Sleeping and Dietary Factors Associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Taiwanese Preschoolers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects and Sampling
2.1.1. Enrollees
2.1.2. Sample Size
2.1.3. Stratified Multistage Random Cluster Sampling
2.1.4. Questionnaire Administration and Retrieval
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Assessment Scale for Symptoms of Fatigue in Children
2.2.2. Profile of Children’s Health-Related Habits Questionnaire
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Assessment of Symptoms of Fatigue in Children
3.2. Analysis of Differences in the Sleep Quality of Children with Varying Degrees of Fatigue
3.3. Analysis of Differences in the Dietary Habits of Children with Varying Degrees of Fatigue
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- My child seldom engages in physical play
- My child often yawns during the day
- My child often looks sleepy
- My child becomes tired easily
- My child often becomes irritated
- My child often has difficulty remaining calm
- My child often has difficulty concentrating when playing
- My child often has difficulty sitting still
- My child often experiences headaches and stomach pain
- My child often looks unwell
Appendix B
- Ability to fall asleep within 15 min
- Sleep through the night
- No sleep talking
- No enuresis during sleep
- No sleep terrors
- No sleep walking
- Nocturnal sleep for 10–11 h on weekdays
- Nocturnal sleep for 10–11 h on weekends and holidays
- Going to bed before 9 p.m. on weekdays
- Going to bed before 9 p.m. on weekends
- Waking up before 7 a.m. on weekdays
- Waking up before 7 a.m. on weekends
- Regular sleep schedule
Appendix C
- My child eats breakfast every day
- My child eats three meals of a consistent quantity punctually every day
- My child chews slowly
- My child avoids eating late-night snacks
- My child is not a picky eater
- My child eats foods from the six major groups every day
- My child eats at least three servings of vegetables every day
- My child eats at least two fruits every day
- My child drinks at least 1500 mL of boiled water every day
- My child avoids eating snacks
- My child avoids sodas and sugar-sweetened beverages
- My child avoids Western-style fast foods such as hamburgers and French fries
- My child avoids instant noodles and other instant foods
- My child avoids processed foods
- My child avoids fried or creamy foods and other fat-rich foods
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Dimension | Item | Never | Rarely | Sometimes | Very Often | Always | Mean | Standard Deviation | Standardized Score | Sequence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage Represented by Parents’ Response Scores (%) | (M) (SD) | (%) | ||||||||
Sleepy and inactive/blunted responses/lacking in energy | My child seldom engages in physical play | 23.1 | 16.3 | 27.4 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 2.72 (1.18) | 54.4 | 5 | |
My child often yawns during the day | 18.8 | 2.0 | 37.4 | 41.9 | 0.0 | 3.02 (1.09) | 60.4 | 1 | ||
My child often looks sleepy | 18.9 | 2.6 | 39.3 | 39.1 | 0.0 | 2.99 (1.08) | 59.8 | 3 | ||
My child becomes tired easily | 16.9 | 4.2 | 39.6 | 39.2 | 0.1 | 3.01 (1.06) | 60.2 | 2 | ||
Difficulty concentrating | My child often becomes irritated | 22.9 | 19.8 | 28.7 | 27.6 | 1.0 | 2.64 (1.14) | 52.8 | 7 | |
My child often has difficulty remaining calm | 21.7 | 15.7 | 30.6 | 30.4 | 1.6 | 2.75 (1.15) | 55.0 | 4 | ||
My child often has difficulty concentrating when playing | 24.7 | 17.9 | 28.1 | 28.5 | 0.8 | 2.63 (1.16) | 52.6 | 8 | ||
My child often has difficulty sitting still | 25.4 | 16.5 | 24.4 | 32.3 | 1.4 | 2.68 (1.21) | 53.6 | 6 | ||
Localized pain | My child often experiences headaches and stomach pain | 30.1 | 14.8 | 28.4 | 26.6 | 0.1 | 2.52 (1.18) | 50.4 | 9 | |
