2023

Jump to: 2022, 2021, 2020

14 pages, 1436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Dietary Habits and Periodontal Pathogens in a Sample of Romanian Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Georgiana Veronica Motoc, Raluca Iulia Juncar, Abel Emanuel Moca, Ovidiu Motoc, Rahela Tabita Moca, Ioan Andrei Țig, Luminița Ligia Vaida and Mihai Juncar

Children 2023, 10(11), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10111779 - 02 Nov 2023

Viewed by 861

Abstract

The role of diet in shaping oral microbiota and its potential contribution to the development of periodontal pathogens cannot be understated. This study aimed to explore the correlation between dietary habits and the prevalence of 11 periodontal pathogens among children and adolescents in [...] Read more.

The role of diet in shaping oral microbiota and its potential contribution to the development of periodontal pathogens cannot be understated. This study aimed to explore the correlation between dietary habits and the prevalence of 11 periodontal pathogens among children and adolescents in Oradea, Romania. The identification of these pathogens was performed using the micro-IDent test kit, capable of detecting 11 specific periodontal pathogens. Bacterial sampling was conducted from the crevicular fluid in the morning, prior to brushing, followed by the completion of a brief questionnaire by parents. The questionnaire captured various aspects of the children’s eating habits, including meal frequency, consumption of sweets, and hydration levels. The collected samples were dispatched to the laboratory for analysis, which provided insights into the abundance of microorganisms. The study encompassed 60 participants aged between 2 and 18 years, with the majority reported by their parents to have regulated meal timings, frequent sugar intake, and adequate hydration. The findings revealed significant associations between certain dietary factors and the presence of specific periodontal pathogens. Notably, the absence of breastfeeding was linked with the detection of Tannerella forsythia and Campylobacter rectus. Furthermore, frequent consumption of sweets corresponded with the presence of Capnocytophaga spp., which was particularly observed in individuals consuming sweets 2–3 times a day. Insufficient age-appropriate hydration showed an association with the prevalence of T. forsythia, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Capnocytophaga spp. In this sample, it became evident that eating habits and diet influenced the presence of several periodontal pathogens. The lack of breastfeeding was predominantly associated with positive results for T. forsythia and C. rectus, while inadequate hydration correlated more frequently with the presence of T. forsythia and P. micros. Moreover, frequent consumption of sweets was linked to the presence of Capnocytophaga spp. Full article

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15 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison between Restorative Materials for Pulpotomised Deciduous Molars: A Randomized Clinical Study

by Kanwalpreet Kaur, Bharat Suneja, Sunaina Jodhka, Ravinder S. Saini, Saurabh Chaturvedi, Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu, Fahad Hussain Alhamoudi, Marco Cicciù and Giuseppe Minervini

Children 2023, 10(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020284 - 01 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of Cention-N (CN) and stainless steel crowns (SSCs) as restorations for pulpotomised primary molars, and to study clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomies restored with these materials. Methods: The study was conducted on 60 pulpotomised [...] Read more.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of Cention-N (CN) and stainless steel crowns (SSCs) as restorations for pulpotomised primary molars, and to study clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomies restored with these materials. Methods: The study was conducted on 60 pulpotomised molars with occlusoproximal caries. These were randomly divided into two groups and restored with either stainless steel crowns or Cention-N. Clinical performance of restorations and clinical and radiographic success of pulpotomy was examined at 6, 9 and 12 months. Results: The mean scores for marginal integrity deteriorated significantly at 6, 9 and 12 months in both groups but in comparison were insignificant. The mean for proximal contact deteriorated significantly for the Cention-N group, whereas the mean for gingival health deteriorated remarkably for the stainless steel crown group at successive evaluations. No tooth in either group showed secondary caries or discomfort on biting, except for one tooth in Cention-N group which presented with secondary caries. The clinical success rate for pulpotomised molars was 100% for both groups until nine months, although this had reduced by the end of 12 months. Radiographically, the success rate was 79.3% for Cention-N, while it was 86.6% for stainless steel crowns at 12 months. There was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic success between either group. Conclusion: Cention-N and stainless steel crowns are comparable for marginal integrity. However, crowns maintain significantly better proximal contacts while Cention-N was notably better for gingival health of the restored tooth. Both materials do not show secondary caries and discomfort on biting and are comparable in clinical and radiographic success of pulpotomy at the end of one year. Full article

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2022

Jump to: 2023, 2021, 2020

9 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Condylar Asymmetry in Children with Unilateral Posterior Crossbite Malocclusion: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

by Alessandro Tortarolo, Rossana Rotolo, Ludovica Nucci, Michele Tepedino, Vito Crincoli and Maria Grazia Piancino

Children 2022, 9(11), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111772 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1883

Abstract

Unilateral posterior crossbite (UXB) is a common, severely asymmetric malocclusion, characterized by maxillary hypoplasia and masticatory dysfunction. The aim of this research is to evaluate the asymmetry of mandibular condyles and rami in children with UXB. This comparative cross-sectional study included 33 children [...] Read more.

Unilateral posterior crossbite (UXB) is a common, severely asymmetric malocclusion, characterized by maxillary hypoplasia and masticatory dysfunction. The aim of this research is to evaluate the asymmetry of mandibular condyles and rami in children with UXB. This comparative cross-sectional study included 33 children with UXB (girls = 15, boys = 18; mean age ± SD = 8.0 ± 1.3 years.months]) and 33 age- and gender-matched controls (girls = 15, boys = 18; mean age ± SD = 8.4 ± 1.3 years.months]). Pre-treatment OPGs were analyzed by comparing the height of condyles and rami between the sides using the method by Habets et al. (1988); the result was considered significant if the degree of asymmetry was >6%. Children with UXB showed a significantly increased asymmetry of mandibular condyles (mean ± SD = 10.7% ± 9, p < 0.001), but not of rami (mean ± SD = 1.9% ± 2.3), compared to controls. The rami did not show significant asymmetry in either group. The presence of an increased condylar asymmetry index in a developing patient with unilateral posterior crossbite is a sign of altered skeletal growth and should be considered in the diagnostic process and treatment plan. Full article

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13 pages, 14039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel 3D Printed Resin Crowns for Primary Molars: In Vitro Study of Fracture Resistance, Biaxial Flexural Strength, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

by Nayoung Kim, Hoon Kim, Ik-Hwan Kim, Jiho Lee, Ko Eun Lee, Hyo-Seol Lee, Jee-Hwan Kim, Je Seon Song and Yooseok Shin

Children 2022, 9(10), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101445 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3562

