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11 pages, 1503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Heliangin from Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) Leaves Might Prevent Atherosclerosis

by Papawee Saiki, Mizuki Yoshihara, Yasuhiro Kawano, Hitoshi Miyazaki and Koyomi Miyazaki

Biomolecules 2022, 12(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010091 - 06 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is considered the major cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Excessive nitric oxide production and inflammation result in dysfunctional vascular endothelial cells, which are critically involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis is considered the major cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Excessive nitric oxide production and inflammation result in dysfunctional vascular endothelial cells, which are critically involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to identify a bioactive compound from Jerusalem artichoke leaves with anti-inflammatory activity that might prevent atherosclerosis. We isolated bioactive heliangin that inhibited NO production in LPS-induced macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Heliangin suppressed ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and MCP-1 expression, as well as NF-κB and IκBα phosphorylation, in vascular endothelial cells stimulated with TNF-α. These results suggested that heliangin suppresses inflammation by inhibiting excessive NO production in macrophages and the expression of the factors leading to the development of atherosclerosis via the NF-κB signaling pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Therefore, heliangin in Jerusalem artichoke leaves could function in the prevention of atherosclerosis that is associated with heart attacks and strokes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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21 pages, 5001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Extracts to Augment Energy Expenditure as a Complementary Approach to Tackle Obesity and Associated Metabolic Alterations

by Marina Reguero, Marta Gómez de Cedrón, Guillermo Reglero, José Carlos Quintela and Ana Ramírez de Molina

Biomolecules 2021, 11(3), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11030412 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2987

Abstract

Obesity is the epidemic of the 21st century. In developing countries, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and obesity is occurring at younger ages. Obesity and associated metabolic stress disrupt the whole-body physiology. Adipocytes are critical components of the systemic metabolic control, [...] Read more.

Obesity is the epidemic of the 21st century. In developing countries, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and obesity is occurring at younger ages. Obesity and associated metabolic stress disrupt the whole-body physiology. Adipocytes are critical components of the systemic metabolic control, functioning as an endocrine organ. The enlarged adipocytes during obesity recruit macrophages promoting chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Together with the genetic susceptibility (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP) and metabolic alterations at the molecular level, it has been highlighted that key modifiable risk factors, such as those related to lifestyle, contribute to the development of obesity. In this scenario, urgent therapeutic options are needed, including not only pharmacotherapy but also nutrients, bioactive compounds, and natural extracts to reverse the metabolic alterations associated with obesity. Herein, we first summarize the main targetable processes to tackle obesity, including activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and in white adipose tissue (WAT-browning), and the promotion of energy expenditure and/or fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in muscles. Then, we perform a screening of 20 natural extracts (EFSA approved) to determine their potential in the activation of FAO and/or thermogenesis, as well as the increase in respiratory capacity. By means of innovative technologies, such as the study of their effects on cell bioenergetics (Seahorse bioanalyzer), we end up with the selection of four extracts with potential application to ameliorate the deleterious effects of obesity and the chronic associated inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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17 pages, 2638 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinic Acid-Loaded Nanovesicles in Acute Colitis through Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome

by Sonia Marinho, Matilde Illanes, Javier Ávila-Román, Virginia Motilva and Elena Talero

Biomolecules 2021, 11(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11020162 - 26 Jan 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 3364

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC), one of the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease, has no effective treatment. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenol that, when administered orally, is metabolised in the small intestine, compromising its beneficial effects. We used chitosan/nutriose-coated niosomes loaded with [...] Read more.

Ulcerative colitis (UC), one of the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease, has no effective treatment. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenol that, when administered orally, is metabolised in the small intestine, compromising its beneficial effects. We used chitosan/nutriose-coated niosomes loaded with RA to protect RA from gastric degradation and target the colon and evaluated their effect on acute colitis induced by 4% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for seven days in mice. RA-loaded nanovesicles (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) or free RA (20 mg/kg) were orally administered from three days prior to colitis induction and during days 1, 3, 5 and 7 of DSS administration. RA-loaded nanovesicles improved body weight loss and disease activity index as well as increased mucus production and decreased myeloperoxidase activity and TNF-α production. Moreover, RA-loaded nanovesicles downregulated protein expression of inflammasome components such as NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), adaptor protein (ASC) and caspase-1, and the consequent reduction of IL-1β levels. Furthermore, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression increased after the RA-loaded nanovesicles treatment However, these mechanistic changes were not detected with the RA-free treatment. Our findings suggest that the use of chitosan/nutriose-coated niosomes to increase RA local bioavailability could be a promising nutraceutical strategy for oral colon-targeted UC therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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13 pages, 2470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phellodendron amurense Extract Protects Human Keratinocytes from PM2.5-Induced Inflammation via PAR-2 Signaling

