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Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and...
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Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and Cats

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Companion Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 July 2024 | Viewed by 15370

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Francesco Macrì

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: surgery; radiology; endoscopy; ultrasonography; CEUS; orthopedics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Simona Di Pietro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, ‎Italy
Interests: internal medicine; ophthalmology; CEUS; emergency care; dog; cat‎
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Orthopedic disorders in dogs and cats are common and cover a wide range of conditions.

Orthopedic surgery consists of invasive and minimally invasive (arthroscopy) surgical procedures that affect the joints and skeletal system, including spine and soft tissues, including muscles, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

Advanced imaging and diagnostic tools help provide accurate and effective orthopedic diagnoses, as well as being useful in following-up pathologies post-treatment. There is a wide range of orthopedic conditions that affect cats and dogs. The most common orthopedic conditions are hip and elbow dysplasia, cruciate ligament rupture, patellar luxation, intervertebral disc disease, and the correction of angular deformities.

In this Special Issue, original research articles, such as clinical trials, prospective or retrospective studies, and case reports, as well as reviews, are welcome.

Dr. Francesco Macrì
Dr. Simona Di Pietro
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dog
  • cat
  • feline
  • orthopedic disease
  • lameness
  • radiology
  • ultrasound
  • TC
  • MRI
  • CEUS
  • elastography
  • surgery
  • arthroscopy

Published Papers (7 papers)