Abstract

This study evaluated the fracture resistance, biaxial flexural strength (BFS), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of three-dimensional (3D) printing resins for the esthetic restoration of primary molars. Two 3D printing resins, Graphy (GP) and NextDent (NXT), and a prefabricated zirconia crown, NuSmile (NS), [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the fracture resistance, biaxial flexural strength (BFS), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of three-dimensional (3D) printing resins for the esthetic restoration of primary molars. Two 3D printing resins, Graphy (GP) and NextDent (NXT), and a prefabricated zirconia crown, NuSmile (NS), were tested. GP and NXT samples were 3D printed using the workflow recommended by each manufacturer. Data were collected and statistically analyzed. As a result of the fracture resistance test of 0.7-mm-thick 3D printed resin crowns with a thickness similar to that of the NS crown, there was no statistically significant difference among GP (1491.6 ± 394.6 N), NXT (1634.4 ± 289.3 N), and NS (1622.8 ± 323.9 N). The BFS of GP was higher for all thicknesses than that of NXT. Both resins showed high survival probabilities (more than 90%) when subjected to 50 and 150 MPa. Through DMA, the glass transition temperatures of GP and NXT were above 120 °C and the rheological behavior of GP and NXT according to temperature and frequency were analyzed. In conclusion, GP and NXT showed optimum strength to withstand bite forces in children, and 3D printed resin crowns could be an acceptable option for fixed prostheses of primary teeth. Full article

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11 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Comparison of Oral Health Status between Spanish and Immigrant Children Residing in Barcelona, Spain

by Ana Veloso Duran, Blanca Framis-de-Mena, Maria Carmen Vázquez Salceda and Francisco Guinot Jimeno

Children 2022, 9(9), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091354 - 04 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1368

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the level of oral health among Spanish and immigrant children residing in Barcelona, Spain. Oral health status was evaluated in 1400 children aged 3 to 14 years between September 2018 and June 2019. Multiple variables [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the level of oral health among Spanish and immigrant children residing in Barcelona, Spain. Oral health status was evaluated in 1400 children aged 3 to 14 years between September 2018 and June 2019. Multiple variables (dental caries lesions, exodontia, trauma, malocclusions, gingivitis, fillings, stainless steel crowns in primary dentition, and pit and fissure sealings in permanent dentition) were compared in both populations. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were found in the prevalence of caries in the primary dentition, which was higher in the immigrant group (62.3%) than in the Spanish group (42.6%). For the permanent dentition, the prevalence of dental caries lesions was 12.2% in Spanish children and 16.4% in immigrant children, showing statistically significant differences (p = 0.026) between the two groups. The prevalence of fillings in the primary dentition was 14.6% in Spanish and 12.5% in immigrant children (p = 0.253). Regarding the permanent dentition, the number of fillings was also higher in the Spanish population (6.8%) compared to the immigrant population (3.5%), again evidencing statistically significant differences (p = 0.006). Our findings suggest a better oral health status in Spanish children than in immigrant children. Full article

13 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Arresting Caries in Primary and Early Mixed Dentition: A Systematic Review

by Zain Hafiz, Rehab Allam, Bdoor Almazyad, Alya’a Bedaiwi, Areej Alotaibi and Alwateen Almubrad

Children 2022, 9(9), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091289 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2617

Abstract

Dental caries is a painful condition that could lead to nutritional problems which affects the overall health of the child, as well it is expensive to treat. The effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in primary and early mixed dentition is systematically reviewed [...] Read more.

Dental caries is a painful condition that could lead to nutritional problems which affects the overall health of the child, as well it is expensive to treat. The effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in primary and early mixed dentition is systematically reviewed in this study. This systematic review utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta- Analysis statement (PRISMA, 2020). A literature search conducted using the common electronic databases (from 2010–2021). Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten randomized clinical trials (RCT) have met the inclusion criteria and were considered for the qualitative assessment. Critical appraisal of these studies was done. This systematic review found that using SDF is a successful and effective method in arresting dentin carious process in the primary teeth and first permanent molars in children. Additionally, when compared to the commonly used topical fluoride products and materials, SDF showed to have better cariostatic effect. However, these findings must be cautiously viewed since more research is required to support them. Full article

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7 pages, 584 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Association between Molecular Mechanisms and Tooth Eruption in Children with Obesity

by Carla Traver, Lucía Miralles and Jorge Miguel Barcia

Children 2022, 9(8), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081209 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1529

Abstract

Different works have reported earlier permanent teething in obese/overweight children compared to control ones. In contrast, others have reported a delayed permanent teething in undernutrition/underweight children compared to control one. It has been reported that becoming overweight or suffering from obesity can increase [...] Read more.

Different works have reported earlier permanent teething in obese/overweight children compared to control ones. In contrast, others have reported a delayed permanent teething in undernutrition/underweight children compared to control one. It has been reported that becoming overweight or suffering from obesity can increase gingival pro-inflammatory drive and can affect orthodontic treatment (among other complications). In this sense, little is known about the molecular mechanisms affecting dental eruption timing. Leptin and adiponectin are adipocytokines signaling molecules released in overweight and underweight conditions, respectively. These adipocytokines can modulate osteocyte, odontoblast, and cementoblast activity, even regulating dental lamina initiation. The present review focuses on the molecular approach wherein leptin and adiponectin act as modulators of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx 2) gene regulating dental eruption timing. Full article

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8 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Manifestations of Dental Ankylosis in Primary Molars Using Panoramic X-rays: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Daniela Eşian, Cristina Ioana Bica, Oana Elena Stoica, Timea Dako, Alexandru Vlasa, Eugen Silviu Bud, Denisa Salcudean and Liana Beresescu

Children 2022, 9(8), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081188 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1979

Abstract

Dental ankylosis is a serious condition defined as the process that causes the fusion between the dentin or the cementum of the root and the alveolar bone, with the obliteration of the periodontal ligament becoming progressively replaced by bone tissue. The aim of [...] Read more.

