Symbiosis in Animal-Assisted Interventions

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 14 July 2024 | Viewed by 3553

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Bemidji State University, 1500 Birchmont Dr NE, Bemidji, MN 56601, USA
Interests: human-animal interaction; animal-assisted intervention; equine; mental health; therapy animal well-being

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

You are invited to submit original manuscripts for this Special Issue of Animals titled “Symbiosis in Animal-Assisted Interventions.” The Special Issue will focus on the symbiotic nature of humans and other animals when participating in animal-assisted interventions. Symbiosis can be defined as a relationship between two organisms in which at least one of the organisms benefits. Animal-assisted interventions are designed to benefit humans, but how do they impact the animals? We welcome papers that examine a broad range of animal-assisted interventions, including but not limited to therapies (e.g., psychotherapy and hippotherapy), learning (e.g., education, personal development and coaching), and recreational activities (e.g., animal visiting programs). The purpose of the Special Issue is to examine benefits and costs to humans and animals involved in interventions. The literature has historically focused on human outcomes, with a more recent emphasis on therapy animal welfare. Yet, there is limited discussion of intervention processes and outcomes in the context of symbiosis, prompting the following question: are interventions mutualistic (both parties benefit) or parasitic (one benefits at the expense of the other)? Empirical studies that examine these benefits and costs to humans and animals are welcome, as are conceptual papers addressing or introducing theories or models of human–animal symbiosis.

Dr. Angela K. Fournier
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • symbiosis
  • animal-assisted intervention
  • human–animal interaction
  • human–animal bond
  • cost–benefit relationship

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 4089 KiB  
Article
A Relaxed Horse—A Relaxed Client? An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Therapy Horses’ Stress on Clients’ Stress, Mood, and Anxiety
by Alicia Müller-Klein, Moritz Nicolai Braun, Diana S. Ferreira de Sá, Tanja Michael, Ulrike Link-Dorner and Johanna Lass-Hennemann
Animals 2024, 14(4), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040604 - 13 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Equine-assisted therapies are becoming increasingly popular for addressing physical and psychological disabilities in clients. The role of the horse’s welfare in equine-assisted service receives increasing attention in research. Several studies have shown that horses are able to perceive human emotions and respond to [...] Read more.
Equine-assisted therapies are becoming increasingly popular for addressing physical and psychological disabilities in clients. The role of the horse’s welfare in equine-assisted service receives increasing attention in research. Several studies have shown that horses are able to perceive human emotions and respond to human stress responses. However, no research has yet looked at the other side of the coin—whether and how humans perceive and react to equine stress levels during equine-assisted services. To fill this gap in the research, we employed a within-subjects design, in which horse-naïve participants had a standardized interaction with both an experimentally stressed horse and an experimentally relaxed horse. We assessed physiological indicators of stress (heart rate, heart rate variability, and salivary cortisol) in participants and horses, as well as psychological indicators of stress (state anxiety and positive and negative affect) in participants. Although our stress and relaxation manipulations were successful (indicated by horses’ physiological indicators of stress), we did not find any difference in the participants’ physiological or psychological indicators of stress between the interaction with a stressed and the interaction with a relaxed horse. Together with results from previous studies, this suggests that humans cannot intuitively recognize the (physiological) stress level of horses, which has important implications for effective communication and bonding between humans and horses and for the safety of equine activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symbiosis in Animal-Assisted Interventions)
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15 pages, 448 KiB  
Article
The Behavioral Cost of Care: Changes in Maintenance Behavior during Equine-Assisted Interventions
by Angela K. Fournier, Megan French, Elizabeth A. Letson, Joy Hanson, Thomas D. Berry and Sarah Cronin
Animals 2024, 14(4), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040536 - 06 Feb 2024
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Abstract
This study examined human–animal symbiosis in an animal-assisted intervention through observations of animal maintenance behaviors. The rise of psychotherapy, learning, and recreation incorporating animals warrants exploration of the welfare of the animals involved in these interventions. The analysis of welfare in multispecies engagements [...] Read more.
This study examined human–animal symbiosis in an animal-assisted intervention through observations of animal maintenance behaviors. The rise of psychotherapy, learning, and recreation incorporating animals warrants exploration of the welfare of the animals involved in these interventions. The analysis of welfare in multispecies engagements can be discussed in terms of symbiosis. Regarding an intervention’s animal provider (e.g., therapy horse) and human recipient (psychotherapy client), the balance of cost and benefit is important. Research describing human and animal interactive behavior during interventions is limited, whether focusing on client outcomes or animal welfare. The present study adapted ethological methods to study humans and animals in an equine-assisted intervention, observing equine maintenance behaviors and equid–human interactive behavior. Maintenance behaviors were recorded before, during, and after equine-assisted (psychosocial) learning sessions with youth, providing 1600 observations. Equine alertness, eating behavior, and ambulation varied significantly before, during, and after the equine-assisted sessions. Such interruptions of typical behavior are an important aspect of welfare and unit of analysis when examining symbiotic relationships. A total of 267 sequences of equid–human approach–response behavior were also recorded, indicating that human–animal interaction was predominantly from humans toward equids. Equids’ dominant response to human approach was no response, followed by avoidance, while humans’ dominant response to equid approach was reciprocation. The findings are discussed in terms of symbiosis and animal welfare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symbiosis in Animal-Assisted Interventions)
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