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Communication

Polarization Selective Broad/Triple Band Absorber Based on All-Dielectric Metamaterials in Long Infrared Regime

by
Haotian Zou
1,
Bo Ni
2,*,
Hua Zhou
2,
Haibin Ni
2,
Guohuan Hua
2 and
Jianhua Chang
2
1
Changwang School of Honors, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
2
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Meteorological Observation and Information Processing, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2023, 10(5), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050587
Submission received: 17 April 2023 / Revised: 13 May 2023 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 18 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Topic Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Materials and Their Applications)
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Abstract

:
In this paper, a polarization selective broad/triple-band metamaterial absorber based on SiO2 all-dielectric is designed and studied. The absorber works in a long infrared band (8–14 μm). It is composed of cuboid and trapezoidal silica structures in the upper layer and metal plates in the lower layer. We calculate the absorption results of the metamaterial absorber at different polarization angles as the polarization angle of incident light increases from 0° to 90°; that is, the light changes from Ex polarization to Ey polarization. The results show that the absorption rate of the structure is more than 90% in the range of 8.16 to 9.61 μm when the polarization angle is 0°. When the polarization angle of the incident light is less than 45°, the absorption result of the absorber does not change significantly. When the polarization angle of the incident light is greater than 45°, three absorption peaks appear in the long infrared band, realizing the selectivity of the polarization of the incident light. When the polarization angle increases to 90°, the absorptivity of the two absorption peaks at λ = 9.7 μm and 12.3 μm reaches more than 85%. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of the length, width, and thickness of the all-dielectric metamaterial absorber and the calculation of the electric field of this structure are also carried out. The designed all-dielectric metamaterial absorber has polarization selection and perfect absorption characteristics and has a broad application prospect.

1. Introduction

A metamaterial is a kind of structural material composed of artificially designed sub-wavelength structural elements arranged periodically. It has some unusual electromagnetic properties that natural materials do not have, such as a negative refractive index [1,2], electromagnetic stealth [3], and a superlens effect [4,5]. The wavelength, phase, polarization state, angular momentum, and propagation direction of electromagnetic waves can be flexibly and effectively controlled by metamaterials. A metamaterial absorber is a kind of artificial device that can adjust electromagnetic parameters by shape, structure, and size, and then achieve a high absorption rate of electromagnetic waves in a specific frequency range [6,7,8]. It has the advantages of wide bandwidth, polarization selection, versatility, and so on. It has good applications and great prospects in stealth technology, polarization deflection, thermal imaging, perfect lenses, and other fields [9,10,11]. The concept of a perfect absorber was first proposed by Landy et al. in 2008 [6]. From the point of view of the absorption effect, perfect absorbers can be divided into narrowband [6], broadband [12], dual-band [13], multi-band [14,15] perfect absorbers, and polarization-insensitive [16] perfect absorbers. At present, most tunable metamaterial absorbers are based on graphene and alum. The tunable metamaterial absorber is designed by exploiting the sensitivity of graphene to external electric fields. The electromagnetic parameters of the metamaterial absorber are tuned by applying different voltages to graphene to change the Fermi level of graphene. The different states of alum before and after the phase transition, especially the metal state after the phase transition, were used to realize the tuning characteristics of the metamaterial absorber. Tunable metamaterial absorbers, which can adjust the performance of metamaterial absorbers by changing the external field, have received much attention [17,18,19]. In addition to changing the external field, the electromagnetic characteristics of the metamaterial absorber can be adjusted by changing the polarization direction of the incident electromagnetic wave, so that the metamaterial absorber can absorb the incident electromagnetic wave in different frequency ranges at different polarization directions and then achieve the selective absorption of the incident wave in a specific polarization direction, showing the polarization selective absorption phenomenon. Polarization selective absorption plays an important role in communication [20,21,22], radar [23], imaging systems [5,24], etc.
At present, most metamaterial absorbers contain metal materials [25], and the design structure of such metamaterial absorbers is mostly a sandwich structure. The upper layer of the structure is a subwavelength metal structure designed manually, the middle is a dielectric layer, and the bottom is a metal layer. H. Tao [26] et al. used a metal ring resonant structure, a dielectric layer, and a metal film to achieve a narrowband perfect absorption rate of up to 97% at 1.6 THz. In 2018, Li et al. designed a dual-band absorber [27], which uses composite layers composed of germanium and gold to form a trapezoidal structure, and the structure achieves more than 80% absorption at 4~6.3 μm. The design idea of such metal structures is widely used [28,29]. However, metamaterial absorbers containing metal structures are difficult to use in large areas due to their narrow bandwidth, high ohmic loss, low melting point, difficulty in preparation, and high price. The use of dielectric materials to design the structure of the all-dielectric metamaterial absorber can minimize the loss of the dielectric material to the incident electromagnetic wave. With the gradually mature medium manufacturing process and relatively low price, the all-dielectric metamaterial absorber has received widespread attention [30,31,32,33]. In 2020, Si [34] et al. designed a broadband perfect absorber based on all-dielectric silicon, which achieved more than 95% perfect absorption between 564 nm and 584 nm, and more than 85% absorption results can also be obtained through experimental fabrication. Compared with metal absorbers, all-dielectric metamaterials are easier to broaden the absorption bandwidth and are more resistant to high temperatures [35,36,37], so they have broad application prospects.
In this paper, an all-dielectric polarization selective metamaterial absorber based on silicon dioxide is designed to achieve perfect absorption of the incident wave in a specific broadband. The absorption results of the metamaterial absorber at different polarization angles are calculated when the polarization angle of incident light increases from 0° to 90°; that is, the light changes from Ex polarization to Ey polarization. The calculated results show that the absorption rate of the structure is more than 90% between 8.16 μm and 9.61 μm when the polarization angle is 0°. At the resonance wavelength λ = 8.5 μm, the highest absorption rate reaches 99.5%. In addition, the structure has strong polarization angle selectivity of the incident light. When the polarization angle of the incident light is less than 45°, the absorption result of the absorber does not change significantly. When the polarization angle of the incident light is greater than 45°, three absorption peaks appear in the long infrared band. When the polarization angle is increased to 90°, the absorption rates of the two absorption peaks at λ = 9.7 μm and λ = 12.3 μm both reach more than 85%. The proposed all-dielectric metamaterial absorber works in a long infrared regime and can achieve almost perfect absorption in a specific wavelength range, which can be used to manufacture infrared stealth materials [9]. All-dielectric polarization-selective absorbers can be used to selectively absorb light in the polarization direction in infrared optical imaging to obtain clearer and high-resolution images. It is widely used in practical imaging equipment such as thermal imagers and infrared cameras [38]. In addition, this research can also be applied to optical communication [39], optical sensors, solar cells, and other fields, providing new possibilities for research in these fields.