Dental ankylosis is a serious condition defined as the process that causes the fusion between the dentin or the cementum of the root and the alveolar bone, with the obliteration of the periodontal ligament becoming progressively replaced by bone tissue. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, location, severity, and association of dental ankylosis in primary molars with other dental anomalies such as the agenesis of permanent buds. For this study 150 panoramic x-rays were selected from patients with temporary or mixed dentition, aged six to twelve years old, from a private dentistry office and from the Pediatric Dentistry Department of UMFST in Targu-Mures, Romania. In order to identify the cases with dental ankylosis, the presence and severity of the infraocclusion, displacements of the neighboring teeth, the appearance of the root area, and the relationship with the bone tissue were examined. For evaluation of the categorical data we used Fischer’s exact test and the Chi-squared test and the chosen significance level was set at 0.05. The results showed that the highest percentage of cases with ankylosis was found in the first group (six to nine years old), respectively, with 72% of cases compared with the second group (ten to twelve years old) with 28% of cases. Findings showed that there was no positive association between dental ankylosis and gender, but a strong correlation was found regarding the location on the dental arches. Most cases were identified on the lower arch with a higher percentage in quadrant three. Of the two primary molars, the most affected by ankylosis was the first molar in quadrant three, followed by the second molar, and finally the first molar in quadrant four. Most cases diagnosed with ankylosis had a mild to moderate degree of infraocclusion; therefore, changes in the functional balance of the dental arch and on neighboring teeth were insignificant. There were some differences obtained between our results and studies from the literature, especially regarding the localization in the lower left dental arch, but these differences can be attributed to the number of the subjects selected and from the methodology of dental ankylosis diagnosis. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that ankylosis is a dental condition which occurs in children in early mixed dentition, especially in the lower arch, with the first primary molar being the most affected tooth. The presence of infraocclusion and the absence of dental mobility, especially during the stage of primary molars’ root resorption, are the main signs which must be followed to make an early diagnosis and prevent further complications. Full article

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11 pages, 893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Assessment of the Upper Pharyngeal Airway Dimensions among Different Anteroposterior Skeletal Patterns in 7–14-Year-Old Children: A Cephalometric Study

by Ann Chianchitlert, Suwannee Luppanapornlarp, Bhudsadee Saenghirunvattana and Irin Sirisoontorn

Children 2022, 9(8), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081163 - 03 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1709

Abstract

Background: The pharyngeal airway is a crucial part of the respiratory system’s function. Assessing the pharyngeal airway dimensions in different skeletal types is important in the orthodontic treatment of growing patients. The aim of this study was to compare the upper pharyngeal airway [...] Read more.

Background: The pharyngeal airway is a crucial part of the respiratory system’s function. Assessing the pharyngeal airway dimensions in different skeletal types is important in the orthodontic treatment of growing patients. The aim of this study was to compare the upper pharyngeal airway dimensions of 7–14-year-old children with different skeletal types. Methods: Three-hundred-sixty-one lateral cephalometric radiographs were grouped based on their skeletal patterns determined by the ANB angle as skeletal type I (n = 123), type II (n = 121), and type III (n = 117). The radiographs were divided into 4 groups: 7/8 YO (7–8 years old), 9/10 YO, 11/12 YO, and 13/14 YO. The cephalometric measurements comprised SNA, SNB, ANB, Ad1-PNS, Ad2-PNS, McUP, and McLP. An ANOVA was used to compare the group results. Results: Significant differences in Ad1-PNS, Ad2-PNS, McUP, and McLP in skeletal types II and III were found between age groups. Most upper pharyngeal airway dimensions in skeletal types II and III children were significantly wider in the 13/14 YO group than in the other age groups. Conclusion: The upper pharyngeal airway dimensions increased age-dependently in 7–14-year-old children, especially in skeletal types II and III. The upper pharyngeal airway dimensions could serve as a guide in differentiating the different skeletal classes in clinical settings. Full article

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10 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Physiological Resorption of Primary Molars with Its Permanent Successors, Dental Age and Chronological Age

by Antonia M. Caleya, Nuria E. Gallardo, Gonzalo Feijoo, M. Rosa Mourelle-Martínez, Andrea Martín-Vacas and Myriam Maroto

Children 2022, 9(7), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070941 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2700

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to analyse root resorption of the primary mandibular molars and their relationship with their permanent successors and the age of the patient. Methods: The sample consisted of 408 digital panoramic radiographs. The mesial and distal crown-to-root [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to analyse root resorption of the primary mandibular molars and their relationship with their permanent successors and the age of the patient. Methods: The sample consisted of 408 digital panoramic radiographs. The mesial and distal crown-to-root ratios (CRR) of #74 and #75 were calculated by dividing the measures of the length of each root by its coronal height. The Demirjian formation stage of the premolar was established, and dental age was determined. A descriptive and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS to determine the correlation between the variables (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) and to identify the differences between them (Student’s t-test), with a confidence level of 95%. Results: 723 molars were measured, and tables of CRR depending on dental and chronological age were obtained. The CRR decreased with increasing dental and chronological age, but not uniformly. The CRR of #74 and #75 decreased slightly when the successor premolar was in the initial stages of formation. Gender differences were obtained with respect to chronological age, mainly in girls, because the root resorption of #74 was always more advanced, and the formation of the #34 more advanced. Conclusions: Root resorption of the molar is slight and progressive when the successor premolar begins formation until stage D, and becomes higher starting at stage E. It is possible to determine the state of the child’s maturation and the CRR according to dental and chronological age. Full article

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11 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity of the Demirjian Method for Dental Age Estimation in Romanian Children

by Abel Emanuel Moca, Gabriela Ciavoi, Bianca Ioana Todor, Bianca Maria Negruțiu, Emilia Albinița Cuc, Raluca Dima, Rahela Tabita Moca and Luminița Ligia Vaida

Children 2022, 9(4), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9040567 - 16 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3509

Abstract

Dental age assessment is useful in various medical fields. The Demirjian method for dental age estimation is one of the most widely used in the field of pediatric dentistry. The aim of this study was to verify the accuracy of the Demirjian method [...] Read more.

Dental age assessment is useful in various medical fields. The Demirjian method for dental age estimation is one of the most widely used in the field of pediatric dentistry. The aim of this study was to verify the accuracy of the Demirjian method in determining age in a sample of girls and boys from Oradea, Romania. This retrospective and radiographic study was based on the evaluation of 1006 panoramic radiographs, belonging to 1006 patients (431 boys and 575 girls) with ages between 3 and 13.9 years from the city of Oradea, Romania. They were collected from three private dental practices from Oradea and were analyzed between 1 September 2021, and 10 November 2021. The patients were distributed into 11 age groups, each group spanning over one year (e.g., 3–3.9, 4–4.9). For the assessment of dental age, the Demirjian method was used, which is based on the evaluation of the developmental stages of the lower left permanent teeth. The mean chronological age of the patients was 9.496 ± 2.218 years, and the mean dental age was 10.934 ± 2.585 years. The overestimation of dental age was obtained in all age groups for the entire sample. As such, dental age was higher than chronological age, with values varying from 0.34 years in the 3–3.9 years age group to 1.7 years in the 10–10.9 years age group. In girls, dental age was higher than chronological age, with values varying from 0.46 years in the 3–3.9 years age group to 1.73 years in the 11–11.9 years age group, while in boys, the values varied from 0.15 years in the first age group to 2.02 years in the 10–10.9 years age group. The comparison of the differences between chronological age and dental age according to the gender of the patients revealed that the distribution of the differences was nonparametric in both groups according to the Shapiro–Wilk test (p < 0.05). The differences between the groups were not significant according to the Mann–Whitney U test. However, larger differences were identified for boys (1.46 years) than girls (1.417 years), with an overestimation of the dental age. The Demirjian method overestimated the age of the children included in the investigated sample, with different values for the different age groups investigated, and requires adaptations. Full article

