Perceived Psychological Impact on Children and Parents of Experiencing COVID-19 Infection in One or More Family Members
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Study Instruments
2.2.1. Family Relationships Evaluation
2.2.2. Child Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Adaptation to Home Isolation
2.3. Clinical Data Collection and Definitions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results from the “Questionnaire A—Family”
3.2. Results from the “Questionnaire B—Children”
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Children (n = 129) | Parents | ||
---|---|---|---|
Overall (n = 97) | Survey’s Respondents (n = 73) | ||
Time (days) from baseline to survey completion (mean, DS) * | - | - | 164.71 (56.03) |
Age at survey completion (mean, DS) | 10 (5.6) | 43 (7.8) | 43.3 (7.2) |
Gender (female), n (%) | 58 (44.9%) | 63 (64.9%) | 58 (79.5%) |
Nationality | |||
Italian | 120 (93%) | 89 (91.7%) | 66 (90.4%) |
Other | 9 (6.9%) | 8 (8.2%) | 7 (9.6%) |
Comorbidities§ | 22 (17%) | 10 (10.3%) | 10 (13.7%) |
Positive SARS-CoV-2 Nasal-Pharyngeal Swab (n, %) | 77 (59.7%) | 64 (65.9%) | 52 (71.2%) |
Confirmed COVID-19 (n, %) | 92 (71.3%) | 72 (74.2%) | 55 (75.3%) |
COVID-19 clinical presentation (among confirmed cases): | |||
asymptomatic | 20 (21.7%) | 5 (6.9%) | 4 (7.3%) |
mild COVID-19 | 71 (77.2%) | 61 (84.7%) | 49 (89.1%) |
moderate/severe COVID-19 | 0 | 4 (4.1%) | 1 (1.8%) |
critical COVID-19 | 1 (MIS-C) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1.8%) |
Pandemic wave | |||
1st wave | 72 (55.8%) | 67 (69%) | 44 (60.3%) |
2nd wave | 57 (44.2%) | 30 (30.9%) | 29 (39.7%) |
Total (n = 73) | 1st Wave (n = 44) | 2nd Wave (n = 29) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time from baseline to survey compilation, days (mean, DS) | 164.7 (56) | 165,3 (64.8) | 163,7 (40.2) | 0.1724 |
Diagnosis of COVID-19 was shared with people other than close contacts (yes/total answer) | 69/72 (95.8%) | 42/43 (97.7%) | 27/29 (93.1%) | 0.561 |
Fear of a people’s behavioural change, after the communication of COVID-19 (yes/total answer) | 39/73 (53.4%) | 22/44 (50%) | 17/29 (58.6%) | 0.485 |
Objective finding of people’s behavioural change, after the communication of COVID-19 (yes/total answer) | 22/72 (30.5%) | 11/43 (25.6%) | 11/29 (37.9%) | 0.304 |
Type of observed behavioral change (negative) | 8/22 (36.4%) | 8/11 (72.7%) | 0/11 (0%) | 0.001 |
Before COVID-19 | ||||
Quality of the relationship with the partner (≥3) | 65/67 (97%) | 38/39 (97.4%) | 27/28 (96.4%) | 1.000 |
Quality of the relationship with son/daughters (≥3) | 73/73 (100%) | 44/44 (100%) | 29/29 (100%) | - |
Quality of the relationship within siblings (≥3) | 42/42 (100%) | 17/17 (100%) | 25/25 (100%) | - |
During COVID-19 | ||||
Quality of the relationship with the partner (≥3) | 59/66 (89.4%) | 36/38 (94.7%) | 23/28 (82.1%) | 0.125 |
Quality of the relationship with son/daughters (≥3) | 68/71 (95.8%) | 42/42 (100%) | 26/29 (89.6%) | 0.064 |
Quality of the relationship within siblings (≥3) | 34/39 (87.2%) | 13/14 (92.9%) | 21/25 (84%) | 0.636 |
At survey compilation | ||||
Quality of the relationship with the partner (≥3) | 65/68 (95.6%) | 38/40 (95%) | 27/28 (96.4%) | 1.000 |
Quality of the relationship with son/daughters (≥3) | 72/73 (98.6%) | 43/44 (97.7%) | 29/29 (100%) | 1.000 |
