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Applied Nano
Volume 2
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Appl. Nano, Volume 2, Issue 2 (June 2021) – 4 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): On any size scale, it is important to know how strongly structural components are held together. The purpose of this work was to develop a means to estimate the collective binding energy holding together a bundle of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carbon nanotubes in isolation and in bundles have unique and useful properties and applications within supramolecular structures and nanotechnology. From the number of interactions per bundle, the binding energy per interaction was determined. This process was repeated for armchair CNTs with a range of length and circumference values. A simple equation described the interaction energy based on the length and circumference of the component armchair-type nanotubes. When combined with the bundle shape and size parameters, the total bundle binding energy could be found. View this paper
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20 pages, 10593 KiB  
Article
Interactions and Binding Energies in Carbon Nanotube Bundles
by Thomas Rybolt and Heir Jordan
Appl. Nano 2021, 2(2), 128-147; https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano2020011 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4018
Abstract
On any size scale, it is important to know how strongly structural components are held together. The purpose of this work was to develop a means to estimate the collective binding energy holding together a bundle of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carbon nanotubes [...] Read more.
On any size scale, it is important to know how strongly structural components are held together. The purpose of this work was to develop a means to estimate the collective binding energy holding together a bundle of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carbon nanotubes in isolation and in bundles have unique and useful properties and applications within supramolecular structures and nanotechnology. Equations were derived to represent the total number of pairwise interactions between the CNTs found in various size and shape bundles. The shapes considered included diamond, hexagon, parallelogram, and rectangle. Parameters were used to characterize the size of a bundle for each defined shape. Force field molecular modeling was used to obtain the total bundle binding energies for a number of sample bundles. From the number of interactions per bundle, the binding energy per interaction was determined. This process was repeated for armchair CNTs having a range of length and circumference values. A simple equation described the interaction energy based on the length and circumference of the component armchair type nanotubes. When combined with the bundle shape and size parameters, the total bundle binding energy could be found. Comparison with whole bundle molecular mechanics calculations showed our formula-based approach to be effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers for Applied Nano)
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10 pages, 1980 KiB  
Article
Binary Biocompatible CNC–Gelatine Hydrogel as 3D Scaffolds Suitable for Cell Culture Adhesion and Growth
by Luca Zoia, Anna Binda, Laura Cipolla, Ilaria Rivolta and Barbara La Ferla
Appl. Nano 2021, 2(2), 118-127; https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano2020010 - 24 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3401
Abstract
Binary nano-biocomposite 3D scaffolds of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)—gelatine were fabricated without using chemical crosslinking additives. Controlled oxidative treatment allowed introducing carboxyl or carbonyl functionalities on the surface of CNCs responsible for the crosslinking of gelatine polymers. The obtained composites were characterized for their [...] Read more.
Binary nano-biocomposite 3D scaffolds of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)—gelatine were fabricated without using chemical crosslinking additives. Controlled oxidative treatment allowed introducing carboxyl or carbonyl functionalities on the surface of CNCs responsible for the crosslinking of gelatine polymers. The obtained composites were characterized for their physical-chemical properties. Their biocompatibility towards different cell cultures was evaluated through MTT and LDH assays, cellular adhesion and proliferation experiments. Gelatine composites reinforced with carbonyl-modified CNCs showed the most performing swelling/degradation profile and the most promising adhesion and proliferation properties towards cell lines, suggesting their potential application in the field of tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) as Versatile Material for the Biomedical Field)
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20 pages, 1481 KiB  
Review
Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems
by Yuri B. G. Patriota, Luíse L. Chaves, Evren H. Gocke, Patricia Severino, Mônica F. R. Soares, José L. Soares-Sobrinho and Eliana B. Souto
Appl. Nano 2021, 2(2), 98-117; https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano2020009 - 01 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5291
Abstract
Heparin-based delivery systems have been explored to improve their therapeutic efficacy and to reduce toxicity for different administration routes. Regardless of the applied drug delivery system (DDS), the evaluation of anticoagulant performance is instrumental for the development of a suitable DDS. The understanding [...] Read more.
Heparin-based delivery systems have been explored to improve their therapeutic efficacy and to reduce toxicity for different administration routes. Regardless of the applied drug delivery system (DDS), the evaluation of anticoagulant performance is instrumental for the development of a suitable DDS. The understanding of the range of anticoagulant assays, together with their key applications and limitations, is essential both within the context of scientific research and for clinical usage. This review provides an overview of the current anticoagulant therapy and discusses the advantages and limitations of currently available anticoagulant assays. We also discuss studies involving low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-based nanocarriers with emphasis on their anticoagulation performance. Conventional anticoagulants have been used for decades for the treatment of many diseases. Direct oral anticoagulants have overcome some limitations of heparins and vitamin K antagonists. However, the lack of an accurate laboratory assessment, as well as the lack of a factor “xaban” (Xa) inhibitor reversal agent, remains a major problem associated with these anticoagulants. LMWHs represent anticoagulant agents with noteworthy efficacy and safety, and they have been explored to improve their outcomes with various nanocarriers through several administration routes. The main problems related to LMWHs have been surmounted, and improved efficiency may be achieved through the use of DDSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers for Applied Nano)
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13 pages, 1959 KiB  
Review
Prussian Blue and Its Analogs as Novel Nanostructured Antibacterial Materials
by Angelo Taglietti, Piersandro Pallavicini and Giacomo Dacarro
Appl. Nano 2021, 2(2), 85-97; https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano2020008 - 28 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4967
Abstract
Prussian blue is an ancient artificial pigment. Its biocompatibility and the possibility of synthesizing it in nanometric size stimulated the interest of the scientific community. Many uses of Prussian blue nanoparticles have been reported in the field of nanomedicine. More recently, interest into [...] Read more.
Prussian blue is an ancient artificial pigment. Its biocompatibility and the possibility of synthesizing it in nanometric size stimulated the interest of the scientific community. Many uses of Prussian blue nanoparticles have been reported in the field of nanomedicine. More recently, interest into the potential application of Prussian blue nanoparticles as antibacterial agents has spread. Literature regarding Prussian blue and its analogs as antibacterial materials is still limited, but the number of papers has grown quickly over the last 2–3 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers for Applied Nano)
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