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10 pages, 2582 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of MTA versus Biodentine in Apexification Procedure for Nonvital Immature First Permanent Molars: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Yasser Alsayed Tolibah, Chaza Kouchaji, Thuraya Lazkani, Ibrahim Ali Ahmad and Ziad D. Baghdadi

Children 2022, 9(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030410 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5384

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the radiological and clinical outcomes of Biodentine apical plugs compared to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in treating immature molars with apical lesions in children. Materials and Methods: Thirty immature roots of 24 permanent lower first molars with apical [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the radiological and clinical outcomes of Biodentine apical plugs compared to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in treating immature molars with apical lesions in children. Materials and Methods: Thirty immature roots of 24 permanent lower first molars with apical lesions were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 (15 roots) treated with MTA apical plugs and group 2 (15 roots) treated with Biodentine apical plugs. Treatment radiological outcomes were assessed using the periapical index (PAI) scale after 6 and 12 months of treatment. The presence or absence of apical calcified barrier (ACB) was assessed after 12 months of treatment. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to compare the postoperative pain between the two groups after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment. PAI scores between the two groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test, the presence or absence of the ACB was compared using the chi-square test, and the VAS scores were compared using the t-test. The statistical significance threshold was set at 0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the PAI between the two groups at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. After 12 months, four cases in the Biodentine group showed ACB formation, whereas ACB was not found in any case treated with MTA. The VAS scores were statistically lower in the MTA group on the first day after treatment. Nevertheless, these scores were not statistically significantly different after 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment between the two groups. Conclusions: Biodentine can be used as an apical plug to treat immature permanent molars with apical lesions in a single visit in children. Biodentine showed favorable outcomes in apical lesions healing, which was comparable to MTA but with a decreased treatment time associated with its use. Full article

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12 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salivary Enzymatic Activity and Carious Experience in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Raluca-Paula Vacaru, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu, Ileana Constantinescu, Ion Mărunțelu, Mihaela Tănase, Ioana Andreea Stanciu, Wendy Esmeralda Kaman and Hendrik Simon Brand

Children 2022, 9(3), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030343 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2729

Abstract

Salivary biomolecules are considered important modulators of the oral microflora, with a potential subsequent impact on dental health. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between salivary enzymatic activity and carious experience in children. The carious experience of a sample of 22 [...] Read more.

Salivary biomolecules are considered important modulators of the oral microflora, with a potential subsequent impact on dental health. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between salivary enzymatic activity and carious experience in children. The carious experience of a sample of 22 school children was evaluated by calculating dmf/DMF indices, following WHO recommendations. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and salivary alpha-amylase levels, total protease activity, and matrix metalloproteinase levels (MMP-8 and MMP-9) were measured. The data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric tests. Our findings revealed no significant relationship between the investigated salivary parameters and the carious experience in permanent teeth (DMFT/DMFS scores). Carious indices scores for primary teeth (dmft and dmfs) were positively associated with MMP-8 levels (r = 0.62, p = 0.004 and r_s = 0.61, p = 0.006, respectively) and MMP-9 levels (r = 0.45, p = 0.05 and r_s = 0.48, p = 0.039, respectively) and negatively associated with alpha-amylase levels (r_s = −0.54, p = 0.017 and r_s = −0.59, p = 0.006, respectively). Although with a marginal significance, PEK−054 levels positively correlated with dental caries, while for PFU−089, a negative correlation was observed. These results suggest that salivary alpha-amylase and MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels may be considered potential indicators of carious experience in children. Further studies with a prospective design are needed in order to elucidate the role of these biomolecules in caries development. Full article

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11 pages, 1044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neighborhood-Level Inequalities in Dental Care of Adolescents and Young Adults in Southwestern Ontario

by Naima Abouseta, Noha Gomaa, S. Jeffrey Dixon and Sharat Chandra Pani

Children 2022, 9(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020183 - 01 Feb 2022

Viewed by 2031

Abstract

We examined whether the association of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) with the cost of dental care and dental care outcomes differs between adolescents and young adults. A total of 2915 patient records were split into two groups: adolescents (15 to 17 years of [...] Read more.

We examined whether the association of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) with the cost of dental care and dental care outcomes differs between adolescents and young adults. A total of 2915 patient records were split into two groups: adolescents (15 to 17 years of age) and young adults (18 to 24 years of age). Three dental care outcomes—routine oral evaluation (OEV-CH-A), utilization of preventive services (PRV-CH-A), and dental treatment services (TRT-CH-A)—were determined according to the Dental Quality Alliance (DQA) criteria. Associations of neighborhood SES and other sociodemographic variables with dental care outcomes and the cost of dental care were assessed using binary logistic and univariate linear regression models, respectively. Young adults had significantly lower PRV-CH-A and higher TRT-CH-A scores when compared to adolescents. We observed a significant negative association between TRT-CH-A and median household income in both adolescents and young adults. Utilization of dental treatment services was positively associated with the cost of care in both age groups, whereas utilization of preventive services was inversely associated with the cost of care in young adults, but not in adolescents. Neighborhood-level income was inversely associated with increased TRT-CH-A in both young adults and adolescents. In summary, young adults showed significantly worse preventive and treatment outcomes when compared to adolescents. Moreover, individuals from neighborhoods with a lower household income showed a significantly higher cost of dental care, yet worse treatment outcomes. Full article

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2021

Jump to: 2023, 2022, 2020

8 pages, 3553 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Unilateral Scissor Bite Managed with Prefabricated Functional Appliances in Primary Dentition—A New Interceptive Orthodontic Protocol

by Chaypat Simsuchin, Yong Chen, Shuying Huang, Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni, Zhihe Zhao, Urban Hagg and Colman McGrath

Children 2021, 8(11), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8110957 - 24 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7413

Abstract

A unilateral scissor bite is a type of severe malocclusion in primary dentition that can influence the development of the mandible and face. The present case report describes an interceptive treatment on a 4-year-old girl with a unilateral scissor bite combined with an [...] Read more.

