Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Arresting Caries in Primary and Early Mixed Dentition: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Selection of Studies
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Study Findings and Outcomes
3.4. Quality Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General, Chapter 10: Factors Affecting Oral Health over the Life Span; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General: Rockville, MD, USA, 2000.
- Hallett, K.; O’Rourke, P. Pattern and severity of early childhood caries. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2006, 34, 25–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McDonald, R.; Avery, D. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent; Mosby Inc.: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Agili, D. A systematic review of population-based dental caries studies among children in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent. J. 2013, 25, 3–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). Caries-risk assessment and management for infants, children, and adolescents. In The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry; AAPD: Chicago, IL, USA, 2019; pp. 243–247. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, S.; Zhang, S.; Mei, M.; Lo, E.; Chu, C. Caries remineralization and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment—A systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2016, 16, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koo, H. Strategies to enhance the biological effects of fluoride on dental biofilms. Adv. Dent. Res. 2008, 20, 17–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American Dental Association. CDT 2017 Dental Procedures Codes; American Dental Association Publishing: Chicago, IL, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Mei, M.; Lo, E.; Chu, C. Arresting dentine caries with silver diamine fluoride: What’s behind it? J. Dent. Res. 2018, 97, 751–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chu, C.; Lo, E.; Lin, H. Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish in arresting dentin caries in Chinese pre-school children. J. Dent. Res. 2002, 81, 767–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trieu, A.; Mohamed, A.; Lynch, E. Silver diamine fluoride versus sodium fluoride for arresting dentine caries in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 2115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duangthip, D.; Wong, M.; Chu, C.; Lo, E. Caries arrest by topical fluorides in preschool children: 30-month results. J. Dent. 2018, 70, 74–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, S.; Chen, K.; Duangthip, D.; Wong, M.; Lo, E.; Chu, C. Arresting early childhood caries using silver and fluoride products—A randomised trial. J. Dent. 2020, 103, 103522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Higgins, J.; Green, S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; Wiley Online Library: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008; Volume 5. [Google Scholar]
- Tirupathi, S.; Svsg, N.; Rajasekhar, S.; Nuvvula, S. Comparative cariostatic efficacy of a novel Nano-silver fluoride varnish with 38% silver diamine fluoride varnish a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2019, 11, e105–e112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mabangkhru, S.; Duangthip, D.; Chu, C.; Phonghanyudh, A.; Jirarattanasopha, V. A randomized clinical trial to arrest dentin caries in young children using silver diamine fluoride. J. Dent. 2020, 99, 103375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duangthip, D.; Chu, C.; Lo, E. A randomized clinical trial on arresting dentine caries in preschool children by topical fluorides—18 month results. J. Dent. 2016, 44, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhi, Q.; Lo, E.; Lin, H. Randomized clinical trial on effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and glass ionomer in arresting dentine caries in preschool children. J. Dent. 2012, 40, 962–967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fung, M.; Duangthip, D.; Wong, M.; Lo, E.; Chu, C. Randomized clinical trial of 12% and 38% silver diamine fluoridment. J. Dent. Res. 2018, 97, 171–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vollú, A.; Rodrigues, G.; Rougemount, R.; Cruz, L.; dos Santos, G.; Moreira, J.; Luiz, R.; Barja-Fidalgo, F.; Fonseca-Gonçalves, A. Efficacy of 30% silver diamine fluoride compared to atraumatic restorative treatment on dentine caries arrestment in primary molars of preschool children: A 12-months parallel randomized controlled clinical trial. J. Dent. 2019, 88, 103165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dos Santos, V.; de