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Volume 4
Issue 2
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Metrology, Volume 4, Issue 2 (June 2024) – 5 articles

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13 pages, 932 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Power Law Extensions of Newtonian Gravity Using Differential Force Measurements
by Thomas Bsaibes and Ricardo Decca
Metrology 2024, 4(2), 227-239; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4020014 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 218
Abstract
The Standard Model is not a complete description of reality; it omits the existence of dark matter, dark energy, and an explanation as to why no CP violation has been observed. However, some of these phenomena could be explained through a new force [...] Read more.
The Standard Model is not a complete description of reality; it omits the existence of dark matter, dark energy, and an explanation as to why no CP violation has been observed. However, some of these phenomena could be explained through a new force mediated by a new boson. If such a boson were massless it would result in a power law potential and if massive the interaction would be Yukawa-like. A previous experiment employing the interactions of a micromechanical oscillator attached to spherical test mass was successful in placing the best limits on a mass–mass Yukawa-like interaction, but the data were never analyzed in the context of a power law. Here, those data are analyzed considering a power law for powers n = 1–5 where n is the number of boson exchanges. The results show that the limits obtained through power law analysis of these data are not better than the currently accepted limits. A discussion of an experiment design capable of producing better limits on power law extensions to the Standard Model is presented, and suggests that a micromechanical-oscillator-based experiment remains capable of improving the limits by at least one order of magnitude. Full article
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22 pages, 4649 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Dimensional Accuracy between a Laser Scanner and a Laser Tracker with Handheld Scan in a Laboratory Setting
by Alex Krummenauer, Douglas Bergamo, Roberto Serpa Soares, Victor Emmanuel de Oliveira Gomes and Vitor Camargo Nardelli
Metrology 2024, 4(2), 205-226; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4020013 - 12 Apr 2024
Viewed by 330
Abstract
The dimensional accuracy of a laser scanner has been extensively evaluated using various measurement methods and diverse reference standards. This study specifically focuses on two key considerations. Firstly, it assesses the dimensional accuracy of the laser scanner by employing another laser scanner, a [...] Read more.
The dimensional accuracy of a laser scanner has been extensively evaluated using various measurement methods and diverse reference standards. This study specifically focuses on two key considerations. Firstly, it assesses the dimensional accuracy of the laser scanner by employing another laser scanner, a handheld scanner, as the reference measurement method. Secondly, the study involves the use of three spheres fixed on each wall in both coplanar and non-coplanar positions within a laboratory room at SENAI ISI-SIM. The primary objective is to determine the dimensional accuracy between the centers of the coplanar and non-coplanar spheres up to 10 m. The comparison includes measurement uncertainties, as per ISO GUM standards, obtained using the laser scanner in a laboratory setting with controlled temperature and humidity. Analyzing non-coplanar dimensional accuracy enhances our understanding of the metrological performance of the laser scanner, particularly when assessing the dimensions of objects positioned randomly within a scanning scene. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Interferometry for Precision Engineering)
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24 pages, 9313 KiB  
Review
Combined Use of Acoustic Measurement Techniques with X-ray Imaging for Real-Time Observation of Laser-Based Manufacturing
by Mahdieh Samimi, Mehran Saadabadi and Hassan Hosseinlaghab
Metrology 2024, 4(2), 181-204; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4020012 - 08 Apr 2024
Viewed by 387
Abstract
Ensuring high-quality control in laser additive manufacturing and laser welding relies on the implementation of reliable and cost-effective real-time observation techniques. Real-time monitoring techniques play an important role in understanding critical physical phenomena, namely, melt pool dynamics and defect formation, during the manufacturing [...] Read more.
