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Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 September 2024 | Viewed by 14226

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Prof. Dr. Juozas Padgurskas

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Department of Mechanical, Energy and Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-53361 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: green tribology; biotribology; nanoparticles in lubricants; biodegradable oils; monitoring of tribosystems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Raimundas Rukuiža

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Department of Mechanical, Energy and Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-53361 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: friction and wear reducing coatings; green tribology materials; bio-degradable oils; nano-particles in lubricants; self-regulation in tribo systems
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Dr. Audrius Žunda

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Department of Mechanics, Energy and Biotechnology Engineering, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: tribology; friction; wear; material science; coatings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to submit your research in this special issue "Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications". Changing the friction properties of surfaces both when coating the surface and when applying other surface modification methods is and will always remain relevant. The coat itself, its formation technology and surface modification determine its tribological properties, and at the same time, to a large extent, the operational properties of the entire friction unit. It is understood that coating technologies are particularly important in shaping the functional properties of the friction surface, so articles on the coatings topic are especially welcome. The most important highlights of this publication are new and combined surface coating and processing methods, green, i.e. environmentally friendly technologies. We are very much looking forward to works that will evaluate not only and not so much the influence of the surface treatment method (coating) on the physical and mechanical properties of the surface, but rather the friction mechanisms and surface degradation processes.

The most of the articles in Special Issue, will consist of published reports of the international conference BALTTRIB'2022 (www.balttrib.info).

In particular, the topics of interest of this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

New and combined methods of coating formation and surface modification;
The influence of surface treatment on its wear and degradation mechanisms and intensity;
Surface properties investigation and modeling methods;
Self-regulation processes in friction pairs;
Green surface treatment technologies.

Prof. Dr. Juozas Padgurskas
Dr. Raimundas Rukuiža
Dr. Audrius Žunda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

combined surface treatment
surface modification
surface degradation mechanisms
tribosystem
green tribology

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 10403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Fast Heating Process of Cu-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Unraveled by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

by Zhukun Zhou, Xing Guo, Helin Jia, Guangxian Li, Xue Fan and Songlin Ding

Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061078 - 11 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1043

Abstract

This paper investigates the ultra-fast heating process of Cu-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles from an atomic-scale perspective, which is essential for laser manufacturing processes, such as laser cladding and selective laser melting. The behavior of high surface ratio nanoparticles during these processes is strongly influenced by their properties and the heating process, which is governed by atomic dynamics. Previous studies have mainly focused on the combination process in pure metallic nanoparticles under slow or isothermal heating, but this work demonstrates that the ultra-fast atomic dynamic process between bimetallic nanoparticles differs significantly. Specifically, in Cu-Pd nanoparticles, the combination process is primarily dependent on the surface atomic motion of the lower melting point particles rather than plastic deformation in the grain boundary between particles. Moreover, the ultra-fast heating process is size-dependent. For small nanoparticles, the atomic kinetics exhibit two different mechanisms depending on temperature: Low-temperature jointing is controlled by localized atomic rearrangement, while high-temperature coalition is governed by the atomic flow of surface atomic melting in the low-temperature melting particle. The combination mechanism is the same for large particles as it is for small particles at high temperatures. The findings of this study provide important insights into the behavior of bimetallic nanoparticles during ultra-fast heating and can inform the development of coat and lubricant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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15 pages, 9280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Lubricated Tribo-System of Modified Electrospark Coatings

by Mindaugas Rukanskis, Juozas Padgurskas, Valentin Mihailov, Raimundas Rukuiža, Audrius Žunda, Kęstutis Baltakys and Simona Tučkutė

Coatings 2023, 13(5), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050825 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1024

Abstract

This work presents the results of tribological tests of Mo and combined coatings TiAlC formed using electrospark alloying (ESA) technology and additionally processed using thermochemical electrolyte anodic heating (TEAH). ESA makes it possible to form 15–20 µm thick coatings on the friction surface, characterized by a high hardness and wear resistance. Tribological studies were performed by testing the block-on-roll friction pair under 300 N and 600 N loads. The duration of the tests was 180 km of friction path, and the constant rotation rate of the disk was 600 rpm. It was observed that the friction torque during the 300 N loading tests was stable for all samples and throughout the entire testing period, whereas at 600 N loading, the pair with the Mo coating had a decreasing trend, and the pair with the TiAlC coating, friction torque slightly increased. For a reference sample without the coating trend of friction torque became drastically unstable. At both loads (300 N and 600 N), the friction pair with the reference sample had the highest cumulative wear, and the pair with the Mo coating had the lowest. At both loads, the cumulative wear of the friction pair with Mo coating is about 2 times lower than the TiAlC, and ≥1.8 times lower than the control (not coated) version. This study shows that at lower loads, the friction pair formed by the TiAlC coating and steel C45 is more matched than the friction pair with Mo coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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14 pages, 5251 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synthesis of Multicomponent Coatings by Electrospark Alloying with Powder Materials