My child often looks unwell | 29.3 | 15.1 | 32.4 | 23.2 | 0.0 | 2.49 (1.14) | 49.8 | 10 | ||
Assessment Scale for Symptoms of Fatigue in Children | 23.2 | 12.5 | 31.6 | 32.0 | 0.7 | 2.74 (1.14) | 54.9 |
Item | Group by Degree of Fatigue Number of Times and Percentage | Chi-Square | p-Value | Post Hoc Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degree | High-Score Group (A) | Middle-Score Group (B) | Low-Score Group (C) | |||||
Ability to fall asleep within 15 min | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 216 (14.06) | 402 (26.17) | 175 (11.39) | 11.82 (2) | 0.003 ** | B > C |
Modified residual | −1.03 | 3.26 | −2.68 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 220 (14.32) | 315 (20.51) | 208 (13.54) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | 1.03 | −3.26 | 2.68 | |||||
Sleep through the night | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 62 (4.04) | 111 (7.23) | 35 (2.28) | 8.82 (2) | 0.012 * | B > C |
Modified residual | 0.49 | 2.08 | −2.91 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 374 (24.35) | 606 (39.45) | 348 (22.66) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | −0.49 | −2.08 | 2.91 | |||||
No sleep talking | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 221 (14.39) | 377 (24.54) | 171 (11.13) | 6.04 (2) | 0.051 | N.S. |
Modified residual | 0.31 | 1.84 | −2.45 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 215 (14.00) | 340 (22.14) | 212 (13.80) | ||||
Modified residual | −0.31 | −1.84 | 2.45 | |||||
No enuresis during sleep | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 174 (11.33) | 322 (20.96) | 139 (9.05) | 8.16 (2) | 0.017 * | B > C |
Modified residual | −0.72 | 2.66 | −2.32 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 262 (17.06) | 395 (25.72) | 244 (15.89) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | 0.72 | −2.66 | 2.32 | |||||
No sleep terrors | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 176 (11.46) | 297 (19.34) | 131 (8.53) | 5.73 (2) | 0.057 | N.S. |
Modified residual | 0.53 | 1.58 | −2.37 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 260 (16.93) | 420 (27.34) | 252 (16.41) | ||||
Modified residual | −0.53 | −1.58 | 2.37 | |||||
No sleep walking | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 152 (9.90) | 285 (18.55) | 115 (7.49) | 10.56 (2) | 0.005 ** | B > C |
Modified residual | −0.55 | 2.91 | −2.78 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 284 (18.49) | 432 (28.13) | 268 (17.45) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | 0.55 | −2.91 | 2.78 | |||||
Nocturnal sleep for 10–11 h on weekdays | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 267 (17.38) | 402 (26.17) | 172 (11.20) | 22.88 (2) | <0.0001 *** | A > C |
Modified residual | 3.22 | 0.97 | −4.47 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 169 (11.00) | 315 (20.51) | 211 (13.74) | C > A | |||
Modified residual | −3.22 | −0.97 | 4.47 | |||||
Nocturnal sleep for 10–11 h on weekends and holidays | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 205 (13.35) | 304 (19.79) | 139 (9.05) | 9.64 (2) | 0.008 ** | A > C |
Modified residual | 2.41 | 0.16 | −2.7 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 231 (15.04) | 413 (26.89) | 244 (15.89) | C > A | |||
Modified residual | −2.41 | −0.16 | 2.7 | |||||
Going to bed before 9 p.m. on weekdays | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 340 (22.14) | 496 (32.29) | 242 (15.76) | 21.98 (2) | <0.0001 *** | A > C |
Modified residual | 4.21 | −0.81 | −3.45 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 96 (6.25) | 221 (14.39) | 141 (9.18) | C > A | |||
Modified residual | −4.21 | 0.81 | 3.45 | |||||
Going to bed before 9 p.m. on weekends | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 368 (23.96) | 572 (37.24) | 281 (18.29) | 15.30 (2) | <0.0001 *** | A > C |
