Can Physical Exercise Promote the Development of Teenagers’ Non-Cognitive Ability?—Evidence from China Education Panel Survey (2014–2015)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Individuals
2.2. Non-Cognitive Ability and Data Synthesis
2.2.1. Social Behavior
2.2.2. Communication Ability
2.2.3. Perseverance
2.2.4. Emotional Control
2.2.5. Creative Thinking
2.2.6. School Adaptation
2.2.7. Education Expectation
2.3. Physical Exercise and Data Synthesis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All (n = 7904) | Boys (n = 4030) | Girls (n = 3874) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||||
Social behavior | 3.35 (1.01) | 3.12 (1.09) | 3.58 (0.86) | <0.001 |
Communication ability | 63.88 (22.27) | 60.72 (23.49) | 67.14 (20.42) | <0.001 |
Perseverance | 72.04 (25.17) | 69.68 (25.98) | 74.49 (24.06) | <0.001 |
Adaptation ability | 68.65 (23.03) | 67.29 (23.77) | 70.08 (22.14) | <0.001 |
Educational expectation | 16.41 (3.25) | 16.12 (3.49) | 16.69 (2.96) | <0.001 |
Emotional control | 29.42 (21.09) | 28.54 (21.93) | 30.35 (20.13) | <0.001 |
Creative thinking | 74.00 (20.84) | 73.59 (21.43) | 74.42 (20.21) | 0.081 |
Independent variable | ||||
Physical exercise(h) | 0.37 (0.41) | 0.43 (0.49) | 0.30 (0.28) | 0.152 |
Covariates | ||||
Parent–child relationship | 2.61 (0.46) | 2.60 (0.47) | 2.62 (0.45) | 0.033 |
Cognitive ability | 0.34 (0.81) | 0.31 (0.84) | 0.37 (0.77) | <0.01 |
Academic score | 65.56 (19.07) | 61.60 (20.05) | 69.69 (17.04) | <0.001 |
Personality traits | 31.53 (23.90) | 31.24 (24.73) | 31.82 (23.01) | 0.283 |
Peer group | 2.28 (0.67) | 2.08 (0.71) | 2.47 (0.55) | <0.001 |
Teachers’ attention | 55.10 (23.62) | 54.35 (24.67) | 55.88 (22.45) | <0.001 |
Family education capital | 10.94 (3.05) | 10.89 (3.07) | 10.99 (3.02) | <0.01 |
Household registration type, n (%) | ||||
Agricultural household | 4149 (52.49) | 2159 (53.60) | 1990 (51.40) | 0.050 |
Non-agricultural household | 3755 (47.51) | 1871 (46.40) | 1884 (48.60) | |
Only-child status, n (%) | ||||
Only child | 3573 (45.20) | 1954 (48.49) | 1619 (41.79) | <0.001 |
Not only child | 4331 (54.80) | 2076 (51.51) | 2255 (58.21) | |
Preschool experiences, n (%) | ||||
yes | 6504 (82.29) | 3303 (81.96) | 3201 (82.63) | 0.437 |
no | 1400 (17.71) | 727 (18.04) | 673 (17.37) | |
Boarding situations, n (%) | ||||
yes | 2401 (30.38) | 1227 (30.45) | 1174 (30.30) | 0.891 |
no | 5503 (69.62) | 2803 (69.55) | 2700 (69.70) | |
After-school interest class, n (%) | ||||
yes | 3877 (49.05) | 2129 (52.83) | 1748 (45.12) | <0.001 |
no | 4027 (50.95) | 1901 (47.17) | 2126 (54.88) | |
Parental relationship, n (%) | ||||
good | 6814 (86.21) | 3506 (87.00) | 3308 (85.39) | 0.038 |
bad | 1090 (13.79) | 524 (13.00) | 566 (14.61) | |
Health condition, n (%) | ||||
good | 5096 (64.47) | 2686 (66.65) | 2410 (62.21) | <0.001 |
bad | 2808 (35.53) | 1344 (33.35) | 1464 (37.79) | |
Family economy, n (%) | ||||
enrichment | 521 (6.59) | 266 (6.60) | 255 (6.58) | 0.974 |
poverty | 7383 (93.41) | 3764 (93.40) | 3619 (93.42) | |
Parents’ company, n (%) | ||||
good | 6131 (77.57) | 3142 (77.97) | 2989 (77.16) | 0.388 |
bad | 1773 (22.43) | 888 (22.03) | 885 (22.84) |
Social Behavior | Communication Ability | Perseverance | School Adaptation | Educational Expectation | Emotion Control | Creative Thinking | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical exercise | 0.119 *** | 1.935 ** | 1.777 * | 4.420 *** | 0.251 ** | −0.106 | 1.753 ** |
(0.025) | (0.614) | (0.692) | (0.589) | (0.087) | (0.584) | (0.573) | |
Gender | −0.255 *** | −4.064 *** | −0.509 | −0.955 | 0.126 | −2.521 *** | 1.380 ** |
(0.021) | (0.522) | (0.588) | (0.501) | (0.073) | (0.491) | (0.486) | |
Household registration type | −0.020 | −0.676 | 0.276 | 0.027 | −0.128 | −0.581 | −1.332 * |
(0.024) | (0.583) | (0.656) | (0.559) | (0.082) | (0.547) | (0.543) | |
Only-child status | 0.048 * | 1.274 * | −0.599 | 0.160 | −0.138 | −1.185 * | 2.707 *** |
(0.023) | (0.555) | (0.625) | (0.532) | (0.078) | (0.522) | (0.517) | |
Preschool experiences | 0.030 | 1.257 | 1.046 | 0.116 | −0.077 | −0.250 | −0.780 |