by Valentin Mihailov, Natalia Kazak, Sergiu Ivashcu, Evgenii Ovchinnikov, Constantin Baciu, Anatoli Ianachevici, Raimundas Rukuiza and Audrius Zunda

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030651 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1354

Abstract

The results of systematic studies of the electrospark alloying process with the introduction of dispersed materials into plasma of low-voltage pulsed discharges are presented. Technological methods have been developed for supplying the powder material straight into the treatment zone through a hollow electrode of an anode or from the side, with the electrode-anode periodically contacting the substrate of cathode. It has been established that under the same energy regimes, when powder materials were introduced into the discharge zone, the increase in the mass of the cathode per time unit increases from 10 to 15 times or more. This study presents the process of synthesis of carbide phases (TiC and WC) during electrospark alloying of steel substrates with electrodes made of Ti, W, and graphite, with additional supply powders of these materials into the processing zone. A process has been developed for the synthesis of ternary compounds, so-called MAX-phases: Ti₂AlC, Ti₂AlN and Ti₃SiC₂ by electrospark alloying with powder compositions TiAlC, TiAlN and TiSiC. These MAX phases exhibit a unique combination of properties that are characteristic of both metals and ceramics. Energy modes of the processing were optimized, which resulted in high-quality coatings with the maximum content of carbide phases and ternary compounds. It has been established that the energy of electrical pulses during electrospark alloying, when powders of materials are fed into the interelectrode gap, ranges from 0.8 to 3.0 J, depending on their thermal physical properties. High wear and corrosion resistant characteristics of C45 structural steel with such electrospark coatings are obtained. The wear of steel with coatings in comparison with uncoated steel decreased by an average of 5.5–6.0 times. It was estimated the high corrosion resistance of 40X13 steel coated with TiC and WC in 3% NaCl solution. The corrosion current for these coatings is 0.044 and 0.075 A/cm², respectively, and is significantly less than for coatings made of TiAlC, TiAlN, and TiSiC compositions. X-ray phase and optical metallographic microscopy analyses enabled the display of the amorphous-crystalline nature of the coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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20 pages, 7254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Cast Al-Si Alloys on Their Phase Composition and Abrasive Wear Resistance

by Mykhailo Student, Iryna Pohrelyuk, Juozas Padgurskas, Volodymyr Posuvailo, Volodymyr Hvozdets’kyi, Khrystyna Zadorozhna, Halyna Chumalo, Halyna Veselivska, Ihor Kovalchuk and Andrii Kychma

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030637 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1279

Abstract

The microhardness and abrasive wear resistance of cast Al-Si alloys after plasma-electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in a weakly alkaline basic electrolyte (3 g/L KOH + 2 g/L Na₂SiO₃), as well as with the addition of H₂O₂, were determined. X-ray analysis showed that the PEO layer comprises two oxide phases, namely α-Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃, as well as sillimanite -Al₂O₃ · SiO₂ and a small percentage of mullite -3 Al₂O₃ · 2SiO₂. Silicon is present in the structure of the oxide layer, and its percentage is greater than that of the alloys in their initial state. It has been shown that the characteristics of PEO layers on AK9 and AK12 silumins synthesized in an electrolyte of basic composition increase (microhardness up to 900–1000 HV and abrasive wear resistance by 14–57 times). The formation of PEO layers in the base electrolyte with the addition of 3 g/L of hydrogen peroxide intensifies the synthesis process and promotes the formation of high-temperature oxide phases (in particular, corundum). The abrasive wear resistance of both silumins with PEO layers synthesized in such an electrolyte increases by 30–70%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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22 pages, 6320 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Tribological and Micromechanical Properties of the Nanostructured Carbonitride/Nitride Coatings of Transition Metals Alloyed by Hf and Nb

by Armands Leitans, Ernests Jansons, Janis Lungevics, Karlis Kundzins, Irina Boiko, Uldis Kanders, Vladimirs Kovalenko and Oskars Linins