Vasconcelos, F.; Ribeiro, A.; Rosenblatt, A. Paradigm shift in the effective treatment of caries in schoolchildren at risk. Int. Dent. J. 2012, 62, 47–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monse, B.; Heinrich-Weltzien, R.; Mulder, J.; Holmgren, C.; Helderman, W. Caries preventive efficacy of silver diammine fluoride (SDF) and ART sealants in a school-based daily fluoride toothbrushing program in the Philippines. BMC Oral Health 2012, 21, 12–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Detsomboonrat, P.; Thongmak, P.; Lertpayab, P.; Aiemsri, W.; Sooampon, S. Optimal concentration of potassium iodide to reduce the black staining of silver diamine fluoride. J. Dent. Sci. 2022, 17, 300–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turton, B.; Horn, R.; Durward, C. Caries arrest and lesion appearance using two different silver fluoride therapies on primary teeth with and without potassium iodide: 12-month results. Clin. Exp. Dent. Res. 2021, 7, 609–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Primus, C. Potassium iodide. The solution to silver diamine fluoride discoloration? Adv. Dent. Oral Health 2017, 5, 555655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, I.; Chu, S.; Yu, O.; Mei, M.; Chu, C.; Lo, E. Effect of silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide on shear bond strength of glass ionomer cements to caries-affected dentine. Int. Dent. J. 2019, 69, 341–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Year | Article | Aim | Population | Design | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome | Drop-Out | Duration | Location | Statistical Analysis | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | Monse et al. [22] | Comparing the effectiveness of single application of 38% SDF * to ART ** sealants in arresting caries | 1016 Children 6–8 years | RCT | Group 1 SDF application brushing Group 2 SDF application non-brushing Group 3 ART sealant brushing Group 4 ART sealant non-brushing | Group 5 Non-treated brushing Group 6 Non-treated non-brushing |
| 312 children | 18 months | Philippines | SAS 9.1 software.Kappa chi-square tests | The non-treatment Group had Higher percent. of D3 occ. Surfaces |
2012 | dos Santos et al. [21] | Comparing 30% SDF and IRT *** in arresting caries in school children | 91 males and females 5–6 years | RCT | 30% SDF group
| IRT group
|
| Not mention | 12 months | Brazil | SPSS Descriptive statistical Chi-squared test Fisher’s exact test Cohen’s kappa test | After 12 months, 30% SDF was more effective in arresting caries than IRT [relative risk (RR = 66.9%)] |
2012 | Zhi et al. [18] | Comparing the effectiveness of:
| 212 males and females 3–4 years | RCT | Group 1 The superficial soft decayed tissues were removed by hand instruments, then application of 38% SDF every 12 months Group 2 same procedure as mentioned above except that the application of 38% SDF was every 6 months | Group 3 The superficial soft decayed tissues were removed by hand instruments, conditioner was usen then GIC was applied every 12 months | Arrest of active carious lesions in primary dentition | 20% | 24 months | China | SPSS 16.0 for Windows Chi-square test ANOVA Multilevel non-linear logistic regression model | After 24 months the group who received semi-annual application of 38% SDF (every 6 months) had higher caries arrest rate than the other two groups (OR = 2.98, p = 0.007) |
2016 | Duangthip et al. [17] | Comparing the effectiveness of three topical fluoride application methods: 1.Annual application of 30% SDF, 2.three applications of 30% SDF at weekly interval at baseline, 3.three applications of 5% NaF ^ varnish at weekly interval at baseline in arresting dentin caries in primary teeth of preschool children in a fluoridated area. | 304 Children 3–4 years | RCT | Group 1 Annual application of 30% SDF | Group 2 Three applications of 30% SDF at weekly interval at baseline Group 3 Three applications of 5% NaF at weekly interval at baseline |
| 29 children | 18 months | Guangzhou, China | SPSS 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and WinBUGS 1.4. Cohen’s Kappa statistics. Chi- square test. ANOVA | Result of the multi-level survival analysis showed that the two SDF application methods could lessen the time to arrest dentin caries compared with the NaF application method |
2018 | Fung et al. [19] | Comparing the effectiveness of different concentrations of SDF solution (12% or 38%) | 888 children 3–4 years | RCT | Group 1 Annual application of 12% SDF Group 2 Semi-annual application of 12% SDF | Group 3 Annual application of 38% SDF Group 4 Semi-annual application of 38% SDF | Caries arrested dmft/dmfs | 89 children | 30 months | Hong Kong, China | (SPSS, Inc.) Kappa ANOVA Chi-square tests McNemar test Generalized estimating equations (GEE) (QICC) | Using 38% SDF resulted in higher caries arrest than 12% SDF (odds ratio [OR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51–2.60, p < 0.001) |
