Comparing the Perceptions of Gender Norms among Adolescents with Different Sibling Contexts in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Gender Norms and Early Adolescence
1.2. Siblings’ Possible Impact on Early Adolescents’ Gender Development
1.3. Sibling Context and Gender Norms among Chinese Early Adolescents
1.4. The Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Gender Norms Scales
2.2.2. Sibling Context
2.2.3. Stratified Variables and Controlling Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sub-Scales | Items |
---|---|
Gender Stereotypial Traits (GST) | (1) Boys should be raised tough so they can overcome any difficulty in life |
(2) Girls should avoid raising their voice to be lady like | |
(3) Boys should always defend themselves even if it means fighting | |
(4) Girls are expected to be humble | |
(5) Girls need their parents’ protection more than boys | |
(6) Boys who behave like girls are considered weak | |
(7) It’s important for boys to show they are tough even if they are nervous inside | |
Gender Stereotypical Roles (GSR) | (1) A woman’s role is taking care of her home and family |
(2) A man should have the final word about decisions in the home | |
(3) A woman should obey her husband in all matters | |
(4) Men should be the ones who bring money home for the family, not women |
Variables | Groups | Total (n = 1615) | Only-Child (n = 1044) | Non-Only-Child | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 571) | With Same-Sex Siblings (n = 163) | With Mixed-Sex Siblings (n = 408) | ||||
Age | 10–12 | 819 (50.71) | 524 (50.19) | 295 (51.66) | 92 (56.44) | 203 (49.75) |
13–14 | 796 (49.29) | 520 (49.81) | 276 (48.34) | 71 (43.56) | 205 (50.25) | |
Sex | Boy | 810 (50.15) | 508 (48.66) | 302 (52.89) | 93 (57.06) | 209 (51.23) |
Girl | 805 (49.85) | 536 (51.34) | 269 (47.11) | 70 (42.94) | 199 (48.77) | |
Parents’ highest educational level **,# | High school or below | 683 (45.66) | 417 (42.95) | 266 (50.67) | 73 (48.03) | 193 (51.74) |
Enter or complete college | 813 (54.34) | 554 (57.05) | 259 (49.33) | 79 (51.97) | 180 (48.26) | |
Mother’s working status *,# | Working for pay | 1405 (89.26) | 930 (90.64) | 475 (86.68) | 144 (90.00) | 331 (85.31) |
Not working | 169 (10.74) | 96 (9.36) | 73 (13.32) | 16 (10.00) | 57 (14.69) | |
Born in Shanghai ***,### | Yes | 1355 (84.79) | 940 (90.47) | 415 (74.24) | 119 (75.80) | 296 (73.63) |
No | 243 (15.21) | 99 (9.53) | 144 (25.76) | 38 (24.20) | 106 (26.37) | |
Parental marital status ***,### | Married | 1413 (88.20) | 946 (91.22) | 467 (82.65) | 134 (82.72) | 333 (82.63) |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 189 (11.80) | 91 (8.78) | 98 (17.35) | 28 (17.28) | 70 (17.37) |
n | Only Child (n = 1044) | With Same-Sex Siblings (n = 163) | With Mixed-Sex Siblings (n = 408) | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GST | ||||||
Total (( (sd)) | 1606 | 3.30 (0.71) | 3.33 (0.75) | 3.37 (0.79) | 1.35 | 0.259 |
Stratified by age group | ||||||
10–12 years old | 814 | 3.30 (0.75) $ | 3.23 (0.79) # | 3.45 (0.79) $,# | 3.37 | 0.034 |
13–14 years old | 792 | 3.30 (0.66) | 3.45 (0.69) | 3.30 (0.80) | 0.85 | 0.501 |
Stratified by sex | ||||||
Male | 804 | 3.41 (0.71) $ | 3.39 (0.72) | 3.56 (0.78) $ | 3.20 | 0.041 |
Female | 802 | 3.20 (0.38) | 3.25 (0.79) | 3.18 (0.77) | 0.22 | 0.799 |
GSR | ||||||
Total (( (sd)) | 1593 | 2.60 (0.94) | 2.65 (0.98) | 2.67 (0.95) | 0.84 | 0.432 |
Stratified by age group | ||||||
10–12 years old | 809 | 2.58 (0.96) | 2.46 (0.89) | 2.63 (0.94) | 1.05 | 0.349 |
13–14 years old | 784 | 2.61 (0.93) & | 2.90 (1.04) & | 2.70 (0.96) | 3.04 | 0.048 |
Stratified by sex | ||||||
Male | 795 | 3.02 (0.88) | 2.94 (0.95) | 3.08 (0.95) | 0.81 | 0.445 |
Female | 798 | 2.20 (0.82) | 2.25 (0.88) | 2.24 (0.75) | 0.28 | 0.757 |
10–12 Years Old | 13–14 Years Old | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GST | GSR | GST | GSR | |||||||||
OR (95% CI) | z | p | OR (95% CI) | z | p | OR (95% CI) | z | p | OR (95% CI) | z | p | |
Sibling context | ||||||||||||
Only-child | 1.33 (0.85–2.10) | 1.27 | 0.205 | 1.71 (1.06–2.75) | 2.20 | 0.028 | 0.70 (0.43–1.11) | −1.51 | 0.131 | 0.69 (0.42–1.13) | −1.47 | 0.141 |
Mixed-sex sibling | 1.75 (1.07–2.90) | 2.22 | 0.026 | 1.74 (1.03–2.94) | 2.08 | 0.037 | 0.80 (0.48–1.34) | −0.85 | 0.394 | 0.85 (0.49–1.47) | −0.57 | 0.568 |