by Jiyoung Choi, Mi Yeon Moon, Gi Yeon Han, Moon Sik Chang, Dongki Yang and Joonseok Cha

Biomolecules 2021, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11010023 - 28 Dec 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2921

Abstract

Dietary supplement and personal care products aiming to provide protection from air pollution have been of great interest for decades. Epidemiology demonstrated that PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter (PM) are an actual threat to public health worldwide, but the detailed processes of how [...] Read more.

Dietary supplement and personal care products aiming to provide protection from air pollution have been of great interest for decades. Epidemiology demonstrated that PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter (PM) are an actual threat to public health worldwide, but the detailed processes of how these particles attack the cells are not fully understood. Here, we report that the measurement of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]i) using human respiratory or skin cells can illustrate pollutant challenges by triggering Ca²⁺ influx in these cells. This signal was generated by proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), confirmed by competition analyses, and Phellodendron amurense bark extract (PAE), a traditional medicine, was able to control the response and expression of PAR-2. Increase in proinflammatory cytokines and decrease in cell adhesion components could suggest a severe damage status by air pollutants and protection by PAE. Finally, we identified 4-O-feruloylquinic acid (FQA), an active compound of PAE, showing the same effects on Ca²⁺ influx and PAR-2 regulation. The results presented here should help understand the underlying mechanism of PM insults and the beneficial effect of standardized PAE as dietary supplement or cosmetical ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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22 pages, 2624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

α-Bisabolol, a Dietary Bioactive Phytochemical Attenuates Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration through Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in Rotenone-Induced Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease

by Hayate Javed, M. F. Nagoor Meeran, Sheikh Azimullah, Lujain Bader Eddin, Vivek Dhar Dwivedi, Niraj Kumar Jha and Shreesh Ojha

Biomolecules 2020, 10(10), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10101421 - 08 Oct 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4164

Abstract

Rotenone (ROT), a plant-derived pesticide is a well-known environmental neurotoxin associated with causation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). ROT impairs mitochondrial dysfunction being mitochondrial complex-I (MC-1) inhibitor and perturbs antioxidant-oxidant balance that contributes to the onset and development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD. [...] Read more.

Rotenone (ROT), a plant-derived pesticide is a well-known environmental neurotoxin associated with causation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). ROT impairs mitochondrial dysfunction being mitochondrial complex-I (MC-1) inhibitor and perturbs antioxidant-oxidant balance that contributes to the onset and development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD. Due to the scarcity of agents to prevent the disease or to cure or halt the progression of symptoms of PD, the focus is on exploring agents from naturally occurring dietary phytochemicals. Among numerous phytochemicals, α-Bisabolol (BSB), natural monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol found in many ornamental flowers and edible plants garnered attention due to its potent pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential. Therefore, the present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of BSB in a rat model of ROT-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration, a pathogenic feature of PD and underlying mechanism targeting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. BSB treatment significantly prevented ROT-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons and fibers in the substantia nigra and striatum respectively. BSB treatment also attenuated ROT-induced oxidative stress evidenced by inhibition of MDA formation and GSH depletion as well as improvement in antioxidant enzymes, SOD and catalase. BSB treatment also attenuated ROT-induced activation of the glial cells as well as the induction and release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and inflammatory mediators (iNOS and COX-2) in the striatum. In addition to countering oxidative stress and inflammation, BSB also attenuated apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons by attenuating downregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, cleaved caspases-3 and 9. Further, BSB was observed to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, cytochrome-C release and reinstates the levels/activity of ATP and MC-I. The findings of the study demonstrate that BSB treatment salvaged dopaminergic neurons, attenuated microglia and astrocyte activation, induction of inflammatory mediators, proinflammatory cytokines and reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic markers. The in vitro study on ABTS radical revealed the antioxidant potential of BSB. The results of the present study are clearly suggestive of the neuroprotective effects of BSB through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in ROT-induced model of PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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16 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cardioprotective Effects of Dietary Flaxseed Post-Infarction Are Associated with Changes in MicroRNA Expression

by Mihir Parikh, Branislav Kura, Kimberley A. O’Hara, Elena Dibrov, Thomas Netticadan, Jan Slezak and Grant N. Pierce

