Family Socio-Economic Status and Children’s Play Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Home Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Understanding Children’s Behaviors in Play
1.2. Family SES and Children’s Play
1.3. Home Environment and Children’s Play
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Family SES
2.2.2. Home Environment
2.2.3. Children’s Play Behaviors
2.2.4. Control Variables
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptives
4.2. Family SES, Home Environment, and Children’s Play Behaviors
5. Discussion
5.1. Characteristics of Children’s Play Behaviors
5.2. Family-SES-Related Differences in Children’s Play Behaviors
5.3. Home Environment and Children’s Play Behaviors
6. Limitations and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age 3 (n = 199) | Age 4 (n = 314) | Age 5 (n = 255) | Age 6 (n = 76) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Gender | Male | 99 | 49.7 | 162 | 51.6 | 133 | 52.2 | 37 | 48.7 |
Female | 100 | 50.3 | 152 | 48.4 | 122 | 47.8 | 39 | 51.3 | |
Father’s age | 25 and under | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
26–30 | 15 | 7.5 | 19 | 6.1 | 8 | 3.1 | 2 | 2.6 | |
31–40 | 130 | 65.3 | 218 | 69.4 | 179 | 70.2 | 54 | 71.1 | |
41–50 | 52 | 26.1 | 73 | 23.2 | 64 | 25.1 | 19 | 25 | |
51 and above | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.3 | 3 | 1.2 | 1 | 1.3 | |
Mother’s age | 25 and under | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
26–30 | 30 | 15.1 | 37 | 11.8 | 17 | 6.7 | 10 | 13.2 | |
31–40 | 137 | 68.8 | 229 | 72.9 | 209 | 82 | 56 | 73.7 | |
41–50 | 30 | 15.1 | 45 | 14.3 | 28 | 11 | 10 | 13.2 | |
51 and above | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Paternal education | Middle school and below | 9 | 4.5 | 5 | 1.6 | 9 | 3.5 | 3 | 3.9 |
High school/Secondary/technical school | 32 | 16.1 | 32 | 10.2 | 27 | 10.6 | 4 | 5.3 | |
Post-secondary technical school | 32 | 16.1 | 53 | 16.9 | 48 | 18.8 | 20 | 26.3 | |
Bachelor | 95 | 47.7 | 164 | 52.2 | 137 | 53.7 | 38 | 50 | |
Master and above | 31 | 15.6 | 60 | 19.1 | 34 | 13.3 | 11 | 14.5 | |
Maternal education | Middle school and below | 8 | 4 | 5 | 1.6 | 7 | 2.7 | 3 | 3.9 |
High school/Secondary/technical school | 27 | 13.6 | 38 | 12.1 | 14 | 5.5 | 9 | 11.8 | |
Post-secondary technical school | 39 | 19.6 | 63 | 20.1 | 64 | 25.1 | 22 | 28.9 | |
Bachelor | 100 | 50.3 | 159 | 50.6 | 141 | 55.3 | 36 | 47.4 | |
Master and above | 25 | 12.6 | 49 | 15.6 | 29 | 11.4 | 6 | 7.9 | |
Paternal occupation | Unskilled/semi-skilled worker | 23 | 11.6 | 24 | 7.6 | 35 | 13.7 | 8 | 10.5 |
Skilled worker | 28 | 14.1 | 48 | 15.3 | 42 | 16.5 | 14 | 18.4 | |
Semi-professional/general clerical worker | 44 | 22.1 | 50 | 15.9 | 44 | 17.3 | 15 | 19.7 | |
Professional/administrator | 75 | 37.7 | 130 | 41.4 | 99 | 38.8 | 30 | 39.5 | |
Major professional/higher executive | 29 | 14.6 | 62 | 19.7 | 35 | 13.7 | 9 | 11.8 | |
Maternal education | Unskilled/semi-skilled worker | 36 | 18.1 | 56 | 17.8 | 52 | 20.4 | 18 | 23.7 |
Skilled worker | 28 | 14.1 | 24 | 7.6 | 32 | 12.5 | 8 | 10.5 | |
Semi-professional/general clerical worker | 41 | 20.6 | 82 | 26.1 | 66 | 25.9 | 15 | 19.7 | |
Professional/administrator | 79 | 39.7 | 117 | 37.3 | 82 | 32.2 | 29 | 38.2 | |
Major professional/higher executive | 15 | 7.5 | 35 | 11.1 | 23 | 9 | 6 | 7.9 | |
Family monthly income | ¥4000 and below | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 2.4 | 1 | 1.3 |
¥4001–¥7000 | 22 | 11.1 | 16 | 5.1 | 14 | 5.5 | 7 | 9.2 | |
¥7001–¥10,000 | 32 | 16.1 | 39 | 12.4 | 33 | 12.9 | 9 | 11.8 | |
¥10,001–¥15,000 | 37 | 18.6 | 74 | 23.6 | 67 | 26.3 | 14 | 18.4 | |
¥15,001–¥20,000 | 46 | 23.1 | 69 | 22 | 56 | 22 | 13 | 17.1 | |
¥20,000 and above | 56 | 28.1 | 113 | 36 | 79 | 31 | 32 | 42.1 |
Gender | Age | Family SES | Home Environment | Imagination | Approaches to Learning | Sociality | Emotion Expression | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1 | |||||||
Age | −0.01 | 1 | ||||||
Family SES | −0.07 * | −0.02 | 1 | |||||
Home environment | −0.09 ** | 0.07 * | 0.25 ** | 1 | ||||
Imagination | 0.03 | 0.12 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.40 ** | 1 | |||
