Blast Effects of a Shear Thickening Fluid-Based Stemming Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Rheology Tests for STF-Based Stemming Material
2.2. Stemming Material
2.3. Trauzl Lead Block Test
2.4. Preparation of the Experiments (Three-Dimensional High-Speed Camera System)
2.5. AUTODYN Numerical Analysis
3. Experimental Results
Numerical Analysis Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Based on the results of the Trauzl lead block expansion test, the average Trauzl number of the shear thickening fluid-based stemming material was 7.12, indicating a higher average Trauzl number compared with that of sand stemming (6.03) and fine aggregate stemming (6.77). Furthermore, the developed STF stemming material showed a stemming effect enhanced by approximately 18% compared with that of sand.
- (2)
- In terms of the cross-section displacement on the surface of the explosive chamber of the lead block blast hole, the STF stemming showed approximately 1.6 times higher displacement compared with sand stemming, and it showed clearly higher radial displacement compared to sand and fine aggregate stemming at the measurement points arranged in parallel on the lead block blast hole at all locations, including the middle and lower parts of the blast hole.
- (3)
- According to the test results and numerical analysis, the STF stemming material effectively and uniformly transmits explosion energy near the blast hole. Moreover, its blast capacity is superior to that of other stemming materials, reducing the total specific charge. STF stemming is thus expected to be effective for the bottom cut of bench blasting.
- (4)
- Furthermore, both the test results and numerical analysis show that the STF stemming material lasted up to two times longer than sand in terms of ejection time. The STF stemming material applied in this study exhibited better sealing capacity than other stemming materials.
- (5)
- The superior blasting effect of STF stemming may be because of an effective sealing effect, in addition to the favorable characteristics of the transmission of shock waves. The STF-based stemming material developed in this study in various blasting constructions is expected to increase bedrock crushing efficiency, compared to that of general blasting stemming methods, and reduce blasting vibration by decreasing the number of explosive charges used for blasting.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | D30 (mm) | D60 (mm) | D50 (mm) | Uniformity Coeff. (Cu) | Coeff. of Gradation (Cc) | Specific Gravity (Gs) | Unified Soil Classification System |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | 0.52 | 0.7 | 0.62 | 1.35 | 1.14 | 2.65 | poorly graded sand (SP) |
Aggregate | 5.5 | 7 | 6.5 | 1.45 | 0.90 | 2.45 | poorly graded gravel (GP) |
2D-DIC | 3D-DIC | |
---|---|---|
Number of cameras | Only 1 | 2 or more |
Camera system | Mono | Stereo |
Camera calibration | Not required | 3D calibration |
Measurement result | In-plane displacement (2D) | In-plane and out-of-plane displacement (3D) |
Applications | Tensile test, bending test, shear test | Applicable to all experiments |
Materials | Density D(g/cm3) | Sound Speed C0(m/s) | Coefficient S1 | Coefficient S2 | EoS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | 1.5 | 1019 | 1.32 | 0 | shock |
Aggregate | 1.5 | 1100 | 1.40 | 0 | shock |
STF [12,13]. | 1.6 | 2050 | 5.32 | 0 | shock |
Lead | 11.3 | 2006 | 1.43 | 0 | shock |
A(GPa) | B(GPa) | R1 | R2 | w |
---|---|---|---|---|
243 | 7.671 | 4.991 | 1.967 | 0.499 |
Test number | Stemming Material | Blast Hole Volume(cc) | Expansion Rate (Trauzl Number) | Average | Max Strain (%) | Section Displacement (Peak) at Bottom of Blast Hole (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Blasting | After Blasting | ||||||
# 1 | Sand | 72 | 423 | 5.87 | 6.03 | 5.6 | 10.0 |
72 | 447 | 6.20 | 6.2 | 6.0 | |||
# 2 | |||||||
# 3 | Aggregate | 72 | 468 | 6.50 | 6.77 | 4.9 | 7.4 |
# 4 | |||||||
74 | 521 | 7.04 | 7.5 | 10.0 | |||
# 5 | STF-based materials | 72 | 527 | 7.32 | 7.12 | 7.5 | 11.0 |
# 6 | |||||||
72 | 506 | 7.03 | 7.1 | 10.2 |
Point no. | Type of Displacement (mm) | After Detonation (ms) | Stemming Material | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Aggregate | STF | |||||||||
0.25 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |||
# 1 | Radius (coordinate displacement) | 0.51 | 1.46 | - | 0.48 | 1.59 | 2.12 | 1.86 | 2.74 | 2.65 | |
# 2 | 0.77 | 1.79 | - | 0.75 | 1.98 | 2.59 | 3.09 | 4.40 | 4.33 | ||
# 3 | 1.24 | 2.66 | 3.40 | 1.23 | 2.89 | 3.56 | 3.64 | 5.24 | 5.14 | ||
# 4 | 1.41 | 2.94 | 3.44 | 1.41 | 2.99 | 3.65 | 3.64 | 5.18 | 5.09 | ||
# 5 | 1.28 | 2.66 | 3.05 | 1.39 | 2.88 | 3.20 | 3.47 | 4.59 | 4.54 | ||
# 6 | 0.80 | 1.66 | 1.75 | 1.0 | 2.11 | 2.48 | 2.84 | 3.56 | 3.51 | ||
# 7 | 0.51 | 1.10 | 1.15 | 0.47 | 1.44 | 1.91 | 3.11 | 2.48 | 1.95 | ||
# 0 | Section displacement (surface at the blasting chamber) | 2.44 | 4.77 | 6.09 | 3.70 | 6.66 | 10.10 | 2.91 | 7.86 | 10.28 |
Stemming Material | Sand | Aggregate | STF |
---|---|---|---|
Before blasting | 61 cm3 | 61 cm3 | 61 cm3 |
After blasting | 261 cm3 | 273 cm3 | 324 cm3 |
Expansion rate | 427% | 447% | 531% |
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Ko, Y.; Kwak, K. Blast Effects of a Shear Thickening Fluid-Based Stemming Material. Mining 2022, 2, 330-349. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining2020018
Ko Y, Kwak K. Blast Effects of a Shear Thickening Fluid-Based Stemming Material. Mining. 2022; 2(2):330-349. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining2020018
Chicago/Turabian StyleKo, Younghun, and Kiseok Kwak. 2022. "Blast Effects of a Shear Thickening Fluid-Based Stemming Material" Mining 2, no. 2: 330-349. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining2020018