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19 pages, 3471 KiB  
Article
Usefulness of Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography for Detection of Quadriceps Contracture in Immobilized Rats
by Kanokwan Suwankanit, Miki Shimizu, Kazuhiko Suzuki and Masahiro Kaneda
Animals 2024, 14(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010076 - 24 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 889
Abstract
Quadriceps contracture is an abnormal pathological shortening of the muscle–tendon unit. To improve the prognosis of quadriceps contracture, improvement of its diagnostic method is needed. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of ultrasound shear wave elastography in a rat model of [...] Read more.
Quadriceps contracture is an abnormal pathological shortening of the muscle–tendon unit. To improve the prognosis of quadriceps contracture, improvement of its diagnostic method is needed. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of ultrasound shear wave elastography in a rat model of quadriceps contracture induced by immobilization. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and immobilization groups. During up to 4 weeks of joint immobilization, the quadriceps elastic modulus, muscle hardness, creatinine phosphokinase levels, joint range of motion, histopathologic parameters, and levels of fibrosis-associated mRNA expression were measured every week in the immobilization and control groups and compared. In the immobilization group, the elastic modulus gradually but significantly increased (p < 0.05) throughout the immobilization period. However, muscle hardness and serum creatinine phosphokinase levels only increased at 1 and 2 weeks after the start of immobilization, respectively. Muscle atrophy and shortening progressed throughout the immobilization group. Collagen type I and III, α-SMA protein, and mRNA expression of IL-1β and TGF-β1 significantly increased (p < 0.05) throughout in the immobilization group. Ultrasound shear wave elastography is the most useful method for clinical assessment of muscle contracture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and Cats)
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14 pages, 1385 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Hind Limb Muscles, Gait and Pain in Lame Dogs with Borderline-to-Severe Hip Dysplasia—A Pilot Study
by Mayara Viana Freire Gomes, Sheila Canevese Rahal, Ivan Felismino Charas dos Santos, Carmel Rezende Dadalto, Maria Jaqueline Mamprim, Roberta Rocha Negrão, Joel Mesa Hormaza, Miriam Harumi Tsunemi and Constanza B. Gómez Álvarez
Animals 2023, 13(22), 3456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223456 - 09 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1241
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) on hind limb muscles, gait and pain in lame dogs with borderline-to-severe hip dysplasia. Ten lame client-owned dogs with borderline-to-severe hip dysplasia, aged from 1.5 to 9.0 years and weighing [...] Read more.
This pilot study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) on hind limb muscles, gait and pain in lame dogs with borderline-to-severe hip dysplasia. Ten lame client-owned dogs with borderline-to-severe hip dysplasia, aged from 1.5 to 9.0 years and weighing 14.5 to 53.0 kg, were enrolled. The WBV training program consisted of 15 min sessions three times weekly for 16 weeks. Muscles of the hind limbs were evaluated using measurements of thigh circumference, the cross-sectional thickness of selected hind limb muscles by ultrasound assessment, and vastus lateralis muscle activity determined by surface electromyography (EMG). Lameness and clinical signs of pain were assessed by visual lameness scoring, orthopedic examination and an owner-based questionnaire. Kinetic analysis was performed by using a pressure-sensitive walkway. Manual thigh circumference measurements of both hind limbs showed significant increases over the trial period with a greater degree of change observed after week 8. Ultrasound measurements of the left gluteal muscles and the quadriceps femoris muscles of both hind limbs showed significant increases in the cross-section thickness post WBV. Owner’s perception of pain also showed a decrease in signs of pain at week 12 and week 16 compared to baseline. Based on graphs of the EMG activity patterns of the vastus lateralis muscle, 65% of the hind limbs had an improvement after 48 WBV sessions when compared to pre-session patterns. However, no significant differences were observed in visual lameness evaluation and kinetic analysis. Therefore, further studies will help to better clarify the role of WBV in canine rehabilitation protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and Cats)
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11 pages, 1667 KiB  
Communication
Location of Trigger Points in a Group of Police Working Dogs: A Preliminary Study
by Maira Rezende Formenton, Karine Portier, Beatriz Ribeiro Gaspar, Lisa Gauthier, Lin Tchia Yeng and Denise Tabacchi Fantoni
Animals 2023, 13(18), 2836; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13182836 - 07 Sep 2023
Viewed by 6348
Abstract
This study examined the percentage and location of trigger points in police working dogs. Twelve dogs housed at a military police kennel were selected through convenience sampling. Only active dogs with no comorbidities or radiographic changes doing 6 hours of intense physical activity [...] Read more.
This study examined the percentage and location of trigger points in police working dogs. Twelve dogs housed at a military police kennel were selected through convenience sampling. Only active dogs with no comorbidities or radiographic changes doing 6 hours of intense physical activity per day were included. After orthopedic and neurological examination, dogs were palpated for the detection of trigger points (TPs), carried out by two independent examiners, with criteria of palpations previously standardized. TPs were recorded using an anatomy reference image according to the corresponding anatomical location. The percentage of TPs was highest in the lumbar portion of the longissimus dorsi muscle (42%), followed by the latissimus dorsi, pectineus, quadriceps femoris, and sartorius (33%) muscles. Most TPs were located on the right side of the body. This study’s percentage of TPs in police working dogs was higher in spinal and hind limb muscles, especially on the right side. The major criteria for identifying TPs in dogs were the pain responses to palpation and contractile local response. The findings of this study could be used to refine myofascial pain prevention to reduce early retirement due to musculoskeletal pain and draw attention to this kind of problem that can also affect dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and Cats)
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12 pages, 7217 KiB  
Article
Treatment of Canine Disc-Associated Cervical Spondylomyelopathy with a Cervical Distraction–Stabilization Technique (C-LOX Combined with LCP Plate) and Clinical Outcomes
by Marco Tabbì, Giuseppe Barillaro, Claudia Dina Interlandi, Simona Di Pietro, Domenico Fugazzotto, Giovanna Lucrezia Costa, Nicola Maria Iannelli, Daniele Macrì, Vincenzo Ferrantelli and Francesco Macrì
Animals 2023, 13(16), 2549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162549 - 08 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1607
Abstract