Modified residual | 3 | 0.26 | −3.43 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 68 (4.43) | 145 (9.44) | 102 (6.64) | C > A | |||
Modified residual | −3 | −0.26 | 3.43 | |||||
Waking up before 7 a.m. on weekdays | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 267 (17.38) | 448 (29.17) | 201 13.09) | 11.03 (2) | 0.004 ** | B > C |
Modified residual | 0.81 | 2.13 | −3.29 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 169 (11.00) | 269 (17.51) | 182 11.85) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | −0.81 | −2.13 | 3.29 | |||||
Waking up before 7 a.m. on weekends | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 336 (21.88) | 498 (32.42) | 264 17.19) | 9.33 (2) | 0.009 ** | A > C |
Modified residual | 3.05 | −1.68 | −1.96 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 100 (6.51) | 219 (14.26) | 119 (7.75) | C > A | |||
Modified residual | −3.05 | 1.68 | 1.96 | |||||
Regular sleep schedule | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 157 (10.22) | 220 (14.32) | 87 (5.66) | 17.24 (2) | <0.0001 *** | A > C |
Modified residual | 3.12 | 0.38 | −3.69 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 279 (18.16) | 497 (32.36) | 296 (19.27) | C > A | |||
Modified residual | −3.12 | −0.38 | 3.69 |
Item | Groups by Degree of Fatigue Number of Times and Percentage | Chi-Square | p-Value | Post Hoc Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degree | High-Score Group (A) | Middle-Score Group (B) | Low-Score Group (C) | |||||
My child eats breakfast every day | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 42 (2.73) | 64 (4.17) | 23 (1.50) | 3.98 (2) | 0.137 | N.S. |
Modified residual | 1.1 | 0.7 | −1.95 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 394 (25.65) | 653 (42.51) | 360 (23.44) | ||||
Modified residual | −1.1 | −0.7 | 1.95 | |||||
My child eats three meals of a consistent quantity punctually every day | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 90 (5.86) | 133 (8.66) | 41 (2.67) | 15.90 (2) | <0.0001 *** | A > C |
Modified residual | 2.26 | 1.32 | −3.88 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 346 (22.53) | 584 (38.02) | 342 (22.27) | C > A | |||
Modified residual | −2.26 | −1.32 | 3.88 | |||||
My child chews slowly | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 312 (20.31) | 483 (31.45) | 234 (15.23) | 10.18 (2) | 0.006 ** | A > C |
Modified residual | 2.4 | 0.29 | −2.83 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 124 (8.07) | 234 (15.23) | 149 (9.70) | C > A | |||
Modified residual | −2.4 | −0.29 | 2.83 | |||||
My child avoids eating late-night snacks | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 165 (10.74) | 282 (18.36) | 125 (8.14) | 4.89 (2) | 0.087 | N.S. |
Modified residual | 0.31 | 1.59 | −2.15 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 271 (17.64) | 435 (28.32) | 258 (16.80) | ||||
Modified residual | −0.31 | −1.59 | 2.15 | |||||
My child is not a picky eater | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 281 (18.29) | 498 (32.42) | 241 (15.69) | 5.82 (2) | 0.054 | N.S. |
Modified residual | −1.02 | 2.37 | −1.67 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 155 (10.09) | 219 (14.26) | 142 (9.24) | ||||
Modified residual | 1.02 | −2.37 | 1.67 | |||||
My child eats foods from the six major groups every day | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 189 (12.30) | 310 (20.18) | 138 (8.98) | 6.222 (2) | 0.051 | N.S. |
Modified residual | 0.94 | 1.31 | −2.49 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 247 (16.08) | 407 (26.50) | 245 (15.95) | ||||
Modified residual | −0.94 | −1.31 | 2.49 | |||||
My child eats at least three servings of vegetables every day | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 252 (16.41) | 442 (28.78) | 196 (12.76) | 11.24 (2) | 0.004 ** | B > C |
