module using Arduino Uno. Different locations in the city of Solapur, India (17.6599° N, 75.9064° E), were scanned for the usability of the developed prototype of the mobile gas sensor module. The choice of gas sensors in combination with Arduino Uno led to an excellent prototype for measuring the concentration of greenhouse gases, and therefore the wrong alarm for toxic gases. The prototype model and corresponding greenhouse gas concentrations (ppm) are described using an interplay of sensor design, software program, and greenhouse gases sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Processed Coatings and Characterizations for Multiple Applications)

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1 pages, 148 KiB

Open AccessAddendum

Addendum: Gilani et al. Formulation and Optimization of Nano Lipid Based Oral Delivery Systems for Arthritis. Coatings 2021, 11, 548

by Sadaf Jamal Gilani, May Nasser Bin-Jumah, Syed Sarim Imam, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed Asadullah Jahangir and Ameeduzzafar Zafar

Coatings 2021, 11(7), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070781 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1083

Abstract

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...] Full article

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