Canine disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DA-CSM) is a form of caudal CSM, characterized by the compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots due to an intervertebral disc protrusion. It is more frequent in large canine breeds. A variety of surgical techniques has been [...] Read more.
Canine disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DA-CSM) is a form of caudal CSM, characterized by the compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots due to an intervertebral disc protrusion. It is more frequent in large canine breeds. A variety of surgical techniques has been proposed for DA-CSM. The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of a cervical distraction–stabilization technique using an intervertebral anchored fusion device (C-LOX) combined with a locking compression plate (LCP plate) for the treatment of DA-CSM in dogs, based on clinical and radiographical follow-up data. Thirteen dogs affected by DA-CSM were included in the study. After the surgical procedure, an improvement in neurological status was documented in 9/13 cases. This cervical distraction–stabilization technique seems to be a valuable surgical alternative to treat this canine pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and Cats)
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22 pages, 2778 KiB  
Article
Contribution to the Study of Perioperative Factors Affecting the Restoration of Dog’s Mobility after Femoral Head and Neck Excision: A Clinical Study in 30 Dogs
by Androniki Krystalli, Aikaterini Sideri, George M. Kazakos, Anthi Anatolitou and Nikitas N. Prassinos
Animals 2023, 13(14), 2295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142295 - 13 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1915
Abstract
This study aimed to compare postoperative analgesia and the time of limb weight bearing induced by the intraoperative administration of a local anesthetic at the site of the femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) in dogs, with and without the administration of preoperative [...] Read more.
This study aimed to compare postoperative analgesia and the time of limb weight bearing induced by the intraoperative administration of a local anesthetic at the site of the femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) in dogs, with and without the administration of preoperative epidural anesthesia. Additionally, the impact of postoperative opioid drug administration on weight-bearing time was examined. This randomized, blinded, prospective clinical study included 30 client-owned dogs. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups (A, B, C), each further divided into two subgroups (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2). Group A received epidural anesthesia and ropivacaine at the ostectomy site, Group B received only ropivacaine, and Group C served as the control group. Subgroup 1 received a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug postoperatively, while Subgroup 2 had tramadol added to their regimen. Pain assessment was conducted using the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and an algometer. The study concluded that multimodal analgesia, utilizing all the aforementioned analgesic techniques, resulted in faster limb weight bearing for dogs undergoing FHNE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and Cats)
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13 pages, 2270 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic and Treatment of Spinal Fracture and Luxation in Italian Wolves (Canis lupus italicus)
by Domenico Fugazzotto, Chiara Costa Devoti, Maria Pia Dumas, Chiara Teani, Elisa Berti and Offer Zeira
Animals 2022, 12(21), 3044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213044 - 05 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1812
Abstract
The medical records of 14 Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus) with a vertebral fracture or luxation (SFL) between C1 and L7 treated at Ospedale Veterinario San Michele from 2017 and 2022 were reviewed. The most common cause of SFL was “road [...] Read more.
The medical records of 14 Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus) with a vertebral fracture or luxation (SFL) between C1 and L7 treated at Ospedale Veterinario San Michele from 2017 and 2022 were reviewed. The most common cause of SFL was “road traffic accident”. Neurological signs were graded from 0 to 6 using a modified Frankel scale. Spinal fractures occurred in C1–C5 in 1 case, in T3–L3 in 11 cases and in L4–L7 in 2 cases. Six wolves were euthanized without treatment because they presented paraplegia without deep pain perception (DPP). Two animals with motor function were treated conservatively, and later on one of them was euthanized because of neurological impairment. Six wolves were surgically treated. Seven wolves had good neurological recovery, and six of them were released into the wild. Our results suggest that wolves with DPP before surgery may have a good functional recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and Cats)
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15 pages, 5000 KiB  
Case Report
Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Osteotomy Guides and Titanium Plates for Distal Femoral Deformities in Dogs with Lateral Patellar Luxation
by Enrico Panichi, Fulvio Cappellari, Ekaterina Burkhan, Gaetano Principato, Marco Currenti, Marco Tabbì and Francesco Macrì
Animals 2024, 14(6), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060951 - 19 Mar 2024
Viewed by 579
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the diagnosis and treatment of grade IV lateral patellar luxation (LPL) in two adult large breed dogs with complex femoral deformities using patient-specific three-dimensionally (3D) printed osteotomy guides and implants. Computed tomography (CT) scans were [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to describe the diagnosis and treatment of grade IV lateral patellar luxation (LPL) in two adult large breed dogs with complex femoral deformities using patient-specific three-dimensionally (3D) printed osteotomy guides and implants. Computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained for virtual surgical planning (VSP) using computer-aided design (CAD) software, which allowed for 3D reconstruction and manipulation of the femoral deformities, providing a preoperative view of the correction. Of the two patients, one was affected bilaterally and the other unilaterally, but both dogs were from the same litter. Therefore, the healthy femur of the unilaterally affected patient was used as the physiological reference for the virtual surgical correction. Three distal femoral trapezoid osteotomies (DF-TO) followed by reduction and internal fixation with plates were performed using patient-specific 3D-printed osteotomy guides and implants. This type of osteotomy permitted correction of procurvatum in all the femurs to increase knee extension, raise the dog’s lumbar spine and correct the kyphosis. Preoperative, expected and postoperative femoral angles were compared to evaluate the efficacy of virtual surgical planning and the outcome of surgical correction. Radiographic follow-up, passive range of motion and functional recovery were recorded. There were no major complications requiring revision surgery. Significant clinical improvement was observed in both patients. This study suggests that the treatment used represents a viable surgical alternative to restore limb alignment in patients with complex femoral deformities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Orthopedic Disease in Dogs and Cats)
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