Quality of the relationship within siblings (≥3) | 40/41 (97.6%) | 15/16 (93.7%) | 25/25 (100%) | 0.390 |
Responder was working before COVID-19 (yes) | 56/72 (77.8%) | 36/44 (81.8%) | 20/28 (71.4%) | 0.386 |
Impact of COVID-19 on work (yes) | 20/66 (30.3%) | 13/39 (33.3%) | 7/27 (25.9%) | 0.593 |
Negative impact | 8/9 § |
TOT (n = 31) | COVID-19 CASE (n = 20) | COVID-19 Negative (n = 11) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age at survey compilation, mean (DS) | 3.01 (1.71) | 2.85 (1.86) | 3.33 (1.43) | 0.232 |
Gender (female) | 14/31 (45.2%) | 9/20 (45%) | 5/11 (45.5%) | 1.000 |
Comorbidities (yes) | 5/31 (16.1%) | 4/20 (20%) | 1/11 (9%) | 0.631 |
Scarce ability to adapt to isolation (≥3) | 11/31 (35.5%) | 7/20 (35%) | 4/11 (36.4%) | 1.000 |
Functional change occurred during isolation (yes) | 23/31 (74.2%) | 13/20 (65%) | 10/11 (90.9%) | 0.203 |
Change in circadian rhythm (yes) | 7/28 (25%) | 4/18 (22.2%) | 3/10 (30%) | 0.674 |
Change in nutrition (yes) | 3/25 (12%) | 3/15 (20%) | 0/10 (0%) | 0.250 |
Change in sphincteric control (yes) | 2/22 (9.1%) | 2/12 (16.7%) | 0/10 (0%) | 0.481 |
Speech alteration (yes) | 3/26 (11.5%) | 3/16 (18.7%) | 0/10 (0%) | 0.262 |
Play alteration (yes) | 5/27 (18.5%) | 4/17 (23.5%) | 1/10 (10%) | 0.621 |
Change in body care (yes) | 4/23 (17.4%) | 0/12 (0%) | 4/11 (36.4%) | 0.037 |
Change in emotional expression and control (yes) | 9/25 (36%) | 4/14 (28.6%) | 5/11 (45.5%) | 0.434 |
Change in relationship with parents (yes) | 12/28 (42.8%) | 6/17 (21.4%) | 6/11 (21.4%) | 0.441 |
Change in relationship with siblings (yes) | 7/25 (28%) | 4/14 (28.6%) | 3/11 (27.3%) | 1.000 |
TOT (n = 74) | COVID-19 CASES (n = 62) | COVID-19 Negative (n = 12) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age at survey compilation, mean (DS) | 10.9 (2.7) | 10.3 (2.7) | 10.9 (2.7) | 0.775 |
Gender (female) | 29 (39.2%) | 23 (37%) | 6 (50%) | 0.521 |
Comorbidities (yes) | 17 (22.9%) | 14 (22.6%) | 3 (25%) | 1.000 |
Scarce ability to adapt to isolation (≥3) | 27/73 (36.9%) | 23/61 (37.7%) | 4/12 (33.3%) | 1.000 |
Functional change occurred during isolation, any (yes) | 74 (100%) | 62 (100%) | 12 (100%) | - |
Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) scores of≥28 | 6/74 (8.1%) | 5/62 (8%) | 1/12 (8.3%) | 1.000 |
Attention Problems subscale (≥7) | 12/72 (16.7%) | 11/60 (18.3%) | 1/12 (8.3%) | 0.676 |
Internalizing Problems subscale (≥5) | 4/74 (5.4%) | 4/62 (6.5%) | 0/12 | 1.000 |
Externalizing Problems subscale (≥7) | 4/72 (5.6%) | 4/60 (6.7%) | 0/12 | 1.000 |
Complains of aches/pains (≥1) | 23/70 (32.9%) | 21/59 (35.6%) | 2/11 (18.2%) | 0.318 |
Spends more time alone (≥1) | 28/71 (39.4%) | 24/60 (40%) | 4/11 (36.4%) | 1.000 |
Tires easily, has little energy (≥1) | 37/72 (51.4%) | 33/60 (55%) | 4/12 (33.3%) | 0.214 |
Fidgety, unable to sit still (≥1) | 34/72 (47.2%) | 30/60 (50%) | 4/12 (33.3%) | 0.354 |
Has trouble with a teacher (≥1) | 17/72 (23.6%) | 15/60 (25%) | 2/12 (16.7%) | 0.719 |
Less interested in school (≥1) | 43/72 (59.7%) | 36/60 (60%) | 7/12 (58.3%) | 1.000 |
Acts as if driven by a motor (≥1) | 24/72 (33.3%) | 21/60 (35%) | 3/12 (25%) | 0.739 |
Daydreams too much (≥1) | 31/72 (43.1%) | 25/60 (41.7%) | 6/12 (50%) | 0.751 |
Distracted easily (≥1) | 48/72 (66.7%) | 40/60 (66.7%) | 8/12 (66.7%) | 1.000 |