Same-sex sibling | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Girls | 0.53 (0.40–0.70) | −4.48 | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.14–0.26) | −10.80 | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.42–0.73) | −4.23 | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.13–0.24) | −11.33 | <0.001 |
Boys | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Parents’ highest educational level | ||||||||||||
Enter/complete college | 0.83 (0.63–1.10) | −1.31 | 0.191 | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | −1.61 | 0.107 | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 0 | 0.999 | 1.01 (0.76–1.35) | 0.08 | 0.938 |
High school or below | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Mother’s work status | ||||||||||||
Working currently | 0.80 (0.52–1.22) | −1.03 | 0.304 | 0.69 (0.44–1.07) | −1.67 | 0.095 | 1.36 (0.86–2.15) | 1.33 | 0.183 | 0.96 (0.59–1.55) | −0.18 | 0.860 |
Not working | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Born in Shanghai | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.05 (0.70–1.57) | 0.25 | 0.801 | 0.83 (0.55–1.25) | −0.91 | 0.365 | 0.82 (0.56–1.20) | −1.03 | 0.305 | 1.20 (0.81–1.78) | 0.91 | 0.362 |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Parental marital status | ||||||||||||
Married | 0.91 (0.57–1.45) | −0.41 | 0.683 | 0.98 (0.60–1.59) | −0.10 | 0.924 | 1.04 (0.68–1.59) | 0.20 | 0.845 | 0.93 (0.59–1.47) | −0.30 | 0.766 |
Divorced/separated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Male | Female | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GST | GSR | GST | GSR | |||||||||
OR (95% CI) | z | p | OR (95% CI) | z | p | OR (95% CI) | z | p | OR (95% CI) | z | p | |
Sibling context | ||||||||||||
Only-child | 0.67 (0.48–0.94) | −2.35 | 0.019 | 0.89 (0.64–1.26) | −0.63 | 0.530 | 0.99 (0.71–1.39) | −0.06 | 0.953 | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | −0.79 | 0.429 |
Same-sex sibling | 0.59 (0.37–0.96) | −2.14 | 0.033 | 0.89 (0.55–1.45) | −0.46 | 0.644 | 1.23 (0.72–2.10) | 0.76 | 0.449 | 0.72 (0.40–1.31) | −1.09 | 0.278 |
Mixed-sex sibling | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||||||
13–14 | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) | −0.06 | 0.956 | 1.19 (0.90–1.56) | 1.22 | 0.223 | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | 0.26 | 0.796 | 0.99 (0.74–1.32) | −0.08 | 0.934 |
10–12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Parents’ highest educational level | ||||||||||||
Enter/complete college | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | −0.53 | 0.594 | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | −0.01 | 0.989 | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | −0.82 | 0.412 | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | −1.55 | 0.120 |
High school or below | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Mother’s work status | ||||||||||||
Working currently | 1.27 (0.80–2.01) | 1.02 | 0.308 | 0.99 (0.61–1.60) | −0.05 | 0.964 | 0.86 (0.57–1.31) | −0.69 | 0.493 | 0.68 (0.44–1.04) | −1.77 | 0.076 |
Not working | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Born in Shanghai | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.90 (0.62–1.31) | −0.54 | 0.586 | 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | −0.57 | 0.568 | 0.94 (0.62–1.42) | −0.30 | 0.763 | 1.19 (0.77–1.84) | 0.79 | 0.430 |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Parental marital status | ||||||||||||
Married | 0.88 (0.54–1.42) | −0.53 | 0.598 | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) | −0.72 | 0.473 | 1.02 (0.68–1.54) | 0.10 | 0.920 | 1.05 (0.67–1.66) | 0.22 | 0.827 |
Divorced/separated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
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Yu, C.; Zuo, X.; Lian, Q.; Zhong, X.; Fang, Y.; Lou, C.; Tu, X. Comparing the Perceptions of Gender Norms among Adolescents with Different Sibling Contexts in Shanghai, China. Children 2022, 9, 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091281
Yu C, Zuo X, Lian Q, Zhong X, Fang Y, Lou C, Tu X. Comparing the Perceptions of Gender Norms among Adolescents with Different Sibling Contexts in Shanghai, China. Children. 2022; 9(9):1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091281
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Chunyan, Xiayun Zuo, Qiguo Lian, Xiangyang Zhong, Yuhang Fang, Chaohua Lou, and Xiaowen Tu. 2022. "Comparing the Perceptions of Gender Norms among Adolescents with Different Sibling Contexts in Shanghai, China" Children 9, no. 9: 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091281