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Bioengineering
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Sports Biomechanics and Wearable Technology
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Sports Biomechanics and Wearable Technology

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomechanics and Sports Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2023) | Viewed by 8345

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tony Luczak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Strategic Planning & Analysis Research Center (nSPARC), Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
Interests: sports biomechanics; exercise science; rehabilitation; injury prevention; muscle function; exercise performance; neurorehabilitation
Dr. Zachary M. Gillen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
Interests: muscle strength; muscle power; muscle size; neuromuscular; resistance training; strength and conditioning
Dr. Reuben Burch

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Industrial & Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
Interests: athlete engineering; human factors; ergonomics; human performance; human-technology interaction; wearables; cognitive engineering; macroergonomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Research on human sports performance is moving from the laboratory to the field of play, partially due to the growing adoption of wearable sensor technologies. At the same time, there have been concerns from athletes, coaches, and sports scientists about the output from wearables related to the contextual relevance of the data, as well as inconsistencies and inaccuracies. The opportunity to capture game and practice sports performance data is a driving force behind quantifying personal success, mitigating injuries, and establishing expert performance models. The combination of wearable sensor signals, machine learning, and biomechanics assists researchers in helping coaches and athletes gain valuable insight into their training, performance, and recovery.

This Special Issue will focus on recent research and developments in the science and engineering of developing, implementing, and adopting wearable sensor technology for use in sports. This Special Issue will highlight original research papers and comprehensive reviews that describe the use of wearable sensors in sports and other relevant areas such as performance, data science, validation, trust, training, coaching, injury, and recovery.