Ensuring high-quality control in laser additive manufacturing and laser welding relies on the implementation of reliable and cost-effective real-time observation techniques. Real-time monitoring techniques play an important role in understanding critical physical phenomena, namely, melt pool dynamics and defect formation, during the manufacturing of components. This review aims to explore the integration of acoustic measurement techniques with X-ray imaging for studying these physical phenomena in laser manufacturing. A key aspect emphasized in this work is the importance of time synchronization for real-time observation using multiple sensors. X-ray imaging has proven to be a powerful tool for observing the dynamics of the melt pools and the formation of defects in real time. However, X-ray imaging has limitations in terms of accessibility which can be overcome through combination with other more-accessible measurement methods, such as acoustic emission spectroscopy. Furthermore, this combination simplifies the interpretation of acoustic data, which can be complex in its own right. This combined approach, which has evolved in recent years, presents a promising strategy for understanding acoustic emission signals during laser processing. This work provides a comprehensive review of existing research efforts in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dynamic Measurement Methods and Systems)
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17 pages, 1824 KiB  
Article
Impact of Angular Speed Calculation Methods from Encoder Measurements on the Test Uncertainty of Electric Motor Efficiency
by João P. Z. Machado, Gabriel Thaler, Antonio L. S. Pacheco and Rodolfo C. C. Flesch
Metrology 2024, 4(2), 164-180; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4020011 - 02 Apr 2024
Viewed by 286
Abstract
The imperative need to advance the development of more efficient electric motors requires the meticulous measurement of small increments while minimizing the associated uncertainty in dynamometer tests. One of the key variables in such tests is the angular speed, which is typically obtained [...] Read more.
The imperative need to advance the development of more efficient electric motors requires the meticulous measurement of small increments while minimizing the associated uncertainty in dynamometer tests. One of the key variables in such tests is the angular speed, which is typically obtained based on encoder measurements. This paper proposes a systematic measurement uncertainty assessment method based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty for the two most widely used methods for angular speed measurement, namely, the frequency and period methods. In addition, the impact of the angular speed calculation method on the efficiency test uncertainty is assessed using an automatic test rig for electric motors. Our experimental results consider both steady-state and dynamic analyses. The results show that the period measurement method provides measurements with lower uncertainty for the encoders typically used in such test rigs, about 30 times less than the uncertainty determined for the frequency measurement method. Based on these results, the choice of a proper method can drastically decrease the angular speed uncertainty, and consequently the motor efficiency uncertainty, without increasing instrumentation cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Measurement Uncertainty)
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23 pages, 8045 KiB  
Article
Statistical Analysis of Measurement Processes Using Multi-Physic Instruments: Insights from Stitched Maps
by Clement Moreau, Julie Lemesle, David Páez Margarit, François Blateyron and Maxence Bigerelle
Metrology 2024, 4(2), 141-163; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4020010 - 26 Mar 2024
Viewed by 245
Abstract
Stitching methods allow one to measure a wider surface without the loss of resolution. The observation of small details with a better topographical representation is thus possible. However, it is not excluded that stitching methods generate some errors or aberrations on topography reconstruction. [...] Read more.
Stitching methods allow one to measure a wider surface without the loss of resolution. The observation of small details with a better topographical representation is thus possible. However, it is not excluded that stitching methods generate some errors or aberrations on topography reconstruction. A device including confocal microscopy (CM), focus variation (FV), and coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) instrument modes was used to chronologically follow the drifts and the repositioning errors on stitching topographies. According to a complex measurement plan, a wide measurement campaign was performed on TA6V specimens that were ground with two neighboring SiC FEPA grit papers (P#80 and P#120). Thanks to four indicators (quality, drift, stability, and relevance indexes), no measurement drift in the system was found, indicating controlled stitching and repositioning processes for interferometry, confocal microscopy, and focus variation. Measurements show commendable stability, with interferometric microscopy being the most robust, followed by confocal microscopy, and then focus variation. Despite variations, robustness remains constant for each grinding grit, minimizing interpretation biases. A bootstrap analysis reveals time-dependent robustness for confocal microscopy, which is potentially linked to human presence. Despite Sa value discrepancies, all three metrologies consistently discriminate between grinding grits, highlighting the reliability of the proposed methodology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Measurement Uncertainty)
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