Effectiveness of Physical-Literacy-Based Online Education on Indices of Physical Fitness in High-School Adolescents: Intervention Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Intervention Program
2.3. Variables and Measurements
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Educational Intervention and Its Effects on CRF
4.2. Educational Intervention and Its Effects on BMI
4.3. Lack of Intervention Effects on Motor Capacities
4.4. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (n = 423) | Control (n = 193) | Intervention (n = 230) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Test | Post-Test | |
Body height (cm) | 171.21 ± 8.86 | 172.98 ± 9.09 * | 170.05 ± 8.39 | 170.48 ± 8.58 * | 172.32 ± 9.17 | 173.23 ± 9.33 * |
Body mass (kg) | 64.08 ± 14.71 | 64.95 ± 14.35 * | 64.38 ± 16.02 | 65.06 ± 15.73 | 63.79 ± 13.36 | 63.82 ± 13.11 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.73 ± 4.11 | 21.69 ± 3.76 | 21.67 ± 4.74 | 22.27 ± 4.18 * | 21.36 ± 3.36 | 21.36 ± 3.37 |
Broad jump (cm) | 182.03 ± 32.91 | 187.18 ± 32.38 * | 183.07 ± 34.26 | 190.88 ± 32.63 * | 181.04 ± 31.59 | 184.33 ± 31.97 * |
Sit and Reach (cm) | 11.25 ± 10.91 | 11.69 ± 7.47 | 11.04 ± 7.66 | 12.14 ± 6.76 * | 11.46 ± 13.33 | 11.83 ± 8.01 * |
Sit-ups (rep) | 56.41 ± 14.46 | 62.05 ± 15.52 * | 56.58 ± 16.02 | 63.38 ± 17.98 * | 56.24 ± 12.81 | 61.02 ± 13.29 * |
Pacer test (level) | 9.06 ± 3.17 | 9.14 ± 3.33 | 9.21 ± 3.39 | 9.13 ± 3.85 | 9.34 ± 2.93 | 9.99 ± 2.76 * |
Main Effects | Interaction (Group × Time) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Time | ||||||||
F Test | p | η2 | F Test | p | η2 | F Test | p | η2 | |
Body height | 9.6 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 162 | 0.001 | 0.28 | 1.2 | 0.28 | 0.002 |
Body mass | 0.25 | 0.62 | 0.001 | 14 | 0.001 | 0.03 | 2.43 | 0.12 | 0.01 |
BMI | 0.99 | 0.32 | 0.002 | 3.32 | 0.07 | 0.008 | 3.94 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Broad jump | 2.25 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 7117.5 | 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.002 |
Sit and Reach | 0.06 | 0.81 | 0.001 | 0.27 | 0.6 | 0.001 | 1.84 | 0.18 | 0.004 |
Sit-ups | 2.78 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 76.75 | 0.001 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.001 |
Pacer test | 5.71 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.86 | 0.36 | 0.002 | 23.71 | 0.001 | 0.06 |
Boys | Total Sample (n = 128) | Control (n = 53) | Intervention (n = 75) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Test | Post-Test | PRE-Test | Post-Test | |
Body height (cm) | 180.02 ± 7.41 | 181.33 ± 7.07 * | 178.46 ± 7.34 | 179.74 ± 6.79 * | 181.3 ± 7.26 | 182.45 ± 7.09 * |
Body mass (kg) | 72.9 ± 15.91 | 73.31 ± 14.44 * | 72.74 ± 17.68 | 76.4 ± 16.54 * | 73.03 ± 14.38 | 73.68 ± 12.75 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.44 ± 4.45 | 22.72 ± 4.03 * | 22.79 ± 5.11 | 23.58 ± 4.57 * | 22.15 ± 3.83 | 22.12 ± 3.5 |
Broad jump (cm) | 211.89 ± 29.75 | 215.68 ± 27.85 * | 216.85 ± 29.52 | 222.78 ± 24.25 * | 207.79 ± 29.48 | 210.77 ± 29.25 * |
Sit and Reach (cm) | 7.36 ± 8.07 | 8.78 ± 8.57 * | 8.52 ± 7.31 | 10.96 ± 7.5 * | 6.4 ± 8.57 | 7.27 ± 8.98 * |
Sit-ups (rep) | 66.62 ± 13.83 | 71.48 ± 15.25 * | 68.9 ± 15.99 | 75.04 ± 18.64 * | 64.74 ± 11.51 | 69.03 ± 11.93 * |
Pacer test (level) | 11.62 ± 3.23 | 11.94 ± 3.26 | 11.8 ± 3.74 | 11.87 ± 4.01 | 11.47 ± 2.75 | 11.98 ± 2.64 |
Main Effects | Interaction (Group × Time) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Time | ||||||||
F Test | p | η2 | F Test | p | η2 | F Test | p | µ η2 | |
Body height | 4.41 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 66.00 | 0.001 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.002 |