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030552 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1298

Abstract

In this article, the fabrication, characterization, tribological performance, and micromechanical properties of nanostructured smart coatings (NSC) based on the multilayered alternating carbonitride/nitride bilayer {TiMe-CN/TiAlSi-N}n system are discussed. The symbol “Me” denotes refractory metals Hf or Nb, and the index “n” shows the number of superlattice periods. The NSC samples were deposited onto bearing steel (100Cr6) substrates using a reactive high-power physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique that can be scaled up for industrial use. The deposited multilayered NSC contained crystalline nanometer-scale TiMe-CN/TiAlSi-N nanoparticles strengthened by Hf or Nb additives, which increased surface microhardness up to 3000 HV. The measured steady-state friction coefficient (CoF) was within the 0.2–0.4 range, and a specific wear rate lower than 2 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/Nm was observed in the dry friction regime. The impact of NSC substrate hardness and NSC coating thickness on microhardness measurement values was investigated. A thicker coating provided a higher integrated (coating + substrate) microhardness value at a lower indentation test force (<0.3 N). As the indentation test force increased, the obtained microhardness values decreased faster for the coatings deposited on a softer substrate. The surface roughness impact on wear properties for specific NSC coatings was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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17 pages, 7033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tribological Properties of Cr₂O₃, Cr₂O₃–SiO₂-TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃–SiO₂-TiO₂-Graphite Coatings Deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying

by Lukas Bastakys, Liutauras Marcinauskas, Mindaugas Milieška, Mitjan Kalin and Romualdas Kėželis

Coatings 2023, 13(2), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020408 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1382

Abstract

In this study, Cr₂O₃, Cr₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂-graphite coatings were formed by atmospheric plasma spraying. The influence of SiO₂-TiO₂ and SiO₂ [...] Read more.

In this study, Cr₂O₃, Cr₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂-graphite coatings were formed by atmospheric plasma spraying. The influence of SiO₂-TiO₂ and SiO₂-TiO₂-graphite reinforcements on the surface morphology, elemental composition, structure and tribological properties of chromia coatings was determined. The friction coefficients and specific wear rates were investigated by a ball-on-flat configuration using 1 N and 3 N loads under dry-lubrication conditions. The addition of SiO₂-TiO₂-graphite resulted in the lowest surface roughness and the most homogenous surface of the coatings. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements demonstrated that all as-sprayed coatings consisted of an eskolaite chromium oxide phase. The results showed that the Cr₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ coating demonstrated the lowest friction coefficient values. The SiO₂-TiO₂ and SiO₂-TiO₂-graphite additives reduced the specific wear rates of Cr₂O₃ coatings by 30% and 45%, respectively. Additionally, the wear resistance was improved almost 45 times in comparison to the steel substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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20 pages, 9834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Structural-Phase State and Abrasive Wear Resistance of a Hard-Anodized Layer on Aluminum Alloy 1011

by Mykhailo Student, Iryna Pohrelyuk, Juozas Padgurskas, Volodymyr Hvozdets’kyi, Khrystyna Zadorozna, Halyna Chumalo, Oleksandra Student and Ihor Kovalchuk

Coatings 2023, 13(2), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020391 - 08 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1317

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the phase composition, hardness, and abrasion wear resistance of hard-anodized layers (HAL) on 1011 aluminum alloy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the Al₂O₃·3H₂O phase in the structure of HAL synthesized for 1 h. While in the heat-treated HAL, aluminum oxide phases of the α-Al₂O_3(amorphous) and γ-Al₂O_3(amorphous) types were found. Treatment at 400 °C for 1 h increased the HAL microhardness from 400 to 650 HV, and its abrasive wear resistance with fixed abrasive by up to 2.6 times. The ranking of various ways of hardening aluminum alloys relative to the D16 alloy showed that the abrasive wear resistance of heat-treated HAL is 20 times higher. Plasma electrolyte oxidation increased the abrasive wear resistance of the D16 alloy by 70–90 times, and its coating with high-speed oxygen fuel by 75–85 times. However, both methods are complex, energy-consuming, and require fine grinding of parts. Despite the lower wear resistance of HAL, their synthesis is cheaper and does not require the fine-tuning of parts. Moreover, despite the low hardness of HAL at present, hard anodizing is already commercially used to harden engine pistons, clamshell rotators, and pulleys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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16 pages, 8241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Friction Behaviour of Titanium Grade 2 after Non-Contact Boriding in Oxygen-Containing Medium with Gas Nitriding

by Serhii Lavrys, Iryna Pohrelyuk, Oleh Tkachuk, Juozas Padgurskas, Vasyl Trush and Roman Proskurnyak