A unilateral scissor bite is a type of severe malocclusion in primary dentition that can influence the development of the mandible and face. The present case report describes an interceptive treatment on a 4-year-old girl with a unilateral scissor bite combined with an anterior crossbite, increased reverse overjet, and overbite on a skeletal Class III base. The patient was treated with a new Prefabricated Functional Appliance (PFA) which was modified from a Frankel-III appliance to induce a mandible to move backwards and relieve an occlusion discrepancy of the dental arch, and a functional dental rehabilitation with resin and myofunctional exercises with a PFA which was modified from an oral screen appliance were performed during the treatment. The total treatment time was 11 months and a satisfactory improvement of occlusion and facial esthetics was achieved. This case report presents a new PFA system and treatment protocol in primary dentition which results in a favorable outcome, and the clinical effectiveness of this appliance system warrants further investigation. Full article

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8 pages, 2081 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Four-Year Follow-Up Case Report of Hypomineralized Primary Second Molars Rehabilitated with Stainless Steel Crowns

by Luísa Bandeira Lopes, Vanessa Machado and João Botelho

Children 2021, 8(10), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100923 - 16 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3807

Abstract

Hypomineralized primary second molars (HPSM) are characterized by enamel opacities accompanied by hypersensitivity and atypical caries lesion, on one to four primary second molars. The correct treatment and follow-ups of those teeth have an important impact on a correct eruption of the first [...] Read more.

Hypomineralized primary second molars (HPSM) are characterized by enamel opacities accompanied by hypersensitivity and atypical caries lesion, on one to four primary second molars. The correct treatment and follow-ups of those teeth have an important impact on a correct eruption of the first permanent molars and future occlusion. Hence, this report aims to describes a case of a severe HPSM in all second molars of a four-year-old girl and subsequent four-year follow-ups. The rehabilitation involved the placement of four stainless steel crowns on all four second primary molars under general anesthesia. Concerning the available literature and the case severity of HPSM, the treatment approach proposed for the case provided good functional outcome. Full article

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9 pages, 1272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Preliminary Study of the Treatment Outcomes of Paediatric Dental Patients Referred for General Anaesthesia or Sedation at a Regional Hospital in Trinidad

by Tricia Percival and Reshma Bhagoutie

Children 2021, 8(10), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100876 - 01 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

General anaesthesia and sedation are known to be useful adjuncts in the care of paediatric dental patients. There are several challenges that prevent patients from receiving care. Aim: To assess the treatment outcomes of paediatric dental patients seen at an emergency facility who [...] Read more.

General anaesthesia and sedation are known to be useful adjuncts in the care of paediatric dental patients. There are several challenges that prevent patients from receiving care. Aim: To assess the treatment outcomes of paediatric dental patients seen at an emergency facility who were referred for treatment under sedation or general anaesthesia at a regional hospital in Trinidad. Methods: Records of patients seen at the Child Dental Health Unit Emergency clinic at the University of The West Indies Dental School from 2012 to 2017 were assessed. The parents of children referred for general anaesthesia or sedation at the regional hospital were then interviewed via telephone. Results: Most children (53.4%) were younger than 6 years old and the most common reasons for referral were the treatment of multiple carious teeth and behaviour management. Furthermore, 66.1% of cases did not receive treatment and had a mean waiting time of 4.7 years, and 61.7% of referred cases needed emergency care while awaiting general anaesthesia or sedation. Limited access to these services and the high cost of treatment were the main reasons for non-treatment. Conclusion: There is significant need for the timely treatment of paediatric dental patients referred for general anaesthesia or sedation. Improved availability and accessibility of these services could improve patients’ quality of life. Full article

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10 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

sCD14 Level in Saliva of Children and Adolescents with and without Dental Caries, a Hurdle Model

by Gaia Pellegrini, Marcello Maddalone, Matteo Malvezzi, Marilisa Toma, Massimo Del Fabbro, Elena Canciani and Claudia Dellavia

Children 2021, 8(8), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080679 - 04 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1897

Abstract

Objective: Soluble CD14 (sCD14) plays an important role in the innate immune response of the oral cavity. The investigation of this biomarker for detection of carious lesions is an even more actual procedure due to its non-invasiveness and the ease of withdrawal. The [...] Read more.

Objective: Soluble CD14 (sCD14) plays an important role in the innate immune response of the oral cavity. The investigation of this biomarker for detection of carious lesions is an even more actual procedure due to its non-invasiveness and the ease of withdrawal. The purpose of the present observational case-control study was to evaluate whether the quantification of sCD14 in children and adolescent’s saliva can discriminate healthy subjects from those suffering from tooth decay. Materials and Methods: 164 subjects (6 to 17 years) were selected and divided into 2 groups: those with at least 1 decayed tooth were assigned to group Decayed (n = 82) and those free from dental caries to group Healthy (n = 82). The amount of salivary soluble CD14 was quantified. Results: Mean salivary soluble CD14 was 28.3 ± 10.8 μg/mL in the Healthy group and 22 ± 9.6 μg/mL in the Decayed group. A hurdle model was applied to the data to estimate both the probability of having carious lesions and their number in relation to sCD14 levels. sCD14 was strongly associated (p < 0.01) with an inverse relation to both the probability of having caries and their number (falling rate of 5% per unit CD14 μg/mL). Conclusions: This data confirms the relationship between sCD14 and the presence of dental caries. However, there is no clear cut off level between healthy and unhealthy subjects, so it is currently not possible to use sCD14 as a biomarker to determine the risk of decays. Full article

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8 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neighborhood Contexts and Oral Health Outcomes in a Pediatric Population: An Exploratory Study

by Vladyslav A. Podskalniy, Sharat Chandra Pani, Jinhyung Lee, Liliani Aires Candido Vieira and Hiran Perinpanayagam

Children 2021, 8(8), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080653 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2516

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to explore the impacts of neighborhood-level socioeconomic contexts on the therapeutic and preventative dental quality outcome of children under 16 years. Materials and Methods: Anonymized billing data of 842 patients reporting to a university children’s dental over three years [...] Read more.