(0.026) | (0.644) | (0.724) | (0.618) | (0.090) | (0.606) | (0.601) | |
Boarding situations | −0.060 * | 1.649 ** | −2.030 ** | −1.073 | −0.144 | 0.731 | −1.735 ** |
(0.024) | (0.598) | (0.673) | (0.574) | (0.083) | (0.563) | (0.557) | |
After-school interest class | −0.050 * | −1.313 * | 0.042 | −2.422 *** | −0.300 *** | −1.590 ** | −1.273 ** |
(0.022) | (0.528) | (0.595) | (0.507) | (0.074) | (0.497) | (0.492) | |
Parental relationship | 0.064 * | −0.875 | 2.715 ** | 1.511 * | −0.005 | −5.603 *** | 0.016 |
(0.031) | (0.744) | (0.838) | (0.715) | (0.105) | (0.700) | (0.692) | |
Cognitive ability | 0.070 *** | 0.689 | 0.096 | 0.003 | 0.426 *** | −0.709 | 1.777 *** |
(0.016) | (0.393) | (0.441) | (0.377) | (0.055) | (0.369) | (0.365) | |
Academic score | 0.004 *** | 0.036 * | 0.192 *** | 0.042 * | 0.048 *** | 0.012 | 0.118 *** |
(0.001) | (0.018) | (0.020) | (0.017) | (0.002) | (0.017) | (0.016) | |
Personality traits | −0.001 *** | 0.019 | 0.019 | −0.122 *** | 0.002 | 0.205 *** | −0.038 *** |
(0.000) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.001) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Peer group | 0.474 *** | 4.968 *** | 7.005 *** | 4.583 *** | 0.706 *** | −3.956 *** | 2.908 *** |
(0.017) | (0.420) | (0.472) | (0.403) | (0.059) | (0.395) | (0.392) | |
Teachers’ attention | 0.005 *** | 0.141 *** | 0.175 *** | 0.302 *** | 0.009 *** | −0.004 | 0.094 *** |
(0.000) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.002) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Family education capital | 0.006 | 0.133 | −0.224 * | 0.002 | 0.098 *** | 0.206 * | 0.563 *** |
(0.04) | (0.096) | (0.108) | (0.092) | (0.014) | (0.091) | (0.090) | |
Family economic | 0.000 | −0.899 | 0.108 | 2.440 ** | 0.087 | −2.502 ** | 4.133 *** |
(0.040) | (0.973) | (1.095) | (0.933) | (0.136) | (0.915) | (0.899) | |
Health condition | 0.139 *** | 3.094 *** | 3.733 *** | 4.435 *** | 0.058 | −6.703 *** | 2.457 *** |
(0.021) | (0.525) | (0.591) | (0.504) | (0.073) | (0.493) | (0.488) | |
Parent–child relationship | 0.219 *** | 7.468 *** | 2.376 *** | 5.498 *** | 0.377 *** | −5.499 *** | 3.861 *** |
(0.024) | (0.581) | (0.653) | (0.558) | (0.082) | (0.546) | (0.541) | |
Parents’ company | −0.035 | −0.595 | −0.204 | −1.172 * | 0.238 ** | 2.522 *** | −0.244 |
(0.025) | (0.613) | (0.690) | (0.589) | (0.086) | (0.578) | (0.570) | |
_cons | 1.087 *** | 20.780 *** | 25.040 *** | 24.500 *** | 8.930 *** | 55.230 *** | 36.440 *** |
(0.0910) | (2.230) | (2.510) | (2.141) | (0.314) | (2.100) | (2.074) | |
R2 | 0.306 | 0.153 | 0.154 | 0.275 | 0.259 | 0.183 | 0.177 |
Interactive Item | CA | Pe | SA | CT |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender × PE (Reference: girl) | ||||
boy | −0.410 | −2.779 | −4.029 ** | −1.246 |
Household registration type × PE (Reference: Non-agricultural household) | ||||
Agricultural household | 2.251 | 2.826 * | 0.853 | −0.638 |
Only-child status × PE (Reference: Not only child) | ||||
Only child | 0.955 | −1.299 | −2.251 * | 0.183 |
Boarding situation × PE (Reference: no) | ||||
yes | 5.565 *** | 1.357 | 0.351 | 3.340 * |
Family economic status × PE (Reference: poverty) | ||||
enrichment | −1.768 | −2.705 | 2.488 | 1.440 |
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Yuan, S.; Gu, Q.; Lei, Y.; Shen, J.; Niu, Q. Can Physical Exercise Promote the Development of Teenagers’ Non-Cognitive Ability?—Evidence from China Education Panel Survey (2014–2015). Children 2022, 9, 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091283
Yuan S, Gu Q, Lei Y, Shen J, Niu Q. Can Physical Exercise Promote the Development of Teenagers’ Non-Cognitive Ability?—Evidence from China Education Panel Survey (2014–2015). Children. 2022; 9(9):1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091283
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Shiwei, Qian Gu, Yuanyuan Lei, Jinbo Shen, and Qian Niu. 2022. "Can Physical Exercise Promote the Development of Teenagers’ Non-Cognitive Ability?—Evidence from China Education Panel Survey (2014–2015)" Children 9, no. 9: 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091283