2. Design of Broadband Absorber Based on All-Dielectric

The structure of the all-dielectric metamaterial absorber is shown in Figure 1. We combined the trapezoidal SiO2 structure with the cuboid SiO2 structure and placed them on the bottom metal plate to form a structural unit. The bottom length of the trapezoid SiO2 structure l2 is 1 μm, the top length l3 is 0.6 μm, and the height h2 is 1.3 μm. The length of the upper and lower sides of the cuboid arranged on the left side l4 is 0.6 μm, the height of the cuboid h1 is 2.5 μm, and the length of the two SiO2 structures is 2 μm. Both structures were placed on a metal plate with a period l1 of 1.6 μm, and the thickness of the metal plate was 100 nm, which can completely prevent light from penetrating through the absorber. The permittivity of SiO2 and Au in the structural calculation were selected from Palik’s work [40].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Results of Broadband Absorber

The electromagnetic wave absorption rates of the two components of the above broadband absorber structure are calculated under the condition that the polarization direction of the incident light is along the Ex direction and the normal incident direction, and the calculation results are shown in Figure 2. The black solid line represents the absorption result of a single trapezoidal structure absorber, and the black dotted line represents the absorption result of a single rectangular structure absorber. It can be seen that in the band of 7~11 μm, these two structures have certain absorption phenomena. The bandwidth of the trapezoidal structure is narrow and approximately between 9 and 10 μm. The absorption rate of the absorption line of the rectangular structure is low and tends to be in the range of 8–9 μm. The combination of these two absorber structures can superpose these two continuous peaks to form a relatively complete broadband absorption peak, as shown in Figure 2, with the red solid line. The width of more than 90% absorption rate (8.16–9.61 μm) is about 1.45 μm. At the resonance wavelength λ = 8.5 μm, the maximum absorption rate is more than 99.5%, which has a good absorption performance. The FWHM of the structure is 2.26 μm.
In order to better study the electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism of the broadband absorber, we have carried out the electric field calculation of this structure at the polarization angle of the incident light of 0°, as shown in Figure 3:
The electric field E distributions at 7.5 μm, 8 μm, 8.6 μm, and 9.7 μm bands were selected for analysis. Figure 3a shows the electric field distribution at a wavelength of 7.5 μm. Compared with the electric field distribution at a wavelength of 9.7 μm in Figure 3d, the electric field intensity is only half, and the absorption rate is increased from 16% at 7.5 μm to 86% at 9.7 μm. As can be seen from the electric field distribution in Figure 3b, the electric field at the wavelength of 8 μm is mainly distributed inside the top of the rectangular absorber. As can be seen from the electric field distribution in Figure 3c, when the wavelength is redshifted to 8.6 μm, the electric field intensity inside the rectangular absorber decreases, and the electric field appears on the top of the trapezoidal absorber. At the same time, the coupling between the rectangular absorber and the trapezoidal absorber occurs, so that the absorption rate reaches the highest value of 99.5%. When the wavelength is redshifted to 9.7 μm, as shown in Figure 3d, the electric field is mainly distributed on both sides of the trapezoidal absorber, and there is no electric field distribution on the top of the rectangular absorber, so the absorption rate drops to 86%.