Aims: This study aimed to explore the impacts of neighborhood-level socioeconomic contexts on the therapeutic and preventative dental quality outcome of children under 16 years. Materials and Methods: Anonymized billing data of 842 patients reporting to a university children’s dental over three years (March 2017–2020) met the inclusion criteria. Their access to care (OEV-CH-A), topical fluoride application (TFL-CH-A) and dental treatment burden (TRT-CH-A) were determined by dental quality alliance (DQA) criteria. The three oral health variables were aggregated at the neighborhood level and analyzed with Canadian census data. Their partial postal code (FSA) was chosen as a neighborhood spatial unit and maps were created to visualize neighborhood-level differences. Results: The individual-level regression models showed significant negative associations between OEV-CH-A (p = 0.027) and TFL-CH-A (p = 0.001) and the cost of dental care. While there was no significant association between neighborhood-level sociodemographic variables and OEV-CH-A, TRT-CH-A showed a significant negative association at the neighborhood level with median household income and significant positive association with percentage of non-official first language (English or French) speakers. Conclusion: Initial analysis suggests differences exist in dental outcomes according to neighborhood-level sociodemographic variables, even when access to dental care is similar. Full article

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8 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ectopic Eruption of Maxillary First Permanent Molars: Preliminary Results of Prevalence and Dentoskeletal Characteristics in Spanish Paediatric Population

by Alexandra Helm, Andrea Martín-Vacas, Pedro Molinero-Mourelle, Antonia M. Caleya, Nuria E. Gallardo and María Rosa Mourelle-Martínez

Children 2021, 8(6), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060479 - 06 Jun 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4533

Abstract

The ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar (EEM) is a local alteration of dental eruption with a multifactorial aetiology. The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence of the EEM in children and to analyse whether there is a [...] Read more.

The ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar (EEM) is a local alteration of dental eruption with a multifactorial aetiology. The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence of the EEM in children and to analyse whether there is a relationship between EEM and dento-skeletal characteristics. A total of 322 children were analysed with the Ricketts cephalometric study and descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was carried out. The prevalence of EEM was 8.7%, with no statistically significant differences regarding gender or location, but a higher prevalence in the 7-year-old age group (18.8%) and bilateral EEM was more prevalent than unilateral EEM (p < 0.05). The most frequent findings were a shortened anterior cranial base, a retroposition of the maxilla and a distal position of the upper permanent first molar in relation to the pterygoid vertical in children with EEM. No statistically significant differences were found regarding the cephalometric parameters except a decreased palatal plane in the bilateral EEM group and a distal upper incisor position in the EEM group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of the EEM was 8.7%, more frequently bilateral, and significantly in seven-year-old patients. Children with bilateral EEM have decreased palatal plane values and a more posterior position of the upper incisor. Full article

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10 pages, 675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental and Dentist Satisfaction with Primary Anterior Zirconia Crowns: A Case Series Analysis

by Lawrence Yanover, William Waggoner, Ari Kupietzky, Moti Moskovitz and Nili Tickotsky

Children 2021, 8(6), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060451 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5012

Abstract

This retrospective cohort study evaluated overall parental satisfaction of zirconia crowns (ZC) placed on primary maxillary anterior teeth with that of two independent, blinded dentists. 131 ZC placed in 37 children, aged 24.8–62.2 months (mean = 42.8), who had at least one recall [...] Read more.

This retrospective cohort study evaluated overall parental satisfaction of zirconia crowns (ZC) placed on primary maxillary anterior teeth with that of two independent, blinded dentists. 131 ZC placed in 37 children, aged 24.8–62.2 months (mean = 42.8), who had at least one recall visit a minimum of 6 months after placement were rated (average = 13.3). Crown colour match, crown contour and crown durability were evaluated by parents and compared to photographic evaluations of two independent raters. Overall parental satisfaction was also evaluated. The overall retention rate was 99.7% and parental satisfaction was 100%. Colour match was rated excellent by 84% of parents and 36% of dental evaluators. Crown contour was rated excellent by 97% of parents and 55% of dental evaluators. The length of follow-up had no effect on colour match or crown contour. ZC comprises an aesthetic and durable option for restoring carious primary maxillary incisors and were well-accepted by parents. Parents were less critical than dental evaluators of crown appearance. Full article

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12 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Assessment of Genetical, Pre, Peri and Post Natal Risk Factors of Deciduous Molar Hypomineralization (DMH), Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH): A Narrative Review

by Andrea Butera, Carolina Maiorani, Annalaura Morandini, Manuela Simonini, Stefania Morittu, Stefania Barbieri, Ambra Bruni, Antonia Sinesi, Maria Ricci, Julia Trombini, Elisa Aina, Daniela Piloni, Barbara Fusaro, Arianna Colnaghi, Elisa Pepe, Roberta Cimarossa and Andrea Scribante

Children 2021, 8(6), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060432 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8728

Abstract

Objectives: Analyze defects in the state of maturation of the enamel result in an adequate volume of enamel, but in an insufficient mineralization, which can affect both deciduous teeth and permanent teeth. Among the most common defects, we recognize Deciduous Molar Hypominerlization (DMH), [...] Read more.

Objectives: Analyze defects in the state of maturation of the enamel result in an adequate volume of enamel, but in an insufficient mineralization, which can affect both deciduous teeth and permanent teeth. Among the most common defects, we recognize Deciduous Molar Hypominerlization (DMH), Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM), and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH). These, in fact, affect the first deciduous molars, the second deciduous molars and molars, and permanent incisors, respectively, but their etiology remains unclear. The objective of the paper is to review studies that focus on investigating possible associations between genetic factors or prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes and these enamel defects. Materials and methods: A comprehensive and bibliometric search for publications until January 2021 was conducted. The research question was formulated following the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome strategy. Case-control, cross-sectional, cohort studies, and clinical trials investigating genetic and environmental etiological factors of enamel defects were included. Results: Twenty-five articles are included. For genetic factors, there is a statistical relevance for SNPs expressed in the secretion or maturation stage of amelogenesis (16% of studies and 80% of studies that investigated these factors). For prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes, there is a statistical relevance for postnatal factors, such as the breastfeeding period (2%), asthma (16%), high fever episodes (20%), infections/illnesses (20%), chickenpox (12%), antibiotic intake (8%), diarrhea (4%), and pneumonia (4%). Conclusions: The results are in agreement with the multifactorial idea of the dental enamel defects etiology, but to prove this, further studies enrolling larger, well-diagnosed, and different ethnic populations are necessary to expand the investigation of the genetic and environmental factors that might influence the occurrence of DMH, HPSM, and MIH. Full article

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7 pages, 3430 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Flowable Urethane Dimethacrylate-Based Filler for Root Canal Obturation in Primary Molars: A Pilot SEM and microCT Assessment

by Saulius Drukteinis, Audra Drukteiniene, Lesbia Drukteinis, Luc C. Martens and Sivaprakash Rajasekharan

Children 2021, 8(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020060 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3670