Dr. Tony Luczak
Dr. Zachary M. Gillen
Dr. Reuben Burch
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 8714 KiB  
Article
Training Postural Balance Control with Pelvic Force Field at the Boundary of Stability
by Isirame Omofuma, Victor Santamaria, Xupeng Ai and Sunil Agrawal
Bioengineering 2023, 10(12), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10121398 - 06 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1070
Abstract
This study characterizes the effects of a postural training program on balance and muscle control strategies in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The Robotic Upright Stand Trainer (RobUST), which applies perturbative forces on the trunk and assistive forces on the pelvis, was used [...] Read more.
This study characterizes the effects of a postural training program on balance and muscle control strategies in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The Robotic Upright Stand Trainer (RobUST), which applies perturbative forces on the trunk and assistive forces on the pelvis, was used to deliver perturbation-based balance training (PBT) in a sample of 10 healthy participants. The VR task consisted of catching, aiming, and throwing a ball at a target. All participants received trunk perturbations during the VR task with forces tailored to the participant’s maximum tolerance. A subgroup of these participants additionally received assistive forces at the pelvis during training. Postural kinematics were calculated before and after RobUST training, including (i) maximum perturbation force tolerated, (ii) center of pressure (COP) and pelvic excursions, (iii) postural muscle activations (EMG), and (iv) postural control strategies (the ankle and hip strategies). We observed an improvement in the maximum perturbation force and postural stability area in both groups and decreases in muscle activity. The behavior of the two groups differed for perturbations in the posterior direction where the unassisted group moved towards greater use of the hip strategy. In addition, the assisted group changed towards a lower margin of stability and higher pelvic excursion. We show that training with force assistance leads to a reactive balance strategy that permits pelvic excursion but that is efficient at restoring balance from displaced positions while training without assistance leads to reactive balance strategies that restrain pelvic excursion. Patient populations can benefit from a platform that encourages greater use of their range of motion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics and Wearable Technology)
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10 pages, 1126 KiB  
Article
The Soft Prefabricated Orthopedic Insole Decreases Plantar Pressure during Uphill Walking with Heavy Load Carriage
by Hsien-Te Peng, Li-Wen Liu, Chiou-Jong Chen and Zong-Rong Chen
Bioengineering 2023, 10(3), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10030353 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1405
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying the hardness of prefabricated orthopedic insoles on plantar pressure and muscle fatigue during uphill walking with a heavy backpack. Fifteen healthy male recreational athletes (age: 20.4 ± 1.0 years, height: 176.9 ± 5.7 cm, [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying the hardness of prefabricated orthopedic insoles on plantar pressure and muscle fatigue during uphill walking with a heavy backpack. Fifteen healthy male recreational athletes (age: 20.4 ± 1.0 years, height: 176.9 ± 5.7 cm, weight: 76.5 ± 9.0 kg) wore prefabricated orthopedic insoles with foot arch support; a heel cup with medium (MI), hard (HI), and soft (SI) relative hardnesses; and flat insoles (FI). They performed treadmill walking on uphill gradients with 25 kg backpacks. The plantar pressure and surface electromyographic activity were recorded separately, in 30 s and 6 min uphill treadmill walking trials, respectively. The HI, MI, and SI significantly decreased peak plantar pressure in the lateral heel compared to FI. The MI and SI significantly decreased the peak plantar pressure in the fifth metatarsal compared to FI. The MI significantly reduced the pressure–time integral in the lateral heel compared to FI. The HI significantly increased the peak plantar pressure and pressure–time integral in the toes compared to other insoles, and decreased the contact area in the metatarsal compared to SI. In conclusion, a prefabricated orthopedic insole made of soft material at the fore- and rearfoot, with midfoot arch support and a heel cup, may augment the advantages of plantar pressure distribution during uphill weighted walking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics and Wearable Technology)
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18 pages, 4478 KiB  
Article
Are Activity Wrist-Worn Devices Accurate for Determining Heart Rate during Intense Exercise?
by Pilar Martín-Escudero, Ana María Cabanas, María Luisa Dotor-Castilla, Mercedes Galindo-Canales, Francisco Miguel-Tobal, Cristina Fernández-Pérez, Manuel Fuentes-Ferrer and Romano Giannetti
Bioengineering 2023, 10(2), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020254 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3350
Abstract
The market for wrist-worn devices is growing at previously unheard-of speeds. A consequence of their fast commercialization is a lack of adequate studies testing their accuracy on varied populations and pursuits. To provide an understanding of wearable sensors for sports medicine, the present [...] Read more.
The market for wrist-worn devices is growing at previously unheard-of speeds. A consequence of their fast commercialization is a lack of adequate studies testing their accuracy on varied populations and pursuits. To provide an understanding of wearable sensors for sports medicine, the present study examined heart rate (HR) measurements of four popular wrist-worn devices, the (Fitbit Charge (FB), Apple Watch (AW), Tomtom runner Cardio (TT), and Samsung G2 (G2)), and compared them with gold standard measurements derived by continuous electrocardiogram examination (ECG). Eight athletes participated in a comparative study undergoing maximal stress testing on a cycle ergometer or a treadmill. We analyzed 1,286 simultaneous HR data pairs between the tested devices and the ECG. The four devices were reasonably accurate at the lowest activity level. However, at higher levels of exercise intensity the FB and G2 tended to underestimate HR values during intense physical effort, while the TT and AW devices were fairly reliable. Our results suggest that HR estimations should be considered cautiously at specific intensities. Indeed, an effective intervention is required to register accurate HR readings at high-intensity levels (above 150 bpm). It is important to consider that even though none of these devices are certified or sold as medical or safety devices, researchers must nonetheless evaluate wrist-worn wearable technology in order to fully understand how HR affects psychological and physical health, especially under conditions of more intense exercise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics and Wearable Technology)
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Review

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17 pages, 1041 KiB  
Review
A Review of Biomechanical and Physiological Effects of Using Poles in Sports
by Maximilian Saller, Niko Nagengast, Michael Frisch and Franz Konstantin Fuss
Bioengineering 2023, 10(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040497 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1592
Abstract
The use of poles in sports, to support propulsion, is an integral and inherent component of some sports disciplines such as skiing (cross-country and roller), Nordic walking, and trail running. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the-art of literature [...] Read more.
The use of poles in sports, to support propulsion, is an integral and inherent component of some sports disciplines such as skiing (cross-country and roller), Nordic walking, and trail running. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the-art of literature on multiple influencing factors of poles in terms of biomechanical and physiological effects. We evaluated publications in the subfields of biomechanics, physiology, coordination, and pole properties. Plantar pressure and ground reaction forces decreased with the use of poles in all included studies. The upper body and trunk muscles were more active. The lower body muscles were either less active or no different from walking without poles. The use of poles led to a higher oxygen consumption (VO2) without increasing the level of perceived exertion (RPE). Furthermore, the heart rate (HR) tended to be higher. Longer poles reduced the VO2 and provided a longer thrust phase and greater propulsive impulse. The mass of the poles showed no major influence on VO2, RPE, or HR. Solely the activity of the biceps brachii increased with the pole mass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics and Wearable Technology)
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