Modified residual | −0.07 | 2.75 | −3.1 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 184 (11.98) | 275 (17.90) | 187 (12.17) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | 0.07 | −2.75 | 3.1 | |||||
My child eats at least two fruits every day | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 281 (18.29) | 476 (30.99) | 225 (14.65) | 6.29 (2) | 0.051 | N.S. |
Modified residual | 0.27 | 1.88 | −2.44 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 155 (10.09) | 241 (15.69) | 158 (10.29) | ||||
Modified residual | −0.27 | −1.88 | 2.44 | |||||
My child drinks at least 1500 mL of boiled water every day | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 261 (16.99) | 446 (29.04) | 198 (12.89) | 11.61 (2) | 0.003 ** | B > C |
Modified residual | 0.47 | 2.45 | −3.32 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 175 (11.39) | 271 (17.64) | 185 (12.04) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | −0.47 | −2.45 | 3.32 | |||||
My child avoids eating snacks | Hardly | Count(ratio in %) | 320 (20.83) | 531 (34.57) | 258 (16.80) | 6.00 (2) | 0.051 | N.S. |
Modified residual | 0.66 | 1.52 | −2.44 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 116 (7.55) | 186 (12.11) | 125 (8.14) | ||||
Modified residual | −0.66 | −1.52 | 2.44 | |||||
My child avoids sodas and sugar-sweetened beverages | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 229 (14.91) | 393 (25.59) | 184 (11.98) | 4.59 (2) | 0.101 | N.S. |
Modified residual | 0.02 | 1.72 | −2 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 207 (13.48) | 324 (21.09) | 199 (12.96) | ||||
Modified residual | −0.02 | −1.72 | 2 | |||||
My child avoids Western-style fast foods such as hamburgers and French fries | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 283 (18.42) | 460 (29.95) | 208 (13.54) | 12.58 (2) | 0.002 ** | B > C |
Modified residual | 1.52 | 1.99 | −3.54 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 153 (9.96) | 257 (16.73) | 175 (11.39) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | −1.52 | −1.99 | 3.54 | |||||
My child avoids instant noodles and other instant foods | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 233 (15.17) | 408 (26.56) | 187 (12.17) | 6.61 (2) | 0.037 * | B > C |
Modified residual | −0.23 | 2.21 | −2.3 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 203 (13.22) | 309 (20.12) | 196 (12.76) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | 0.23 | −2.21 | 2.3 | |||||
My child avoids processed foods | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 274 (17.84) | 447 (29.10) | 196 (12.76) | 15.44 (2) | <0.0001 *** | B > C |
Modified residual | 1.58 | 1.98 | −3.93 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 162 (10.55) | 270 (17.58) | 187 (12.17) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | −1.58 | −1.98 | 3.93 | |||||
My child avoids fried or creamy foods and other fat-rich foods | Hardly | Count (ratio in %) | 301 (19.60) | 493 (32.10) | 217 (14.13) | 19.05 (2) | <0.0001 *** | B > C |
Modified residual | 1.67 | 2.27 | −4.36 | |||||
Almost | Count (ratio in %) | 135 (8.79) | 224 (14.58) | 166 (10.81) | C > B | |||
Modified residual | −1.67 | −2.27 | 4.36 |
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Huang, S.-F.; Duan, H.-Y. Sleeping and Dietary Factors Associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Taiwanese Preschoolers. Children 2023, 10, 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071149
Huang S-F, Duan H-Y. Sleeping and Dietary Factors Associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Taiwanese Preschoolers. Children. 2023; 10(7):1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071149
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Su-Fen, and Hui-Ying Duan. 2023. "Sleeping and Dietary Factors Associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Taiwanese Preschoolers" Children 10, no. 7: 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071149