Approaches to Learning | −0.09 ** | 0.11 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.65 ** | 1 | ||
Sociality | −0.00 | 0.18 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.60 ** | 1 | |
Emotion Expression | −0.05 | 0.08 * | 0.16 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.50 ** | 1 |
Mean | 1.49 | 4.25 | 18.319 | 4.267 | 4.012 | 3.960 | 3.756 | 4.269 |
SD | 0.500 | 0.913 | 4.175 | 0.480 | 0.756 | 0.681 | 0.654 | 0.626 |
Variable | Imagination | Approaches to Learning | Sociality | Emotion Expression | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | SE | B | β | SE | B | β | SE | B | β | SE | |
Constant | 0.63 | 0.25 | 0.76 | 0.22 | 0.72 | 0.21 | 1.88 | 0.21 | ||||
Gender | 0.12 | 0.08 * | 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.04 |
Age | 0.08 | 0.10 ** | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.08 * | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.15 *** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
SES | 0.02 | 0.13 *** | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.12 ** | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.07 * | 0.00 |
Home Environment | 0.59 | 0.37 *** | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.45 ** | 0.04 | 0.58 | 0.43 *** | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.38 *** | 0.04 |
R2 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.17 | ||||||||
△R2 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.16 |
Play Behavior | Path | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | Variance Explained | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | |||||
Imagination | Family SES → Imagination | 0.12 *** | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 50% |
Family SES → Home environment | 0.25 *** | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.33 | ||
Home environment → Imagination | 0.37 *** | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.45 | ||
Family SES → Home Environment → Imagination | 0.02 * | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 50% | |
Model Fit Index | x2/df = 6.153, RMSEA = 0.078, IFI = 0.979, CFI = 0.979, GFI = 0.997, AGFI = 0.956 | |||||
Approaches to Learning | Family SES → Approaches to Learning | 0.12 ** | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 58.8% |
Family SES → Home Environment | 0.25 *** | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.33 | ||
Home environment → Approaches to Learning | 0.45 *** | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.51 | ||
Family SES → Home environment → Approaches to Learning | 0.02 * | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 41.2% | |
Model Fit Index | x2/df = 1.740, RMSEA = 0.030, IFI = 0.998, CFI = 0.998, GFI = 0.999, AGFI = 0.988 | |||||
Emotional Expression | Family SES → Emotional Expression | 0.07 * | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 41.9% |
Family SES → Home environment | 0.25 ** | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.33 | ||
Home environment → Emotional Expression | 0.38 *** | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.44 | ||
Family SES → Home environment → Emotional Expression | 0.01 * | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 58.1% | |
Model Fit Index | x2/df = 1.521, RMSEA = 0.025, IFI = 0.995, CFI = 0.995, GFI = 0.999, AGFI = 0.989 |
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Li, S.; Sun, J.; Dong, J. Family Socio-Economic Status and Children’s Play Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Home Environment. Children 2022, 9, 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091385
Li S, Sun J, Dong J. Family Socio-Economic Status and Children’s Play Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Home Environment. Children. 2022; 9(9):1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091385
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Sixian, Jin Sun, and Jingxuan Dong. 2022. "Family Socio-Economic Status and Children’s Play Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Home Environment" Children 9, no. 9: 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091385