Biomolecules 2020, 10(9), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091297 - 08 Sep 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3070

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) such as miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-135a, and miR-29b play a key role in many cardiac pathological remodeling processes, including apoptosis, fibrosis, and arrhythmias, after a myocardial infarction (MI). Dietary flaxseed has demonstrated a protective effect against an MI. The present study [...] Read more.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) such as miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-135a, and miR-29b play a key role in many cardiac pathological remodeling processes, including apoptosis, fibrosis, and arrhythmias, after a myocardial infarction (MI). Dietary flaxseed has demonstrated a protective effect against an MI. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that dietary flaxseed supplementation before and after an MI regulates the expression of above-mentioned miRNAs to produce its cardioprotective effect. Animals were randomized after inducing MI by coronary artery ligation into: (a) sham MI with normal chow, (b) MI with normal chow, and (c–e) MI supplemented with either 10% milled flaxseed, or 4.4% flax oil enriched in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or 0.44% flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. The feeding protocol consisted of 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after the surgery. Dietary flax oil supplementation selectively upregulated the cardiac expression of miR-133a, miR-135a, and miR-29b. The levels of collagen I expression were reduced in the flax oil group. We conclude that miR-133a, miR-135a, and miR-29b are sensitive to dietary flax oil, likely due to its rich ALA content. The cardioprotective effect of flaxseed in an MI could be due to modulation of these miRNAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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20 pages, 2846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Immunomodulatory Activity of Hypericum perforatum Essential Oils

by Igor A. Schepetkin, Gulmira Özek, Temel Özek, Liliya N. Kirpotina, Andrei I. Khlebnikov and Mark T. Quinn

Biomolecules 2020, 10(6), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10060916 - 17 Jun 2020

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 3927

Abstract

Hypericum L. (Hypericaceae) extracts have been used for their therapeutic effects; however, not much is known about the immunomodulatory activity of essential oils extracted from this plant. We isolated essential oils from the flowers and leaves of H. perforatum and analyzed their chemical [...] Read more.

Hypericum L. (Hypericaceae) extracts have been used for their therapeutic effects; however, not much is known about the immunomodulatory activity of essential oils extracted from this plant. We isolated essential oils from the flowers and leaves of H. perforatum and analyzed their chemical composition and innate immunomodulatory activity. Analysis of flower (HEO_Fl) versus leaf (HEO_Lv) essential oils using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that HEO_Fl was comprised mainly of monoterpenes (52.8%), with an abundance of oxygenated monoterpenes, including cis-p-menth-3-en-1,2-diol (9.1%), α-terpineol (6.1%), terpinen-4-ol (7.4%), and limonen-4-ol (3.2%), whereas the sesquiterpenes were found in trace amounts. In contrast, HEO_Lv was primarily composed of sesquiterpenes (63.2%), including germacrene D (25.7%) and β-caryophyllene (9.5%). HEO_Lv also contained oxygenated monoterpenes, including terpinen-4-ol (2.6%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons were found in trace amounts. Both HEO_Fl and HEO_Lv inhibited neutrophil Ca²⁺ mobilization, chemotaxis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, with HEO_Lv being much more active than HEO_Fl. Furthermore, the pure sesquiterpenes germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene also inhibited these neutrophil responses, suggesting that these compounds represented the active components of HEO_Lv. Although reverse pharmacophore mapping suggested that potential protein targets of germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, and α-humulene could be PIM1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAK2), a kinase binding affinity assay did not support this finding, implying that other biological targets are involved. Our results provide a cellular and molecular basis to explain at least part of the beneficial immunotherapeutic properties of the H. perforatum essential oils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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12 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Protein Hydrolysates Promote Anti-Inflammatory Response in Primary Human Monocytes

by Noelia M. Rodriguez-Martin, Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz, Rocio Toscano, Elena Grao-Cruces, Alvaro Villanueva, Justo Pedroche, Francisco Millan and Maria C Millan-Linares

Biomolecules 2020, 10(5), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10050803 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5263

Abstract

Hemp seeds have a wide variety of chemical compounds which present biological activity. Specifically, the focus on proteins and bioactive peptides are increasing as alternative sources of nutraceutical uses. In the literature, hemp protein products (HPPs) have reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This [...] Read more.