3.2. Polarization Direction Analysis of Incident Light in Perfect Absorber

Figure 4 shows the comparison of absorption spectra under different polarized light vertical incidences. When the polarization angle of light increases from 0° to 90°, that is, the light changes from Ex polarization to Ey polarization, we can see that with the increasing polarization angle, three modes of absorption peaks appear in the band of 6~15 μm: The corresponding bands of λ1, λ2, and λ3 are 8.5 μm, 9.7 μm, and 12.3 μm, respectively. In the band of 6~15 μm, the absorption peak has a certain redshift with the increase in the polarization angle. At the same time, the wide absorption peak between 8 μm and 10 μm is divided into two absorption peaks λ1 and λ2 with narrow FWHM due to the interference effect caused by light excitation at different wavelengths in the medium. When the polarization angle of the incident light is greater than 45°, a gradually enhanced absorption peak (mode λ3) appears in the near ultra-far infrared band.
It can be seen from Figure 4 that the absorption spectrum of the all-dielectric metamaterial absorber approximately takes the polarization angle of 45° as the selection dividing line. When the polarization angle of the incident light is less than 45°, the absorption results of the absorber do not change significantly. When the polarization angle of the incident light is greater than 45°, three absorption peaks appear in the long infrared band. When the polarization angle is increased to 90°, the absorption rates of the two absorption peaks at λ = 9.7 μm and λ = 12.3 μm both reach more than 85%, as shown in Figure 5.