Body mass | 0.33 | 0.56 | 0.003 | 11.00 | 0.001 | 0.08 | 3.4 | 0.07 | 0.03 |
BMI | 2.26 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 4.35 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 3.55 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
Broad jump | 6.61 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 39.5 | 0.001 | 0.37 | 1.7 | 0.19 | 0.01 |
Sit and Reach | 5.31 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 12.2 | 0.001 | 0.09 | 0.89 | 0.35 | 0.01 |
Sit-ups | 6.24 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 25.42 | 0.001 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.001 |
Pacer test | 0.17 | 0.69 | 0.001 | 0.12 | 0.73 | 0.001 | 2.69 | 0.1 | 0.02 |
Girls | Total Sample (n = 295) | Control (n = 140) | Intervention (n = 195) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Test | Post-Test | |
Body height (cm) | 167.43 ± 6.41 | 167.92 ± 6.51 * | 166.84 ± 6.28 | 166.98 ± 6.27 * | 168.03 ± 6.5 | 168.77 ± 6.62 * |
Body mass (kg) | 60.3 ± 12.4 | 59.67 ± 11.66 * | 59.37 ± 10.26 | 59.93 ± 10.74 | 61.19 ± 14.13 | 60.38 ± 12.63 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.42 ± 3.92 | 21.1 ± 3.54 | 21.84 ± 4.57 | 21.22 ± 3.84 | 20.98 ± 3.06 | 21 ± 3.25 |
Broad jump (cm) | 169.19 ± 24.92 | 173.28 ± 24.36 * | 170.11 ± 26.19 | 176.67 ± 24.97 * | 168.26 ± 23.59 | 170.53 ± 23.58 * |
Sit and Reach (cm) | 12.92 ± 11.54 | 12.96 ± 6.56 | 12 ± 7.6 | 12.58 ± 6.43 | 13.88 ± 14.49 | 13.49 ± 6.69 |
Sit-ups (rep) | 52.02 ± 12.38 | 57.44 ± 13.45 * | 51.88 ± 13.33 | 58.19 ± 15.07 * | 52.17 ± 11.35 | 56.84 ± 12.02 * |
Pacer test (level) | 7.96 ± 2.43 | 8.23 ± 2.62 * | 8.01 ± 2.4 | 7.71 ± 2.83 | 8.33 ± 2.42 | 8.95 ± 2.2 * |
Main Effects | Interaction (Group × Time) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Time | ||||||||
F Test | p | η2 | F Test | p | η2 | F Test | p | η2 | |
Body height | 5.5 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 108 | 0.001 | 0.27 | 0.4 | 0.52 | 0.001 |
Body mass | 0.18 | 0.67 | 0.001 | 6.3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.78 | 0.001 |
BMI | 0.17 | 0.68 | 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.71 | 0.001 | 1.04 | 0.31 | 0.004 |
Broad jump | 1.04 | 0.31 | 0.004 | 33.6 | 0.001 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.001 |
Sit and Reach | 2.15 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.68 | 0.001 | 1.56 | 0.21 | 0.01 |
Sit-ups | 0.9 | 0.34 | 0.004 | 20.81 | 0.001 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.86 | 0.001 |
Pacer test | 13.2 | 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.39 | 0.003 | 15.03 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
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Gilic, B.; Sunda, M.; Versic, S.; Modric, T.; Olujic, D.; Sekulic, D. Effectiveness of Physical-Literacy-Based Online Education on Indices of Physical Fitness in High-School Adolescents: Intervention Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period. Children 2023, 10, 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101666
Gilic B, Sunda M, Versic S, Modric T, Olujic D, Sekulic D. Effectiveness of Physical-Literacy-Based Online Education on Indices of Physical Fitness in High-School Adolescents: Intervention Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period. Children. 2023; 10(10):1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101666
Chicago/Turabian StyleGilic, Barbara, Mirela Sunda, Sime Versic, Toni Modric, Dragana Olujic, and Damir Sekulic. 2023. "Effectiveness of Physical-Literacy-Based Online Education on Indices of Physical Fitness in High-School Adolescents: Intervention Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period" Children 10, no. 10: 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101666