Hemp seeds have a wide variety of chemical compounds which present biological activity. Specifically, the focus on proteins and bioactive peptides are increasing as alternative sources of nutraceutical uses. In the literature, hemp protein products (HPPs) have reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the inflammation-related modulatory effects of HPPs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated primary human monocytes. CD14⁺ cells were immunomagnetically isolated from buffy coats and the anti-inflammatory activity of hemp protein isolate (HPI) and hydrolysates (HPHs) was evaluated on LPS-stimulated human primary monocytes. The specific markers of inflammation, polarization, and chemoattraction were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA assays. Our results showed that HPPs decreased the pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and increased the anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10 and IL-4). In addition, M1 polarization marker gene expression (CCR7 and iNOS) was downregulated by HPPs and, M2 polarization marker gene expression (CD200R and MRC1) was upregulated. Finally, the mRNA expression of chemotaxis genes (CCR2 and CCL2) was downregulated by HPPs. In conclusion, this study suggests that HPPs may improve chronic inflammatory states and promote regenerative processes by reprogramming monocytes toward M2 polarization phenotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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15 pages, 3663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Chenopodin Isoforms from Quinoa Seeds and Assessment of Their Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Caco-2 Cells

by Jessica Capraro, Stefano De Benedetti, Marina Di Dio, Elisa Bona, Ambra Abate, Paola Antonia Corsetto and Alessio Scarafoni

Biomolecules 2020, 10(5), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10050795 - 21 May 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3558

Abstract

Several food-derived molecules, including proteins and peptides, can show bioactivities toward the promotion of well-being and disease prevention in humans. There is still a lack of information about the potential effects on immune and inflammatory responses in mammalian cells following the ingestion of [...] Read more.

Several food-derived molecules, including proteins and peptides, can show bioactivities toward the promotion of well-being and disease prevention in humans. There is still a lack of information about the potential effects on immune and inflammatory responses in mammalian cells following the ingestion of seed storage proteins. This study, for the first time, describes the potential immunomodulation capacity of chenopodin, the major protein component of quinoa seeds. After characterizing the molecular features of the purified protein, we were able to separate two different forms of chenopodin, indicated as LcC (Low charge Chenopodin, 30% of total chenopodin) and HcC (High charge Chenopodin, 70% of total chenopodin). The biological effects of LcC and HcC were investigated by measuring NF-κB activation and IL-8 expression studies in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Inflammation was elicited using IL-1β. The results indicate that LcC and HcC show potential anti-inflammatory activities in an intestinal cell model, and that the proteins can act differently, depending on their structural features. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of action and the structural/functional relationships of the protein at the basis of the observed bioactivity were investigated using in silico analyses and structural predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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16 pages, 3805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Silk Peptide Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Modulating Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Signaling

by Sungwoo Chei, Hyun-Ji Oh, Kippeum Lee, Heegu Jin, Jeong-Yong Lee and Boo-Yong Lee

Biomolecules 2020, 10(5), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10050771 - 15 May 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2795

Abstract

Acid-hydrolyzed silk peptide (SP) is a valuable material that has been used traditionally to treat various diseases, however, the mechanism by which it affects inflammatory responses is unknown. To examine the effects of SP on inflammatory responses, we used macrophages as a vehicle [...] Read more.