Abstract

Pulpectomy in deciduous teeth involves endodontic access opening, root canal debridement and obturation with an appropriate filling material. EndoREZ (ER) is the urethane dimethacrylate-based filler, which can be used for root canal obturation in permanent and primary teeth. This observation aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Pulpectomy in deciduous teeth involves endodontic access opening, root canal debridement and obturation with an appropriate filling material. EndoREZ (ER) is the urethane dimethacrylate-based filler, which can be used for root canal obturation in permanent and primary teeth. This observation aimed to evaluate the behavior of the ER as a filler in root canals of two primary molars after the physiological resorption process using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-computed tomography (µCT) in second lower molars after their natural exfoliation. The SEM analysis revealed a non-uniform, porous and lacunary structure of ER, visually similar to the resorbed surface of the dentine. The µCT observations demonstrated the differences in the resorption level of the root and material surfaces. The preliminary observations suggest that ER is resorbed faster than root tissues and can therefore be a suitable material for the root canal filling in primary teeth. However, more investigations are needed to support these preliminary findings. Full article

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2020

Jump to: 2023, 2022, 2021

16 pages, 3336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Behavior of Two Types of Upper Removable Retainers—Our Clinical Experience

by Luminita Ligia Vaida, Eugen Silviu Bud, Liliana Gabriela Halitchi, Simona Cavalu, Bianca Ioana Todor, Bianca Maria Negrutiu, Abel Emanuel Moca and Florian Dorel Bodog

Children 2020, 7(12), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120295 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3456

Abstract

The Hawley retainer (HR) and the vacuum-formed retainer (VFR) are the most common removable retainers in orthodontic treatments. The aim of this retrospective study was to comparatively analyze the behavior of two types of removable retainers—HRs and VFRs—in terms of retainer damage, loss, [...] Read more.

The Hawley retainer (HR) and the vacuum-formed retainer (VFR) are the most common removable retainers in orthodontic treatments. The aim of this retrospective study was to comparatively analyze the behavior of two types of removable retainers—HRs and VFRs—in terms of retainer damage, loss, and the rate of installation of mild or severe relapse that required recourse to certain therapeutic interventions. The study was performed on 618 orthodontic patients aged 11–17 years, average age 13.98 ± 1.51, out of which 57% were patients having VFRs and the remaining 43% having HRs in the upper arch. We performed an analysis of the two groups of patients—HRs group and VFRs group—at 6 months (T1) and at 12 months (T2) after the application of the retainer. The results showed that 6% of all the retainers were damaged, mostly at T2 (54.1%). Seven percent of all the retainers were lost, mostly at T1 (58.1%). Of all the patients, 9.1% presented mild relapse, mostly at T1 (58.9%), while 2.6% presented severe relapse. The VFRs were significantly more frequently associated with the occurrence of damage than the HRs (p < 0.001). Severe relapse was more frequently associated with the HRs rather than with VFRs (p < 0.05). Full article

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8 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Management of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH): A 1-Year Retrospective Study in a Specialist Secondary Care Centre in the UK

by Judith Humphreys and Sondos Albadri

Children 2020, 7(12), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120252 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3334

Abstract

(1) Background: Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is an enamel defect that affects an estimated 14.2% of children worldwide. Care takes place in primary and secondary care facilities. (2) Aim: To investigate how children with MIH are managed within a specialist centre in the [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is an enamel defect that affects an estimated 14.2% of children worldwide. Care takes place in primary and secondary care facilities. (2) Aim: To investigate how children with MIH are managed within a specialist centre in the north of England. (3) Method: A retrospective service evaluation within the paediatric dentistry department was registered with the clinical governance unit. Children who attended consultant-led new-patient clinics between 1 January and 31 December 2015 with a diagnosis of MIH were included. The data collected concerned the pre-referral treatment, the history and diagnoses and the treatments completed. (4) Results: Out of 397 records reviewed, 48 (12.1%) had MIH, where 81.3% and 18.8% of patients had severe and mild MIH, respectively. The majority of patients (n = 44 (91.7%)) were referred appropriately. Treatment was completed at the specialist centre for 44 (91.7%) patients. Twenty-five (52.1%) patients had an extraction of one or more first permanent molar teeth. Sixteen patients had the extractions at between 8 and 10 years old and 2 had the extractions later as part of an orthodontic plan. (5) Conclusion: Most children had severe MIH and were referred at an appropriate time to facilitate the consideration of loss of poor prognosis of first permanent molars (FPMs). Most children required specialist management of their MIH. Full article

13 pages, 2885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Dependent Anti-Demineralization Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride

by Ji-Hye Ahn, Ji-Woong Kim, Young-Mi Yoon, Nan-Young Lee, Sang-Ho Lee and Myeong-Kwan Jih

Children 2020, 7(12), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120251 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2997

Abstract

This study compared the demineralization resistance of teeth treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) to that treated with fluoride varnish. A total of 105 healthy bovine incisors were divided into control, fluoride varnish, and SDF groups. The enamel surface density change was then [...] Read more.

This study compared the demineralization resistance of teeth treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) to that treated with fluoride varnish. A total of 105 healthy bovine incisors were divided into control, fluoride varnish, and SDF groups. The enamel surface density change was then measured by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at three depths. The demineralized zone volume was measured on 3D micro-CT images to evaluate the total demineralization rate. The enamel surface morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscope. The enamel density had continuously decreased while demineralization increased in the control and fluoride varnish groups. The enamel density had increased in the SDF group till the 7th day of demineralization treatment and decreased thereafter. However, the decrease in the SDF group was less severe than that in the other groups (p < 0.05). The demineralized enamel volume had increased through treatment and was the highest in the control group, followed by the fluoride varnish and SDF group. The enamel surface morphology was the roughest and most irregular in the control group, followed by the fluoride varnish group and SDF groups. Full article

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12 pages, 2567 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Restoration of an Upper Anterior Tooth in an Adolescent with Autism Spectrum Disorder—A Student Case Report

by Max Diekamp, Leonie Jenter, Andreas G. Schulte, Oliver Fricke and Peter Schmidt

Children 2020, 7(11), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/children7110237 - 19 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3647

Abstract

Background: Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or other mental or physical limitations experience an imbalance in the frequency of dental treatment as compared with the general patient population, in part, due to inadequate pre-graduate training of future dentists. Case presentation: This case [...] Read more.

