Increased YKL-40 but Not C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Human Donors
2.2. Fluid Sample Collection
2.3. Tissue Samples
2.4. DNA Purification and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Genotyping
2.5. Protein Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Associations with Demographic Data
3.2. YKL-40 and CRP Levels in Different Diagnostic Groups
3.3. Correlations between YKL-40 and CRP Levels in Plasma and CSF
3.4. YKL-40 Levels in AD Brain
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | PD | MCI | AD Dementia | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 37 | 30 | 22 | 34 | NA |
Sex (M/F) | 22/15 | 17/13 | 7/15 | 13/21 | ns |
Age, mean (SD), y | 68.18 (11.2) | 66.39 (9.9) | 69.40 (6.4) | 73.53 (8.9) a | <0.05 |
Age at onset, mean (SD), y | NA | 61.48 (10.7) | 66.53 (6.7) | 70.44 (8.9) b | <0.01 |
Years since onset, mean (SD), y | NA | 3.89 (3.3) | 2.87 (1.3) | 3.09 (1.4) | ns |
Hoehn & Yahr (1/2/3/4/5) | NA | 11/11/6/2/0 | NA | NA | NA |
CDR (0.5/1/2/3) | NA | NA | 22/0/0/0 | 0/25/9/0 | NA |
APOEε 4 carrier, No. (%) | 1 c,d | - | 54 | 32.4 | <0.0001 |
Control | AD | |
---|---|---|
n | 12 | 12 |
Sex (M/F) | 6/6 | 6/6 |
Age, mean (SD) | 73.25 (8.8) | 76.33 (10.3) |
Braak stage (n) | None: 7 Braak I: 3 Braak II: 2 | Braak V: 9 Braak VI: 3 |
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Blanco-Palmero, V.A.; Rubio-Fernández, M.; Antequera, D.; Villarejo-Galende, A.; Molina, J.A.; Ferrer, I.; Bartolome, F.; Carro, E. Increased YKL-40 but Not C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091094
Blanco-Palmero VA, Rubio-Fernández M, Antequera D, Villarejo-Galende A, Molina JA, Ferrer I, Bartolome F, Carro E. Increased YKL-40 but Not C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(9):1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091094
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlanco-Palmero, Víctor Antonio, Marcos Rubio-Fernández, Desireé Antequera, Alberto Villarejo-Galende, José Antonio Molina, Isidro Ferrer, Fernando Bartolome, and Eva Carro. 2021. "Increased YKL-40 but Not C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease" Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091094