Coatings 2023, 13(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020282 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1788

Abstract

The surface characteristics and friction behaviour of titanium Grade 2 with modified nitride (TiN, Ti₂N) and boride (TiB) compound layers were investigated. It was shown that during non-contact boriding in oxygen-containing medium of titanium, the diffusion processes take place mainly by the interscale mechanism; however, during nitriding, besides the traditional interscale diffusion mechanism, the grain boundary mechanism of diffusion of nitrogen atoms is also realized. The optimal set of surface roughness parameters (height and step parameters, a combination of kurtosis and asymmetry, and profile reference curve parameters) was obtained after boriding. It was determined that the intensity of the adhesive wear of the tribo-pairs with stainless steel and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene under dry sliding conditions was influenced not only by the hardness but also roughness of the modified surface layer. The lowest friction coefficient was fixed for the TiB compound layer in both tribo-pairs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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15 pages, 3415 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Abrasive and Erosive Wear of TI6Al4V Alloy with Electrospark Deposited Coatings of Multicomponent Hard Alloys Materials Based of WC and TiB₂

by Todor Penyashki, Georgi Kostadinov, Mara Kandeva, Valentin Kamburov, Antonio Nikolov and Rayna Dimitrova

Coatings 2023, 13(1), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010215 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1614

Abstract

In the present work, abrasive and erosive wear of wear-resistant composite coatings with a complex structure and different phase compositions deposited on titanium surfaces was studied. The coatings were obtained by electrospark deposition (ESD) using two types of hard-alloy compositions: WC–TiB₂–B₄C–Co–Ni–Cr–Si–B and TiB₂–TiAl reinforced with dispersed nanoparticles of ZrO₂ and NbC. The influence of the ESD process parameters on the roughness, thickness, composition, structure and coefficient of friction of the coated surfaces was investigated, and their role in protecting the titanium surfaces from wear was clarified. Dense coatings with the presence of newly formed wear-resistant phases and crystalline-amorphous structures were obtained, with roughness, thickness and microhardness that can be varied by the ESD modes in the range Ra = 2.5 ÷ 4.5 µm, δ = 8 ÷ 30 µm and HV 8.5 ÷ 14.0 GPa. The new coatings were found to reduce the abrasive and erosive wear of the coated surfaces by up to four times. The influence of the geometric characteristics, composition and structure of coatings on the wear intensity and wear resistance of coatings was studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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11 pages, 3059 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antifrictional Effects of Group IVB Elements Deposited as Nanolayers on Anodic Coatings

by Tadas Matijošius, Giedrius Stalnionis, Gedvidas Bikulčius, Sigitas Jankauskas, Laurynas Staišiūnas and Svajus Joseph Asadauskas

Coatings 2023, 13(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010132 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1119

Abstract

The utilization of anodized aluminum (Al) components would contribute greatly to combat against dry friction if good tribological properties could be attained. Despite its hardness, the wear rate of anodic coatings presents a major problem in many applications, including automotive, aerospace and high-tech industries. Recently, nanolayers of Ti demonstrated high tribological effectiveness and unusually low dry friction on anodic coatings. However, few researchers focus on the tribological characterization of nanolayers of other elements. In this study, nanolayers of Ti, Zr, Hf, Cu, Cr, Nb and Sn were deposited on anodized 1050 and 6082 alloys by magnetron sputtering and Atomic Layer Deposition. Major attention was devoted to surface roughness and hardness measurements, because of their importance for static friction. The results showed that structural, chemical and other intrinsic properties of nanolayers of Group IVB elements in many cases led to significant friction reduction, when compared to those of Cu, Cr and Hf. Nanolayers of 15 nm to 75 nm thicknesses appeared most effective tribologically, while 180 nm or thicker layers progressively lost their ability to sustain low dynamic friction. Deposition of nanoscale structures could provide advantages for the anodized Al industry in protection against incidental friction and wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Surface Modification for Tribological Applications)

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