Background: Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or other mental or physical limitations experience an imbalance in the frequency of dental treatment as compared with the general patient population, in part, due to inadequate pre-graduate training of future dentists. Case presentation: This case report describes a successful anterior tooth restoration, in awake state, in a 15-year-old boy with early childhood autism. The procedure was carried out independently by students of dentistry within the scope of their integrated clinical training semesters. Desensitization sessions were used as a preparatory measure and elements of behavioral facilitation (tell-show-feel-feel-do) were applied during the treatment. Conclusions: To avoid discrimination of this group of patients in the provision and quality of dental care, a structured approach to the transfer of theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of special care dentistry is indispensable. To this end, treatment strategies for special care patients should be taught to pre-graduate dental students as a fundamental part of their university curriculum. Full article

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10 pages, 2074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positional Differences of the Mandibular Canal in Relation to Permanent Mandibular First Molars with Eruption Disturbances in Children

by Eungyung Lee, Taesung Jeong and Jonghyun Shin

Children 2020, 7(11), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/children7110206 - 31 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4986

Abstract

Eruption disturbances in permanent mandibular first molars (PM1s) are uncommon. This retrospective study aimed to investigate differences in the position of the mandibular canal in relation to PM1s, with or without, eruption disturbances. Panoramic and cross-sectional views were reconstructed from cone-beam computed tomography [...] Read more.

Eruption disturbances in permanent mandibular first molars (PM1s) are uncommon. This retrospective study aimed to investigate differences in the position of the mandibular canal in relation to PM1s, with or without, eruption disturbances. Panoramic and cross-sectional views were reconstructed from cone-beam computed tomography imaging of children with PM1 eruption disturbances. Distances from the most inferior margin of the mandible to the center of the mandibular canal (M–C) and from the outer margin of the lingual cortex to the center of the mandibular canal (L–C) were measured for normally erupted PM1s (normal group) and for PM1s with eruption disturbances (ED group) and compared using independent t-tests. The mean M–C was significantly shorter in the ED group (4.86 ± 1.07 mm) than in the normal group (6.56 ± 1.06 mm) (p < 0.05). The mean L–C was also significantly shorter in the ED group (2.74 ± 0.74 mm) than in the normal group (3.09 ± 0.71 mm) (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that the mandibular canal tended to be positioned more inferiorly in relation to PM1s with eruption disturbances than normally erupted PM1s in children. Clinicians should be aware of this positional deviation when managing children with PM1 eruption disturbances. Full article

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9 pages, 1091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Central Incisor Width as Predictor of Permanent Maxillary Canine Width in a Kurdish Population: A Pilot Study

by Fadil Abdullah Kareem

Children 2020, 7(8), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/children7080092 - 06 Aug 2020

Viewed by 2738

Abstract

Background: Estimation of the mesio-distal width of permanent maxillary canines (PMCs) is a critical part of mixed dentition space analysis. The aim of this pilot study is to find a specific prediction equation for the estimation of the mesio-distal width of PMCs depending [...] Read more.

Background: Estimation of the mesio-distal width of permanent maxillary canines (PMCs) is a critical part of mixed dentition space analysis. The aim of this pilot study is to find a specific prediction equation for the estimation of the mesio-distal width of PMCs depending on the width of permanent maxillary and mandibular central incisors (PMMCIs) in a Kurdish population. Methods: A hundred study casts were collected. The mesio-distal widths of the PMMCIs and PMCs were measured by digital caliper. Linear regression tests were applied to find the prediction equation using the sum width of PMMCIs as predictors. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 17.2 ± 2.39 years old. Statistically significant differences in the mesio-distal widths of PMMCIs and PMCs were found between males and females (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, statistically significant correlations were identified between the widths of PMMCIs and PMCs in both males (r = 0.633, p = 0.0001) and females (r = 0.717, p = 0.0001). Likewise, the mesio-distal width of PMMCIs was found to be a significant predictor of the width of PMCs in both males (R2 = 0.403, p = 0.0001) and females (R2 = 5.14, p = 0.0001). Conclusion: For the first time, regression equations were developed for a Kurdish population and can be useful as a part of a mixed dentition space analysis in Kurdish children. Full article

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11 pages, 3227 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation—To Extract or to Restore beyond the Optimal Age?

by Mustafa Elhussein and Hasan Jamal

Children 2020, 7(8), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/children7080091 - 06 Aug 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6872

Abstract

The management of compromised first permanent molars (FPMs) in children presents a clinical challenge to the dental team. Hypomineralised FPMs in molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) conditions could undergo post-eruptive breakdown, making them susceptible to caries, leading to their subsequent loss. The planned extraction [...] Read more.

The management of compromised first permanent molars (FPMs) in children presents a clinical challenge to the dental team. Hypomineralised FPMs in molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) conditions could undergo post-eruptive breakdown, making them susceptible to caries, leading to their subsequent loss. The planned extraction of compromised FPMs is a valid alternative to complex restorative treatment. However, establishing the presence or absence of third permanent molars, amongst other considerations, is crucial to reaching a successful outcome. Clinicians should understand the importance of an orthodontic examination around the age of 8 years old with regard to establishing a differential therapeutic decision about the ideal timing of MIH-affected FPMs’ extraction in children. The aim of this article is to highlight that, with an interdisciplinary approach, a good outcome can be achieved following the extraction of poorly prognosed FPMs. The most cost-effective way of addressing MIH-affected FPMs is extraction, followed by orthodontic space closure when indicated. This obviates the need for the repeated restorative replacement and saves perfectly healthy premolars from being extracted for space creation in orthodontic treatment in several clinical scenarios. Full article

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33 pages, 15180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Children’s Drawing as a Projective Measure to Understand Their Experiences of Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia

by Ziad D. Baghdadi, Saffana Jbara and Nazeem Muhajarine

Children 2020, 7(7), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/children7070073 - 03 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8396

Abstract

Purpose: The overall aim of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of 3 to 10 year-old children’s experiences, main concerns, and how they manage attending hospital for dental treatment under general anesthesia (DTGA). Methods: Twelve children aged 3–10 who were scheduled [...] Read more.

Purpose: The overall aim of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of 3 to 10 year-old children’s experiences, main concerns, and how they manage attending hospital for dental treatment under general anesthesia (DTGA). Methods: Twelve children aged 3–10 who were scheduled for DTGA were interviewed. In addition to tape-recorded interviews, data were collected using video diaries, participant observations, and pre-, peri-, and postoperative drawings. The children’s drawings (n = 43) were analyzed using the Child Drawing: Hospital Manual (CD:H) and Vygotsky postulations for context readings, with the aim to explore what it means for children to undergo DTGA. Results: The analysis found that the main concern for children during the pre-operative period was that they were forced to prepare for an unknown experience, which elicited stress. This situation was handled during the peri-operative period by trying to recover control and to cooperate despite fear, stress, and anxiety. Drawings completed post-operatively showed the surgical mask, “stinky” smell of the anesthetic gas, and multiple extraction of teeth were the main troubling experiences for children. Several weeks after DTGA, children tried to regain normalcy in their lives again. Conclusion: This study contributed to a deeper understanding of how children as young as 3 years undergoing DTGA experience and express their lived experiences: emotional, psychological, physiological, or physical stress in the context of DTGA. Full article

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