Mass-Transfer Air Pollution Modeling in Heritage Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Indoor Air Pollution Models
2.1. Mass-Balance at Steady-State
2.2. Indoor-Outdoor Ratio (I/O)
2.3. Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)
2.4. Monte Carlo Simulations
2.5. Other Computational Simulations
3. Case Study
3.1. The National Museum Storage Facility
3.2. The Building
3.3. Ambient Conditions
3.4. Collection and Interior
4. Methods
4.1. I/O Model
4.2. IAP Model
- Sparsely filled with museum objects (as today) at a loading (L) of 0.7 m2 m−3
- Half-filled storage at L = 1.5 m2 m−3
- Full storage at L = 3 m2 m−3.
4.3. Monte Carlo Simulation
- Storage hall as now, sparsely loaded with objects, winter temperature.
- Storage hall as now, sparsely loaded with objects, summer temperature.
- Storage hall at full capacity, filled with objects, winter temperature.
- Storage hall at full capacity, filled with objects, summer temperature.
4.4. Pollution Measurements at Site
5. Results
5.1. I/O Model Results
5.2. IAP Model Results
5.3. Monte Carlo Simulation Results
5.4. Pollution Measurements
6. Discussion and Conclusions
6.1. Background Measurements
6.2. Outdoor Pollutants
6.3. Indoor-Generated Pollutants
6.4. Constant versus Dynamic Conditions
6.5. Practical Implications and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Description | Unit |
---|---|---|
A | Surface area | m2 |
Ci | Indoor concentration of a pollutant in the air | μg m−3 |
Co | Outdoor concentration of a pollutant in the air | μg m−3 |
I/O | Ratio between indoor and outdoor pollution concentration | Dimensionless |
L | Loading: The surface-to-volume ratio of objects or materials in a room. L = A/V | m2 m−3 |
n | Air exchange rate (exchange of air with ambient) | hour−1 |
Q | Air flow rate (e.g., through a filter unit) | hour−1 |
S | Surface removal rate. S = vd(A/V) | hour−1 |
SER | Area-specific emission rate of a pollutant from a material | μg m−2 h−1 |
V | Room volume | m3 |
vd | Deposition velocity of a pollutant in the air onto a surface | m hour−1 |
Material | Area [m2] | Loading [m2 m−3] |
---|---|---|
Wall and ceiling (concrete) | 4300 | 0.5 |
Floor (syntetic paint) | 1000 | 0.1 |
Shelves (metal) | 1000 | 0.1 |
Objects (wood), now | 6500 | 0.7 |
Objects (wood), when full | 28,000 | 3.0 |
Material | Ozone Deposition Velocity (vd) [m h−1] | Nitrogen Dioxide Deposition Velocity (vd) [m h−1] |
---|---|---|
Fine concrete | 0.0612 | 0.0360 |
Brick | 0.4320 | 0.2268 |
Wood-work surface treated | 0.0198 | 0.0108 |
Metal | 0.0050 | 0.0036 |
Synthetic floor covering | 0.0202 | 0.0108 |
Scenario | SER Winter [μg m−2 h−1] | SER Summer [μg m−2 h−1] | L [m2 m−3] | n [h−1] | S [h−1] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sparsely filled storage (today) | 50 | 200 | 0.7 | 0.02 | 2 |
Half full storage | 50 | 200 | 1.5 | 0.02 | 2 |
Full storage | 50 | 200 | 3 | 0.02 | 2 |
Full storage with filter recirculation | 50 | 200 | 3 | 0.30 * | 2 |
Input Factor | Interval |
---|---|
SER, winter [μg m−2 h−1] | 39–108 |
SER, summer [μg m−2 h−1] | 145–303 |
L, low: Sparsely filled storage [m2 m−3] | 0.4–0.9 |
L, high: Full storage [m2 m−3] | 3–5 |
n [h−1] | 0.01–1 |
S [h−1] | 0.2–2 |
Simulation | 5th Percentile | Median | Average | 95th Percentile |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 15.3 | 29.3 | 30.9 | 51.5 |
B | 53.3 | 88.5 | 91.9 | 144 |
C | 56.0 | 115 | 123 | 215 |
D | 197 | 360 | 377 | 648 |
Location | Ozone | Nitrogen Dioxide | Organic Acids |
---|---|---|---|
Indoor concentration [μg m−3] | 1 | 0.2 | 12 |
Outdoor concentration [μg m−3] | 52 | 5.1 | n.a. |
I/O ratio [dimensionless] | 0.02 | 0.04 | n.a. |
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Ryhl-Svendsen, M.; Smedemark, S.H. Mass-Transfer Air Pollution Modeling in Heritage Buildings. Heritage 2023, 6, 4768-4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060253
Ryhl-Svendsen M, Smedemark SH. Mass-Transfer Air Pollution Modeling in Heritage Buildings. Heritage. 2023; 6(6):4768-4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060253
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyhl-Svendsen, Morten, and Signe Hjerrild Smedemark. 2023. "Mass-Transfer Air Pollution Modeling in Heritage Buildings" Heritage 6, no. 6: 4768-4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060253