2018 | Duangthip et al. [12] | Comparing the effectiveness of three methods in applying SDF:
| 371 children 3–4 years | RCT | Group 1 30% SDF applied every 12 months Group 2 Three applications of 30% SDF at weekly intervals | Group 3 Three applications of 5% NaF at weekly intervals |
| 60 children | 30 months | Hong Kong, China | Cohen’s Kappa statistics SPSS 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) GLIMMIX procedure SAS/STAT® software version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) | The effect of caries arrest when applying SDF every 12 months was found to be more than 3 weekly applications of NaF or SDF at baseline |
2019 | Vollú et al. [20] | Investigate the efficacy of SDF in arresting active caries in primary molars The followings were evaluated:
| 68 Children 2–5 years | RCT | Group 1 SDF | Group 2 ART |
| 15 children | 12 months | Brazil | chi-square Fisher’s exact tests Shapiro Wilk test Mann Whitney test Student t-test Indicator of Positive Change (IpC) Cohen Mann Whitney test | -The time required to treat with SDF was lower than the ART (p < 0.001). -There was no difference in the percentage of side effects, aesthetic perception (p = 0.709), and the change in anxiety (p = 0.155). OHRQoL was less effected after ART, but only when the parents’ distress subscale was considered (p = 0.012). |
2019 | Tirupathi et al. [15] | Evaluate the effectiveness of of 5% NSSF ^^ dental varnish with 38% SDF in arresting dentinal caries in primary molars | 50 children (both genders) Group A: mean age 7.88 ± 1.30 Group B: Mean age 8.39 ± 1.41 | RCT | 5% NSSF Group No caries excavation Application of single drop (0.1 mL) of 5% NSSF, no repetition | 38% SDF Group No caries excavation. Application of single drop (0.1 mL) of 38% SDF, no repetition | Caries arrest ability of 5% NSSF to that of 38% SDF in preventing progression of carious lesions in primary molars Size of carious lesion
| 3 children (7.5%) | 12 months | Government primary school—India | SPSS for Windows release 19.0 Cohen kappa Chi-square test ANOVA 95% confidence interval tukey post-hoc test | There was no significant difference in the number of the arrested and active carious lesions in the 38% SDF group and 5% NSSF group (p > 0.05) at the 12-month follow up |
2020 | Mabangkhru et al. [16] | Comparing the cariostatic efficacy of 38% SDF solution, and 5% NaF varnish when applied every six months in young children with high caries risk | 284 Children 1–3 years | RCT | Group 1 38% SDF | Group 2 5% NaF |
| 21 children | 12 months | Thailand | SPSS 20.0 for Windows Cohen’s kappa statistics chi-square test t-test or Mann–Whitney U test | -Mean dmfs scores in Groups 1 and 2 were 8.89 and 9.79, respectively. The results of the multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that the intervention in Group 1 was more effective in arresting carious lesions than that of Group 2 (OR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.41–2.96). |
2020 | Gao et al. [13] | Comparing the effectiveness of 25% AgNO3 ^^^ + 5% NaF and 38% SDF in arresting ECC § | 1070 children 3 years | RCT | Group 1 25% AgNO3 solution + 5% NaF varnish | Group 2 38% SDF solution + placebo varnish |
| 190 children | 30 months | Hong Kong, China | G*Power version 3.1.7, Kiel, Germany -Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 24.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). | The mean number of inactive ds in Groups A and B were 3.65 ± 3.62 and 3.56 ± 3.69, respectively (p = 0.694) at the 30-month follow up |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hafiz, Z.; Allam, R.; Almazyad, B.; Bedaiwi, A.; Alotaibi, A.; Almubrad, A. Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Arresting Caries in Primary and Early Mixed Dentition: A Systematic Review. Children 2022, 9, 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091289
Hafiz Z, Allam R, Almazyad B, Bedaiwi A, Alotaibi A, Almubrad A. Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Arresting Caries in Primary and Early Mixed Dentition: A Systematic Review. Children. 2022; 9(9):1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091289
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz, Zain, Rehab Allam, Bdoor Almazyad, Alya’a Bedaiwi, Areej Alotaibi, and Alwateen Almubrad. 2022. "Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Arresting Caries in Primary and Early Mixed Dentition: A Systematic Review" Children 9, no. 9: 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091289