Acid-hydrolyzed silk peptide (SP) is a valuable material that has been used traditionally to treat various diseases, however, the mechanism by which it affects inflammatory responses is unknown. To examine the effects of SP on inflammatory responses, we used macrophages as a vehicle for examining signaling via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which plays an important role in innate immune responses to pathogenic infections and pathogen-derived molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We then confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of SP by examining lymph node, spleen, and serum samples from C57BL/6 mice injected with LPS. We also used LPS-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cells (a murine macrophage cell line) to identify the mechanism by which SP modulates immune responses via the TLR4 signaling pathway. In addition, we showed that SP prevents LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. In summary, SP inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses by modulating the TLR4 signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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16 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Hypochlorite, Antioxidant, and Catalytic Activity of Three Polyphenol-Rich Super-Foods Investigated with the Use of Coumarin-Based Sensors

by Karolina Starzak, Tomasz Świergosz, Arkadiusz Matwijczuk, Bernadette Creaven, Janusz Podleśny and Dariusz Karcz

Biomolecules 2020, 10(5), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10050723 - 06 May 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3055

Abstract

The anti-hypochlorite activity of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), goji (Lycium barbarum L.) and schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) fruit extracts were assessed by determining the reactive chlorine species (RCS)-scavenging ability of these three “super-food” berries. In addition, the aqueous extracts obtained [...] Read more.

The anti-hypochlorite activity of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), goji (Lycium barbarum L.) and schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) fruit extracts were assessed by determining the reactive chlorine species (RCS)-scavenging ability of these three “super-food” berries. In addition, the aqueous extracts obtained were employed as both the media and the catalyst in a green chemistry approach to the synthesis of a coumarin-based fluorescence turn-off sensor, which was then used for anti-hypochlorite activity testing. The aqueous extracts were also assessed for total phenolic content (TPC), using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant activity using the ABTS^+• assay. Moreover, the main water-soluble polyphenolic constituents of the extracts were identified by the HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS technique. Among the extracts tested, açaí demonstrated the highest anti-hypochlorite and antioxidant activities, while the highest TPC value was found for the goji extract. All extracts demonstrated modest catalytic activity as Knoevenagel condensation catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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Review

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41 pages, 3294 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Natural Compounds and their Nanocarriers in the Treatment of CNS Inflammation

by Bikram Khadka, Jae-Young Lee, Dong Ho Park, Ki-Taek Kim and Jong-Sup Bae

Biomolecules 2020, 10(10), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10101401 - 01 Oct 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3862

Abstract

Neuroinflammation, which is involved in various inflammatory cascades in nervous tissues, can result in persistent and chronic apoptotic neuronal cell death and programmed cell death, triggering various degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The neuroprotective effects of natural compounds against neuroinflammation [...] Read more.

Neuroinflammation, which is involved in various inflammatory cascades in nervous tissues, can result in persistent and chronic apoptotic neuronal cell death and programmed cell death, triggering various degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The neuroprotective effects of natural compounds against neuroinflammation are mainly mediated by their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties that specifically promote or inhibit various molecular signal transduction pathways. However, natural compounds have several limitations, such as their pharmacokinetic properties and stability, which hinder their clinical development and use as medicines. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and degenerative diseases of CNS. In addition, it emphasizes potential natural compounds and their promising nanocarriers for overcoming their limitations in the treatment of neuroinflammation. Moreover, recent promising CNS inflammation-targeted nanocarrier systems implementing lesion site-specific active targeting strategies for CNS inflammation are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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18 pages, 510 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inflammation in Obesity-Related Complications in Children: The Protective Effect of Diet and Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Agent

by Valeria Calcaterra, Corrado Regalbuto, Debora Porri, Gloria Pelizzo, Emanuela Mazzon, Federica Vinci, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Valentina Fabiano and Hellas Cena

Biomolecules 2020, 10(9), 1324; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091324 - 16 Sep 2020

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4997

Abstract

Obesity is a growing health problem in both children and adults, impairing physical and mental state and impacting health care system costs in both developed and developing countries. It is well-known that individuals with excessive weight gain frequently develop obesity-related complications, which are [...] Read more.

Obesity is a growing health problem in both children and adults, impairing physical and mental state and impacting health care system costs in both developed and developing countries. It is well-known that individuals with excessive weight gain frequently develop obesity-related complications, which are mainly known as Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and many other risk factors proven to be associated with chronic inflammation, causing disability and reduced life expectancy. This review aims to present and discuss complications related to inflammation in pediatric obesity, the critical role of nutrition and diet in obesity-comorbidity prevention and treatment, and the impact of lifestyle. Appropriate early dietary intervention for the management of pediatric overweight and obesity is recommended for overall healthy growth and prevention of comorbidities in adulthood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic or Preventive Potential of Dietary Compounds in the Inflammatory Response)

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