3.3. Comparison of Different Parameters of Broadband Absorber

In the actual production, due to technical reasons, the actual value of the produced structure is generally different from the theoretical value. In order to consider the influence of various parameters on the final result, we carry out the sensitivity analysis of various parameters of the broadband absorber when the polarization angle of the incident light is 0° and 90°, including: the top of the trapezoid l3, the bottom of the trapezoid l2, the width of the rectangle l4, the height of the trapezoid h2, and the height of the rectangle h1.
Figure 6 shows the influence of changing the lower side length l2 of the trapezoid in the absorber structure on the absorption results when the other parameter conditions are unchanged. Figure 6a,b, respectively, show the changing absorption curves of the incident light with different l2 lengths under Ex polarization and Ey polarization. In Figure 6a, it can be seen that when the polarization angle of the incident light is 0°, the width of the absorption peak is slightly reduced and the absorption rate is gradually increased with the gradual increase of l2 length. When the length of l2 is 0.6 μm, a small wave valley appears at the wavelength of 9 μm. The overall absorption rate of the absorber can maintain above 80% during the change of l2. In Figure 6b, it can be seen that when the polarization angle of the incident light is 90°, the absorption of the first two absorption peaks does not change significantly with the increase in the length of l2. The absorption peak at λ = 12.3 μm gradually decreases, and the overall absorption frequency does not change.
Figure 7 shows the influence of changing the upper side length l3 of the trapezoid in the absorber structure on the absorption results when the other parameters remain unchanged. Figure 7a,b, respectively, show the changing absorption curves of the incident light with different l2 lengths under Ex polarization and Ey polarization. In Figure 7a, it can be seen that the width of the absorption peak decreases gradually when l3 decreases from 0.6 μm, the width of the absorption peak exceeding the 80% absorption rate decreases from 1.7 μm to 1 μm when l3 = 0.2 μm, and the absorption trough appears at 9 μm when l3 increases from 0.6 μm to 1.0 μm. The absorption rate decreased to 70%, and the width of the absorption peak gradually increased. In Figure 7b, when the polarization angle is 90°, with the increase in l3 length, the absorption at λ = 12.3 μm has a slight increase. On the whole, the absorption effect of changing l3 length has no obvious change.
Figure 8 shows the influence of changing the height h2 of the trapezoid in the absorber structure on the absorption results when the other parameter conditions are unchanged. Figure 8a,b, respectively show the changing absorption curves of the incident light with different h2 lengths under Ex polarization and Ey polarization. It can be seen from Figure 8a that when the polarization angle of the incident light is 0°, the trapezoid height h2 increases or decreases with the standard of 1.3 μm, and a gradually enhanced trough appears at 9 μm, and gradually redshifts with the increase of the height. When h2 increases from 1.3 μm to 1.7 μm, the absorption rate decreases obviously, but it can be maintained at more than 85%. It can be seen from Figure 8b that when the polarization angle of incident light is 90°, the absorption rate in the far infrared band increases significantly with the increase of h2. When the height of h2 decreases from 0.9 μm to 1.7 μm, the absorption rate at λ = 12.3 μm increases from 80% to 90%.
Figure 9 shows the influence of changing the height h1 of the rectangle in the absorber structure on the absorption results under the condition of the other parameters unchanged. Figure 9a,b, respectively, show the changing absorption curves of the incident light with different h1 lengths under Ex and Ey polarization. It can be seen from Figure 9a that when the polarization angle of incident light is 0°, the trapezoidal height h1 increases or decreases with the standard of 2.5 μm, and the absorption rate decreases. When h1 increases from 2.5 μm to 2.9 μm, a gradually deeper trough appears. It can be seen from Figure 9b that when the polarization angle of incident light is 0°, the absorption rate also increases significantly with the increase in h1.
Figure 10 shows the influence of changing the side length l4 of the rectangle in the absorber structure on the absorption results when the other parameter conditions are unchanged. Figure 10a,b, respectively, show the changing absorption curves of the incident light with different l4 lengths under Ex polarization and Ey polarization. It can be seen from Figure 10a that when the rectangular side length l4 gradually increased from 0.6 μm to 1.0 μm, the absorption rate in the 8–9 μm band decreased significantly, while there was no significant change in the 9–11 μm band. It can be intuitively seen from Figure 10b that with the gradual increase in the length of l4, the absorption peak at λ = 8.5 μm and λ = 12.3 μm decreases, and the absorption peak at λ = 9.7 μm increases.
In the table, we summarize the sensitivity of each parameter when the incident light is Ex-polarized and Ey-polarized, and the results are shown in Table 1. When the polarization angle of the incident light is 0°, we take the absorption width exceeding 1 μm when the absorption rate exceeds 80% as the tolerance error for statistical analysis. It can be obtained that the height h2 of the trapezoid is a non-sensitive parameter. The height of the rectangle h1 is a non-sensitive parameter, and the error requirements can be met within 2.8 μm. Similarly, the lower side length l2 of the trapezoid and the side length l4 of the rectangle are both non-sensitive parameters. The upper side length l3 of the trapezoid is a sensitive parameter, which can only achieve a width of more than 1 μm when the absorptivity exceeds 80% within the error range of ±0.2 μm. When the polarization angle of the incident light is 90°, the absorption rate of more than 80% at λ = 12.3 μm is considered as an acceptable error. The height of the trapezoid h2, the height of the rectangle h1, the length of the upper side of the trapezoid l3, and the length of the lower side of the trapezoid l2 are all non-sensitive parameters, and the length of the rectangle l4 is a sensitive parameter, which can only meet the error requirements when the error is less than 0.6 μm.