Is afraid of new situations (≥1) | 37/72 (51.4%) | 31/60 (51.7%) | 6/12 (50%) | 1.000 |
Feels sad, unhappy (≥1) | 26/72 (36.1%) | 20/60 (33.3%) | 6/12 (50%) | 0.330 |
Is irritable, angry (≥1) | 39/72 (54.2%) | 33/60 (55%) | 6/12 (50%) | 0.762 |
Feels hopeless (≥1) | 7/72 (9.7%) | 6/60 (10%) | 1/12 (8.3%) | 1.000 |
Has trouble concentrating (≥1) | 38/72 (52.8%) | 32/60 (53.3%) | 6/12 (50%) | 1.000 |
Less interest in friends (≥1) | 18/72 (25%) | 15/60 (25%) | 3/12 (25%) | 1.000 |
Fights with others (≥1) | 31/72 (43%) | 29/60 (48.3%) | 2/12 (16.7%) | 0.057 |
Absent from online school (≥1) | 16/72 (22.2%) | 14/60 (23.3%) | 2/12 (16.7%) | 1.000 |
School grades dropping (≥1) | 25/72 (34.7%) | 22/60 (36.7%) | 3/12 (25%) | 0.524 |
Is down on him or herself (≥1) | 16/72 (22.2%) | 13/60 (21.7%) | 3/12 (25%) | 0.722 |
Visits doctor with doctor finding nothing wrong (≥1) | 5/72 (6.9%) | 3/60 (4.2%) | 2/12 (2.8%) | 0.191 |
Has trouble sleeping (≥1) | 21/71 (29.6%) | 17/59 (28.8%) | 4/12 (33.3%) | 0.740 |
Worries a lot (≥1) | 36/74 (48.6%) | 30/62 (48.4%) | 6/12 (50%) | 1.000 |
Wants to be with you more than before (≥1) | 38/70 (54.3%) | 32/59 (54.3%) | 6/11 (54.5%) | 1.000 |
Feels he or she is bad (≥1) | 8/70 (11.4) | 7/59 (11.9%) | 1/11 (9.1%) | 1.000 |
Takes unnecessary risks (≥1) | 5/69 (7.3%) | 5/58 (8.6%) | 0/11 | 0.585 |
Gets hurt frequently (≥1) | 5/69 (7.3%) | 5/58 (8.6%) | 0/11 | 0.585 |
Seems to be having less fun (≥1) | 23/70 (32.9%) | 18/59 (30.5%) | 5/11 (45.5%) | 0.485 |
Acts younger than children his or her age (≥1) | 16/68 (23.5%) | 15/57 (26.3%) | 1/11(9.1%) | 0.437 |
Does not listen to rules (≥1) | 28/68 (41.2%) | 24/57 (42.1%) | 4/11 (36.4%) | 1.000 |
Does not show feelings (≥1) | 16/69 (23.2%) | 14/58 (24.1%) | 2/11 (18.2%) | 1.000 |
Does not understand other people’s feeling (≥1) | 12/69 (17.4%) | 10/58 (17.4%) | 2/11 (18.2%) | 1.000 |
Teases others (≥1) | 27/67 (40.3%) | 24/57 (42.1%) | 3/10 (30%) | 0.728 |
Blames others for his or her troubles (≥1) | 21/67 (31.3%) | 17/57 (29.8%) | 4/10 (40%) | 0.713 |
Takes things that do not belong to him or her (≥1) | 9/67 (13.4%) | 7/57 (12.3%) | 2/10 (20%) | 0.614 |
Refuses to share (≥1) | 16/66 (24.4%) | 13/56 (23.2%) | 3/10 (30%) | 0.695 |
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Costenaro, P.; Di Chiara, C.; Boscolo, V.; Barbieri, A.; Tomasello, A.; Cantarutti, A.; Cozzani, S.; Liberati, C.; Oletto, S.; Giaquinto, C.; et al. Perceived Psychological Impact on Children and Parents of Experiencing COVID-19 Infection in One or More Family Members. Children 2022, 9, 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091370
Costenaro P, Di Chiara C, Boscolo V, Barbieri A, Tomasello A, Cantarutti A, Cozzani S, Liberati C, Oletto S, Giaquinto C, et al. Perceived Psychological Impact on Children and Parents of Experiencing COVID-19 Infection in One or More Family Members. Children. 2022; 9(9):1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091370
Chicago/Turabian StyleCostenaro, Paola, Costanza Di Chiara, Valentina Boscolo, Alessia Barbieri, Alice Tomasello, Anna Cantarutti, Sandra Cozzani, Cecilia Liberati, Serenella Oletto, Carlo Giaquinto, and et al. 2022. "Perceived Psychological Impact on Children and Parents of Experiencing COVID-19 Infection in One or More Family Members" Children 9, no. 9: 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091370