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, a polarization selective broadband metamaterial absorber structure based on silica all-dielectric is proposed, which works in the long infrared band. The wide wavelength absorber is realized by combining different silica absorbers, and the broadband absorption in the long infrared band is realized. The calculated results show that the perfect absorption rate of the structure is more than 90% between 8.16 μm and 9.61 μm. We calculated the absorption results of the metamaterial absorber at different polarization angles when the polarization angle of light increases from 0° to 90°; that is, the light changes from Ex polarization to Ey polarization. When the polarization angle of the incident light is less than 45°, the absorption results of the absorber do not change significantly. When the polarization angle of the incident light is greater than 45°, three absorption peaks appear in the long infrared band, which realizes the selective characteristics of the incident light polarization. When the polarization angle is increased to 90°, the absorption rates of the two absorption peaks at λ = 9.7 μm and λ = 12.3 μm both reach more than 85%. Through the calculation and analysis of the changes of various parameters of the structure under Ex polarization and Ey polarization, it can be found that most of the parameters are not sensitive except for the upper side length of the trapezoid l3 under Ex polarization, and except for the side length of the rectangle l4 under Ey polarization. The tolerance error range is high, which is conducive to practical fabrication. These studies play a certain guiding role in the further development of non-metallic dielectric materials in metamaterial absorbers.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.Z. (Haotian Zou) and B.N.; methodology, B.N.; software, H.Z. (Haotian Zou); validation, H.Z. (Haotian Zou) and B.N.; formal analysis, H.Z. (Haotian Zou), H.Z. (Hua Zhou) and J.C.; investigation, H.Z. (Hua Zhou) and B.N.; data curation, H.Z. (Haotian Zou); writing—original draft preparation, H.Z. (Haotian Zou); writing—review and editing, H.N. (Hua Zhou) and G.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant numbers 62175114 and 61875089, and the Kunshan and Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST) intelligent sensor research center project.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data are available from the first author and the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. (a) Broadband absorber structure based on SiO2, (b) side view.
Figure 1. (a) Broadband absorber structure based on SiO2, (b) side view.
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Figure 2. Absorption curves of partial structure and overall structure.
Figure 2. Absorption curves of partial structure and overall structure.
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Figure 3. Electric fields at different operating wavelengths. (a) The electric field at a wavelength of 7.5 μm; (b) an electric field at a wavelength of 8 μm; (c) an electric field at a wavelength of 8.6 μm; (d) the electric field at the wavelength of 9.7 μm.
Figure 3. Electric fields at different operating wavelengths. (a) The electric field at a wavelength of 7.5 μm; (b) an electric field at a wavelength of 8 μm; (c) an electric field at a wavelength of 8.6 μm; (d) the electric field at the wavelength of 9.7 μm.
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Figure 4. Spectrograms at different polarization angles.
Figure 4. Spectrograms at different polarization angles.
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Figure 5. Absorption curves at an incidence angle of 90°.
Figure 5. Absorption curves at an incidence angle of 90°.
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Figure 6. (a) Absorption curves of different l2 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different l2 under Ey polarization.
Figure 6. (a) Absorption curves of different l2 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different l2 under Ey polarization.
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Figure 7. (a) Absorption curves of different l3 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different l3 under Ey polarization.
Figure 7. (a) Absorption curves of different l3 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different l3 under Ey polarization.
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Figure 8. (a) Absorption curves of different h2 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different h2 under Ey polarization.
Figure 8. (a) Absorption curves of different h2 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different h2 under Ey polarization.
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Figure 9. (a) Absorption curves of different h1 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different h1 under Ey polarization.
Figure 9. (a) Absorption curves of different h1 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different h1 under Ey polarization.
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Figure 10. (a) Absorption curves of different l4 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different l4 under Ey polarization.
Figure 10. (a) Absorption curves of different l4 under Ex polarization; (b) absorption curves of different l4 under Ey polarization.
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Table
Table 1. Sensitivity statistics of various parameters of broadband absorber during Ex and Ey polarization.
Table 1. Sensitivity statistics of various parameters of broadband absorber during Ex and Ey polarization.
Parameters (μm) Ex (Error μm)Ey (Error μm)
The height of the trapezoid h21.3Non-sensitive parameters (≤2)Non-sensitive parameters (--)
The height of the rectangle h12.5Non-sensitive parameters (≤2.8)Non-sensitive parameters (--)
The upper side length of the trapezoid l30.6Sensitive parameters (±0.2)Non-sensitive parameters (--)
The lower side length of the trapezoid l21Non-sensitive parameters (0.6 to 1.4)Non-sensitive parameters (≤1.4)
The width of the rectangle l40.6Non-sensitive parameters (≤1.0)Sensitive parameters (≤0.6)
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Zou, H.; Ni, B.; Zhou, H.; Ni, H.; Hua, G.; Chang, J. Polarization Selective Broad/Triple Band Absorber Based on All-Dielectric Metamaterials in Long Infrared Regime. Photonics 2023, 10, 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050587

AMA Style

Zou H, Ni B, Zhou H, Ni H, Hua G, Chang J. Polarization Selective Broad/Triple Band Absorber Based on All-Dielectric Metamaterials in Long Infrared Regime. Photonics. 2023; 10(5):587. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050587

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zou, Haotian, Bo Ni, Hua Zhou, Haibin Ni, Guohuan Hua, and Jianhua Chang. 2023. "Polarization Selective Broad/Triple Band Absorber Based on All-Dielectric Metamaterials in Long Infrared Regime" Photonics 10, no. 5: 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050587

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